2022年三步骤复习高中英语语法构词法.docx

名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载（学问、方法、练习）三步骤复习高中英语语法构词法一.概念 英语的构词法主要有：合成法,转化法,派生法,混成法,截短法和词首字母缩略法；二.学问点精讲1.转化法英语中, 有的名词可作动词,有的形容词可作副词或动词,这种把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法；1 动词转化为名词 许多动词可以转化为名词,大多数情形下,意思没有多大的变化,如：Let's go out for a walk. 我们到外面去散漫步吧；有时意思有肯定变化,如：He is a man of strong build. 他是一个体格健壮的汉子；有的与一个动词和不定冠词构成短语,表示一个动作,如：Let's have a swim.咱们游泳吧；2名词转化为动词 许多表示物件,如Did you book a seat on the plane. 你订好飞机座位了吗 . 身体部位,如：Please hand me the book.请把那本书递给我；某类人的名词可以用作动词来表示动作,如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫,使他复原了健康；某些抽象名词也可作动词；如：We lunched together.我们在一起吃了午餐；3形容词转化为动词 有少数形容词可以转化为动词；如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.4副词转化为动词 有少数副词可以转化为动词；例如：我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载Murder will out. 谚语 恶事终必将败露；5形容词转化为名词 表示颜色的形容词常可转化为名词,如：You should be dressed in black at the funeral. 你在葬礼中该穿黑色衣服某些形容词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与 the 连用,表示一类人,作主语时,谓语用复数如下,如：The old in our village are living a happy life. 2.派生法我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活；在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词 叫作派生法；1前缀除少数前缀外, 前缀一般转变单词的意义,不转变词性；词义的变化；后缀一般转变词类,而不引起1表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词；例如：appear 显现 disappear 消逝correct 正确的 incorrect 不正确的lead 带领 mislead 领错stop 停下 non-stop 不停2表示其他意义的前缀常用的有 a-多构成表语形容词 , anti- 反对；抗击 , auto- 自动 , co- 共同 , en- 使, inter- 相互 , re- 再；又 , sub- 下面的；次；小 , tele- 强调距离 等；例如：alone 单独的 antigas 防毒气的autochart 自动图表cooperate 合作 enjoy 使兴奋internet 互联网 reuse 再用subway 地铁 telephone 电话2后缀英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词；后缀通常会转变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性；少数后缀仍会转变词义,变为与原先词义相反的新词；细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载1构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-er/ -or 从事某事的人 ,-ese 某地人 ,-ess 雌性 ,-ful 一 ,-ian 熟知 的人 ,-ist 专业人员 ,-ment 性质； 状态 ,-ness 性质；状态 ,-tion 动作；过程 等；例如：differ 不同于 difference 区分 write 写 writer 作家 Japan日本 Japanese日本人 act 表演 actress女演员 mouth 口 mouthful 一口 music 音乐 musician 音乐家2构成动词的后缀常用的有-en 多用于形容词之后,-fy 使 化 , -ize 使 成为；例如：widewiden 加宽 beautybeautify 美化 purepurify 提纯realrealize 意识到 organorganize 组织 3构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,-able 有才能的 ,-an某国人的 ,-en 多用于表示材料的名词后 ,-ern 方向的 ,-ese某 国人的 ,-ful ,-ical ,-ish,-ive, -less 表示否定 ,-like 像 的 ,-ly ,-ous,-some,-y 表示天气 等；例如：nature 自然 natural 自然的 reason道理 reasonable 有道理的 America 美国 American 美国的China 中国 Chinese 中国人的 gold 金子 golden 金的 east东 eastern 东方的 child 孩子 childish 孩子气的 snow 雪 snowy 雪的4构成副词的常用后缀有-ly 主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度,-wards 主要用 第 3 页,共 10 页 于表示方位的词之后表示方向；例如：细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载angry 愤怒的 angrily 愤怒地to 到 towards 朝 ,向 east东方 eastward 向东5构成数词的后缀有-teen 十几 ,-ty 几十 , -th 构成序数词 ；例如：six 六 sixteen 十六 sixteenth 第十六four 四 forty 四十 fortieth 第四十3.合成法（ 1）合 成 名 词构成方式 例词名词名词 weekend 周末名词动词 daybreak 清晨名词动名词 handwriting 书法名词及物动词eror pain-killer 止痛药名词介词名词 editor-in-chief 总编辑动词名词 typewriter 打字机动名词名词 reading-room 阅览室现在分词名词 flying-fish 飞鱼形容词名词 gentleman 绅士副词动词 outbreak 爆发介词名词 afternoon 下午代词名词 she-wolf 母狼（2）合 成 形 容 词细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 构成方式例词 第 4 页,共 10 页 名词形容词snow-white 洁白的名词现在分词English-speaking 讲英语的名词 to名词face-to-face 面对面的名词过去分词man-made 人造的数词名词one-way 单行的数词名词形容词two-year-old 两岁的数词名词 ed five-storeyed 五层的动词副词see-through 透亮的形容词名词high-class 高级的 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -形容词名词ed 学习必备欢迎下载noble-minded 高尚的形容词形容词（3）合light-blue 浅蓝色的形容词现在分词good-looking 相貌好看的副词形容词ever-green 常青的副词现在分词hard-working 勤劳的副词过去分词well-known 闻名的副词名词fast-food 特地供应快餐服务的介词名词downhill 下坡的成 动 词构成方式（4）合成 副 词例词名词动词sleep-walk 梦游形容词动词white-wash 粉刷副词动词overthrow 推翻构成方式（5）合例词形容词名词hotfoot 匆忙地形容词副词everywhere 处处副词副词however 尽管如此介词名词beforehand 事先介词副词forever 永久成 代 词构成方式（6）合例词代词宾格 self herself 她自己物主代词 self myself 我自己形容词名词anything 任何东西成 介 词细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 构成方式例词 第 5 页,共 10 页 副词名词inside 在 里面介词副词within 在 之内副词介词into 进入 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载4.截短法 缩略法 截短法,即将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式；1截头 telephonephone aeroplane plane omnibusbus 2去尾 mathematicsmaths co-operateco-op examinationexam kilogram kilo laboratory lab taxicabtaxi 3截头去尾 influenzaflu refrigerator fridge prescriptionscript 5.