2022年Linux下串口编程入门 .pdf
Linux 下串口编程入门级别: 初级左锦 ( ), 副总裁 , 南沙资讯科技园2003 年 7 月 03 日Linux 操作系统从一开始就对串行口提供了很好的支持,本文就 Linux 下的串行口通讯编程进行简单的介绍。串口简介串行口是计算机一种常用的接口,具有连接线少,通讯简单,得到广泛的使用。常用的串口是 RS称 EIA RS-232-C)它是在 1970 年由美国电子工业协会( EIA)联合贝尔系统、调制解调器厂家及厂家共同制定的用于串行通讯的标准。它的全名是 数据终端设备( DTE )和数据通讯设备( DCE )之据交换接口技术标准 该标准规定采用一个 25 个脚的 DB25 连接器,对连接器的每个引脚的信号对各种信号的电平加以规定。传输距离在码元畸变小于 4% 的情况下,传输电缆长度应为 50 英尺Linux 操作系统从一开始就对串行口提供了很好的支持,本文就 Linux 下的串行口通讯编程进行要非常深入了解,建议看看本文所参考的Serial Programming Guide for POSIX Operating S计算机串口的引脚说明序号信号名称符号流向功能2 发送数据TXD DTE DCE DTE发送串行数据3 接收数据RXD DTE DCE DTE 接收串行数据4 请求发送RTS DTE DCE DTE 请求 DCE 将线路切换到发送方式5 允许发送CTS DTE DCE DCE 告诉 DTE 线路已接通可以发送数据6 数据设备准备好DSR DTE DCE DCE 准备好7 信号地信号公共地8 载波检测DCD DTE DCE 表示 DCE 接收到远程载波20 数据终端准备好DTR DTE DCE DTE 准备好22 振铃指示RI DTE DCE 表示 DCE 与线路接通,出现振铃串口操作串口操作需要的头文件#include /*标准输入输出定义*/ #include /*标准函数库定义*/ 文档选名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - #include /*Unix 标准函数定义*/ #include #include #include /*文件控制定义*/ #include /*PPSIX 终端控制定义*/ #include /*错误号定义*/ 打开串口在 Linux 下串口文件是位于 /dev 下的串口一 为 /dev/ttyS0 串口二 为 /dev/ttyS1 打开串口是通过使用标准的文件打开函数操作:int fd; /* 以读写方式打开串口*/ fd = open( /dev/ttyS0, O_RDWR); if (-1 = fd) /* 不能打开串口一*/ perror( 提示错误! ); 设置串口最基本的设置串口包括波特率设置,效验位和停止位设置。串口的设置主要是设置 struct termios 结构体的各成员值。struct termio unsigned short c_iflag; /* 输入模式标志 */ unsigned short c_oflag; /* 输出模式标志 */ unsigned short c_cflag; /* 控制模式标志*/ unsigned short c_lflag; /* local mode flags */ 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - unsigned char c_line; /* line discipline */ unsigned char c_ccNCC; /* control characters */ ; 设置这个结构体很复杂,我这里就只说说常见的一些设置:波特率设置下面是修改波特率的代码:struct termios Opt; tcgetattr(fd, &Opt); cfsetispeed(&Opt,B19200); /*设置为 19200Bps*/ cfsetospeed(&Opt,B19200); tcsetattr(fd,TCANOW,&Opt); 设置波特率的例子函数:/* *brief 设置串口通信速率*param fd 类型 int 打开串口的文件句柄*param speed 类型 int 串口速度*return void */ int speed_arr = B38400, B19200, B9600, B4800, B2400, B1200, B300, B38400, B19200, B9600, B4800, B2400, B1200, B300, ; int name_arr = 38400, 19200, 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, 300, 38400, 19200, 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, 300, ; void set_speed(int fd, int speed) int i; int status; struct termios Opt; tcgetattr(fd, &Opt); for ( i= 0; i 0) printf(nLen %dn,nread); buffnread+1 = 0; printf( n%s, buff); /close(fd); / exit (0); 参考资料Serial Programming Guide for POSIX Operating SystemsLinux 的源代码代码下载 : 代码Linux 串口编程- 中英文简体对照版(续) 时间: 2004-08-01 3. Program Examples 示例程序All examples have been derived from miniterm.c. The type ahead buffer is limited to 255 characters, just like the maximum string length for canonical input processing ( or ).See the comments in the code for explanation of the use of the different input modes. I hope that the code is understandable. The example for canonical input 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - is commented best, the other examples are commented only where they differ from the example for canonical input to emphasize the differences.The descriptions are not complete, but you are encouraged to experiment with the examples to derive the best solution for your application.Dont forget to give the appropriate serial ports the right permissions (e. g.: chmod a+rw /dev/ttyS1)!所有的示例来自于miniterm.c. The type ahead 缓存器限制在255 字节的大小 , 这与标准输入 (canonical input)进程的字符串最大长度相同(或).代码中的注释解释了不同输入模式的使用以希望这些代码能够易于理解。标准输入程序的示例做了最详细的注解, 其它的示例则只是在不同于标准输入示例的地方做了强调。叙述不是很完整, 但可以激励你对这范例做实验, 以延生出合于你所需应用程序的最佳解.不要忘记赋予串口正确的权限 ( 也就是 : chmod a+rw /dev/ttyS1)!3.1. Canonical Input Processing 标准输入模式#include #include #include #include #include /* baudrate settings are defined in , which is included by */ / 波特率的设置定义在. 包含在 里#define BAUDRATE B38400 /* change this definition for the correct port */ / 定义您所需要的串口号#define MODEMDEVICE /dev/ttyS1#define _POSIX_SOURCE 1 /*POSIX compliant source POSIX系统兼容 */#define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1volatile int STOP=FALSE;main() int fd,c, res; 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 9 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - struct termios oldtio,newtio; char buf255; /* Open modem device for reading and writing and not as controlling tty because we dont want to get killed if linenoise sends CTRL-C. 开启设备用于读写,但是不要以控制tty 的模式,因为我们并不希望在发送Ctrl-C 后结束此进程 */ fd = open(MODEMDEVICE, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY ); if (fd 0 and TIME = 0, MIN sets the number of characters to receive before the read is satisfied. As TIME is zero, the timer is not used.If MIN = 0 and TIME 0, TIME serves as a timeout value. The read will be satisfied if a single character is read, or TIME is exceeded (t = TIME *0.1 s). If TIME is exceeded, no character will be returned.If MIN 0 and TIME 0, TIME serves as an inter-character timer. The read will be satisfied if MIN characters are received, or the time between two characters exceeds TIME. The timer is restarted every time a character is received and only becomes active after the first character has been received.If MIN = 0 and TIME = 0, read will be satisfied immediately. The number of characters currently available, or the number of characters requested will be returned. According to Antonino (see contributions), you could issue a fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, FNDELAY); before reading to get the same result.名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 12 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - By modifying newtio.c_ccVTIME and newtio.c_ccVMIN all modes described above can be tested.在非标准输入模式中,输入的数据并不组合成行,也不会进行 erase, kill, delete 等输入处理。我们只是用两个参数来控制这种模式的输入行为: c_ccVTIME 设定字符输入间隔时间的计时器,而c_ccVMIN 设置满足读取函数的最少字节数。MIN 0, TIME = 0: 读取函数在读到了 MIN 值的字符数后返回。MIN = 0, TIME 0: TIME 决定了超时值,读取函数在读到一个字节的字符,或者等待读取时间超过 TIME ( t = TIME * 0.1s)以后返回,也就是说,即使没有从串口中读到数据,读取函数也会在 TIME 时间后返回。MIN 0, TIME 0: 读取函数会在收到了 MIN 字节的数据后,或者超过 TIME 时间没收到数据后返回。 此计时器会在每次收到字符的时候重新计时,也只会在收到第一个字节后才启动。MIN = 0, TIME = 0 : 读取函数会立即返回。实际读取到的字符数,或者要读到的字符数,会 作 为 返 回 值 返 回 。 根 据 Antonino ( 参 考 conditions ) , 可 以 使 用 fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, FNDELAY), 在读取前获得同样的结果。改变了 nettio.c_ccVTIME 和 newtio.c_ccVMIN, 就可以测试以上的设置了。#include #include #include #include #include #define BAUDRATE B38400 #define MODEMDEVICE /dev/ttyS1 #define _POSIX_SOURCE 1 /* POSIX compliant source */ #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 volatile int STOP=FALSE; main() int fd,c, res; struct termios oldtio,newtio; char buf255; fd = open(MODEMDEVICE, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY ); if (fd 0) perror(MODEMDEVICE); exit(-1); tcgetattr(fd,&oldtio); /* save current port settings */ bzero(&newtio, sizeof(newtio); 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 13 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - newtio.c_cflag = BAUDRATE | CRTSCTS | CS8 | CLOCAL | CREAD; newtio.c_iflag = IGNPAR; newtio.c_oflag = 0; /* set input mode (non-canonical, no echo,.) */ / 设置输入模式为非标准输入newtio.c_lflag = 0; newtio.c_ccVTIME = 0; /* inter-character timer unused */ / 不是用字符间隔计时器 newtio.c_ccVMIN = 5; /* blocking read until 5 chars received */ /收到 5 个字符数以后,read 函数才返回 tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH); tcsetattr(fd,TCSANOW,&newtio); while (STOP=FALSE) /* loop for input */ res = read(fd,buf,255); /* returns after 5 chars have been input */ bufres=0; /* so we can printf. */ printf(:%s:%dn, buf, res); if (buf0=z) STOP=TRUE; tcsetattr(fd,TCSANOW,&oldtio); 3.3. Asynchronous Input 异步输入模式#include #include #include #include #include #include #define BAUDRATE B38400 #define MODEMDEVICE /dev/ttyS1 #define _POSIX_SOURCE 1 /* POSIX compliant source */ #define FALSE 0 #define TRUE 1 volatile int STOP=FALSE; void signal_handler_IO (int status); /* definition of signal handler */ / 定义信号处理程序int wait_flag=TRUE; /* TRUE while no signal received */ / TRUE 代表没有受到信号,正在等待中main() int fd,c, res; 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 14 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - struct termios oldtio,newtio; struct sigaction saio; /* definition of signal action */ / 定义信号处理的结构 char buf255; /* open the device to be non-blocking (read will return immediatly) */ / 是用非阻塞模式打开设备read 函数立刻返回,不会阻塞fd = open(MODEMDEVICE, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY | O_NONBLOCK); if (fd 0) perror(MODEMDEVICE); exit(-1); /* install the signal handler before making the device asynchronous */ / 在进行设备异步传输前,安装信号处理程序saio.sa_handler = signal_handler_IO; saio.sa_mask = 0; saio.sa_flags = 0; saio.sa_restorer = NULL; sigaction(SIGIO,&saio,NULL); /* allow the process to receive SIGIO */ / 允许进程接收SIGIO 信号 fcntl(fd, F_SETOWN, getpid(); /* Make the file descriptor asynchronous (the manual page says only O_APPEND and O_NONBLOCK, will work with F_SETFL.) */ / 设置串口的文件描述符为异步,man上说, 只有O_APPEND 和 O_NONBLOCK 才能使用 F_SETFL fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, FASYNC); tcgetattr(fd,&oldtio); /* save current port settings */ /* set new port settings for canonical input processing */ / 设置新的串口为标准输入模式 newtio.c_cflag = BAUDRATE | CRTSCTS | CS8 | CLOCAL | CREAD; newtio.c_iflag = IGNPAR | ICRNL; newtio.c_oflag = 0; newtio.c_lflag = ICANON; newtio.c_ccVMIN=1; newtio.c_ccVTIME=0; tcflush(fd, TCIFLUSH); tcsetattr(fd,TCSANOW,&newtio); /* loop while waiting for input. normally we would do something useful here 循环等待输入,通常我们会在这里做些其它的事情*/ while (STOP=FALSE) printf(.n);usleep(100000); 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 15 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - /* after receiving SIGIO, wait_flag = FALSE, input is availableand can be read */ / 在收到SIGIO 信号后, wait_flag = FALSE, 表示有输入进来,可以读取了 if (wait_flag=FALSE) res = read(fd,buf,255); bufres=0; printf(:%s:%dn, buf, res); if (res=1) STOP=TRUE; /* stop loop if only a CR was input */ wait_flag = TRUE; /* wait for new input 等待新的输入*/ /* restore old port settings */ tcsetattr(fd,TCSANOW,&oldtio); /* * signal handler. sets wait_flag to FALSE, to indicate above loop that * * characters have been received. * */ / 信号处理函数,设置wait_flag 为 FALSE, 以告知上面的循环函数串口收到字符了void signal_handler_IO (int status) printf(received SIGIO signal.n); wait_flag = FALSE; 3.4. Waiting for Input from Multiple Sources 等待来自多个源的输入This section is kept to a minimum. It is just intended to be a hint, and therefore the example code is kept short. This will not only work with serial ports, but with any set of file descriptors.The select call and accompanying macros use a fd_set . This is a bit array, which has a bit entry for every valid file descriptor number. select will accept a fd_set with the bits set for the relevant file descriptors and returns a fd_set , in which the bits for the file descriptors are set where input, output, or an exception occurred. All handling of fd_set is done with the provided macros. See also the manual page select(2).这一部分的内容很少,只是作为一个提示,因此这段代码也很简短。而且这部分内容不仅适用于串口编程,而且适用于任意的一组文件描述符。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 16 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - select 调用及其相应的宏,使用 fd_set. 这是一个比特数组,其中每一个比特代表了一个有效的文件描述符号。 select 调用接收一个有效的文件描述符结构,并返回 fd_set 比特数组,如果此比特数组中有某一个位设为1,就表示对应的文件描述符发生了输入,输出或者有例外事件。所有 fg_set 的处理都由宏提供了,具体参考 man select 2 。 #include #include #include main() int fd1, fd2; /* input sources 1 and 2 输入源 1 和 2 */ fd_set readfs; /* file descriptor set */ int maxfd; /* maximum file desciptor used用到的文件描述符的最大值 */ int loop=1; /* loop while TRUE 循环标志 */ /* open_input_source opens a device, sets the port correctly, and returns a file descriptor */ / open_input_source 函数打开一个设备,正确设置端口,并返回文件描述符 fd1 = open_input_source(/dev/ttyS1); /* COM2 */ if (fd10) exit(0); fd2 = open_input_source(/dev/ttyS2); /* COM3 */ if (fd20) exit(0); maxfd = MAX (fd1, fd2)+1; /* maximum bit entry (fd) to test */ /* loop for input */ while (loop) FD_SET(fd1, &readfs); /* set testing for source 1 */ FD_SET(fd2, &readfs); /* set testing for source 2 */ /* block until input becomes available 阻塞直到有输入进来 */ select(maxfd, &readfs, NULL, NULL, NULL); if (FD_ISSET(fd1) /* input from source 1 available源 1 有输入 */ handle_input_from_source1(); if (FD_ISSET(fd2) /* input from source 2 available 源 2 有输入 */ handle_input_from_source2(); The given example blocks indefinitely, until input from one of the sources becomes available. If you need to timeout on input, just replace the select call by: 这个例子会导致未知的阻塞,知道其中一个源有数据输入。如果你需要为输入设置一个超时值,就用下面的select 替代: int res; struct timeval Timeout;名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 17 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - - /* set timeout value within input loop 在输入循环中设置超时值 */ Timeout.tv_usec = 0; /* milliseconds 设置毫秒数 */ Timeout.tv_sec = 1; /* seconds 设置秒数 */ res = select(maxfd, &readfs, NULL, NULL, &Timeout); if (res=0) /* number of file descriptors with input = 0, timeout occurred. 所有的文件描述符都没有得到输入,超时退出返回 0 */This example will timeout after 1 second. If a timeout occurs, select will return 0, but beware that Timeout is decremented by the time actually waited for input by select. If the timeout value is zero, select will return immediatly. 这个例子会在1 秒以后超时退出, 如果发生超时, select 返回 0,请注意 Timeout 是根据 select实际等待输入的时间递减的,如果把timeout 设为 0, select 函数会立刻退出。Other Sources of Information 其它资源信息The Linux Serial-HOWTO describes how to set up serial ports and contains hardware information.Linux Serial HOWTO 介绍了如何安装串口,并包括了硬件信息。Serial Programming Guide for POSIX Compliant Operating Systems, by Michael Sweet.POSIX 兼容的操作系统上的串口编程The manual page termios(3) describes all flags for the termios structure.man termios 3 介绍了所有termios 结构里的设置。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 18 页,共 18 页 - - - - - - - - -