混合法 混成法 混合法,即将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词；后半部分表示主体；前半 部分表示属性；news broadcastnewscast新闻广播 television broadcast telecast电视播送 smoke and fogsmog烟雾 helicopter airport heliport 直升飞机场6.首尾字母缩略法 首尾字母缩略法,即用单词首尾字母组成一个新词；读音主要有两种形式,即各字母 分别读音；作为一个单词读音；very important person VIP 读字母音 要人；大人物细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 6 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载televisionTV 读字母音 电视Testing of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL 托福三.巩固练习1. That man was _enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job. A. careB. carefulC. carelessD. carelessness 2. The soldier died for saving the child,so his_ is heavier than Mount Tai. A. die B. dead C. died D. death 3. The child looked _at his brother who was badly wounded. A. sadly B. sadness C. sadly D. sad 4. He is an expert at chemistry. We all call him a _. A. chemistry B. chemical C. chemist D. physician 5.The three- _chair isn t suitable for a young child. He may fall off. A. legging B. legged C. legs D. leged 6. Stephenson became the_railway engineer in the world. A. lead B. leader C. leading D. leadership 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem , Jack looked_about at his classmates. A. proud B. proudly C. pride D. pridely 8.To everyones _,the girl finished the job quite well. A. satisfied B. satisfactory C. satisfying D. satisfaction 9. What are you doing here. Oh,my teacher asked me to write a passage about _in English. You can write_passage in English. A. 600 words；a 600-wordsB. 600-word ；a 600-words C. 600 words；a 600-word细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 7 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载D. 600 words；a 600-words 10. No one should enter the spot without the_of the police. A. permit B. permission C. permitting D. permittence 11. You must come with us to the police _.Our head is waiting for you. A. headquarters B. headline C. headmaster D. headache 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it _. A. intend B. intention C. intentionally D. intentional 13. The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a_smile. A. practice B. practise C. practical D. practiced 14. The_ordered him to pay a $100 fine. A. judger B. judgment C. judge D. judgement 15. My TV is out of order. Can you tell me what is the_news about Iraq War. A. lately B. latest C. later D. latter 16. The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in _. A. longer B. length C. long D. longing 17.To my _ ,I passed the exam easily. A. joy B. joyful C. joyless D. joyness 18. Canada is mainly an_country. A. English-speaking B. speak-English C. spoken-English D. English-spoken 19. How_ he is. He is always acting_.He is really a _. A. foolish；foolishly；fool 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 8 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载B. fool；foolish；fool C. foolish；fool；fool D. foolishly；foolish；fool 20. The necklace that she lost is very expensive. ItA. valuable B. value s of great _. C. valueless D. unvaluable 21. There were_fish in the river in South America. A. in danger b”B. danger C. dangerous D. dangerless 22.The letter “in the word “ doubt”is_. A. sound B. silent C. silence D. sounded 23. The child looked at me_. A. stranger B. strangely C. strange D. strangeless 24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their_bravely. A. free B. freely C. freedom D. frees 25. What you said sounded_ but in fact it was untrue. A. reasonable B. reasonful C. reasonless D. unreason 26. We have to learn _technology from other countries. A. advance B. advancing C. advantage D. advanced 27. The children live in a village _.They come here almost every day. A. nearby B. near C. nearly D. near by 28.Mr Black is an _in the army not easily find him in his_. A. official ； officer；office , not an _in the government. You can 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 9 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -学习必备 欢迎下载B. officer；office；official C. official ； official；official D. officer；official；office 29.Youd better give up smoking if you want to keep _. A. health B. healthy D. healthier C. healthily 30._ speaking,I didn t do it on purpose. A. HonestlyB. Honest C. Honesty D. Dishonest 参考答案 1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 细心整理归纳 精选学习资料 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA 第 10 页,共 10 页 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -