2022年初中英语被动语态专项讲解.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载中学英语被动语态专项讲解一、语态概述语态是动词的一种形式,表示句子之中主语和谓语动词的关系；英语有两种语态：主动语态 和被动语态主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者（或执行者）many people 来执行的；eg：Many people speak Chinese.谓语： speak 的动作是由主语被动语态表示主语是动作的承担者,即行为动作的对象；eg：Chinese is spoken by many people.主语 English 是动词 speak 的承担者；二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词 be及物动词的过去分词 ” 构成；人称、数和时态的变化是通过be 的变化表现出来的； 被动语态的否定式和疑问式均由助动词或第一个助动词构成； 各种时态的被动语态构成：1. 一般现在时： amis are 及物动词的过去分词 Eg：I'm asked to take care of myself. Football is played all over the world 2. 一般过去时： waswere及物动词的过去分词 Eg：This house was built in 1958. His leg was broken in an accident. 3. 一般将来时： will shall be及物动词的过去分词 Eg：More factories will be built in our city. He will be taken to hospital tomorrow. 4. 现在进行时： amis are being 及物动词的过去分词 . Eg：A road is being built around the mountain. Many new houses are being built in this city 5. 过去进行时： was/were being 及物动词的过去分词 Eg：The meeting was being held when I was there. We were being trained this time last year. 6. 现在完成时： havehas been 及物动词的过去分词 Eg：His book has been translated into many foreign languages. The prices of many goods have been cut again . 7. 过去完成时： had been + 及物动词的过去分词 Eg：A new school had been set up by the end of last year.8. 含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词Eg：The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there. 三、被动语态的基本用法 一般来说,在我们日常生活中,能用主动语态的时候就尽量不去用被动语态；只有在以下情形 中我们才用被动语态：1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁；eg：1.Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载2.This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于 1981 年；3.The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 2. 没不要说出动作的执行者是谁；昨天,教室的前窗被打Eg:1.The time-table has been changed .时间表已变动了2.China was founded in 1949. 3. 不情愿说出动作的执行者,其目的是为了使语言得体、圆滑等；在这种情形下,有经常用一些句式,如 "It is said that "（据说 ）,"It is reported that "（据报道 ）,It is well known that （众所周知 ）It is supposed that （据估计说 ） ,It is believed that 大家信任, It is hoped that 大家期望, It is thought that 大家认为, It is suggested that 据建议等等 ；eg:1.It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人； 2.It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. said to have passed the national exam. ）4. 强调动作的承担者,而不强调动作的执行者；Eg:1.The glass was broken by Mike. 2.his book was written by him.玻璃杯是迈克打破的；这本书是他写的；（ The boy is 3）.Your homework must be finished on time. 你们的家庭作业必需准时完成；注：使用被动语态的情形口诀：动作谁做的不知道,谁说出的不必要；接受动作需强调,用被动语态最为妙；四、主动语态变被动语态的方法：1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语；2. 把谓语变成被动结构 be 过去分词 依据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数,以及原先主动语态句子中动词的时态来打算 be 的形式 ；3. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后作宾语,将主格改为宾格；He plant trees in sping . Trees are planted in sping by him . 主动语态变被动语态口诀：宾语提前主语变,原主变宾by 后见,时态人称be 关键；All the people laughed at him. They make the bikes in the factory. He was laughed at by all people. The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him. 被动语态中“by+宾语” 的省略：被动语态句式中的“by+宾语” 表示及物动词所表示动作的执行者,但是在遇到以下情形时,表示 动作执行者“by+宾语” 经常被省略；1. 动作执行者不确定时 Eg:1.Paper is made from wood . 2.Many people are killed in traffic accidents every day . 2. 不必说明动作执行者时 Eg：1.English is also spoken as the second language as well as one of the official languages . 2.Football is played in most school . 3. 动作执行者为一般大众时 . Eg:1.Both English and Spanish are spoken in this area . 2.He is made the monitor of the class today . 五主动语态变被动语态应留意的几个问题：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载谈谈几种特别的被动结构1. 当句子结构为“ 主语 +谓语 +宾语（唯独宾语）” 时,把宾语提到句首做主语,然后把谓语改成被动语态形式,最终把原主语变为宾格至于介词by 之后；实际运用中by 短语常被省略；Eg：1.We finish our homework in the evening . 2.Our homework is finished in the evening . 2. 当句子结构为“ 主语 +谓语 +间接宾语 表示人的 +直接宾语（表示物的）” 时,一般把间接宾语变为主语,而直接宾语不变,这样句子显得自然些；假如把直接宾语作为主语,那么在间接宾语 前应加介词 to 或 for. Eg:1.She sent me a novel on my birthday. 主动 被动 I was sent a novel on my birthday. 被动 A novel was sent to me on my birthday. 被动 2.My brother bought me a watch yesterday. 主动 I was bought a watch yesterday. 被动 A watch was bought for me by my brother yesterday.留意：1. 间接宾语前需要加for 的动词,offer 等；,returnbuy ,sing ,catch ,find ,get,drow ,cook ,keep ,make2. 间接宾语前需要加to 的动词,thow ,lend,send ,take ,teach ,tell bring ,give ,pass ,hand ,leave ,show ,write 等3. 当句子结构为“ 主语 +谓语 +宾语+宾语补足语”把主动态变成被动态时,只需将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态句子的主语,而原句里的宾语补足语现在就变成被动态句子的 " 主语补足语 " 了eg：1.They asked me to help them. I was asked to help them. 2.Now people can use computers to help them . comouter can be used to help them . 3.We must keep the room clean . 4.We saw them coming over. The room must be kept clean . They were seen coming over. 假如复合宾语是由“ 宾语 +不带 to 的动词不定式” 构成,变为被动语态时,动词不定式前的 to要补出来； 常见的这类动词有： 一感（feel ）,二听（hear,listen to ）三让（let ,make ,have ）四看（ watch ,see ,notice ,observe,+look at ）但动词为 let 时,to 仍可省略；Eg:1.The story made us laugh . We were made to laugh by the story. 2.The teacher let the little boy go home . The little boy was let to go home . 4. 含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动语态变成被动语态时,由“ 情态动词 be过去分词” 构成, 原先带 to 的情态动词变成被动语态后“to ” 仍要保留；Eg： We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. They should do it at once. It should be done at once. The rubbish can be put into the dustbin over there. 5. 短语动词的被动语态：一般说来,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但很多“ 不及物动词+副词或介词” 构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,也可以有被动语态,但变被动语态后,不行把介词或副词漏掉；Eg：1.He turned on the radio just now. The radio was turned on just now . 2.They take good care of the babies . The babies are taken care of. 名师归纳总结 3.The look after the babies . The babies are looked after . 第 3 页,共 13 页6. 含有宾语从句的主动语态改为被动语态时,有两种改写方法：1）. 用 it做被动语态的形式主语,宾语从句保持不变. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载2）. 将主动句中的宾语从句的主语改为被动语态的主语,从句的谓语部分变为不定式；这时的动词不定式所用的形式要与原先的宾语从句保持一样；Eg：They say that our teacher is busy these days . It is said that our teacher is busy these days. Our teacher is said to be busy these days. 7. 假如原句宾语有后置定语修饰,变为被动语态时,应把后置修饰语伴同宾语一同提前；Eg：we clean the windows of our classroom every day . with. Eg：by 短语通 The windows of our classroom are cleaned every day. 8. 假如原句主语不是动作的执行者,而是所使用的物质材料,变被动语态时要用介词smoke filled the room. The room was filled with smoke .9.by 短语的取舍：1）. 当主动句中的主语是people ,one ,we ,they 等泛指性动词时,变为被动语态后,常省略；Eg：we often speak English in our English class. English is often spoken by us in our English class 2. 当主动句中是 who ,what ,which 等做主语,变被动语态后句首的疑问词在句中的成分由原先的主语变为介词by 的宾语,应留意介词by 不能丢；Eg：who wrote the book . who was the book written by . 3. 需要强调动作的执行时,by 短语不能省略；Eg：uncle wang made the kite . The kite was made by uncle wang . 六可与被动语态连用的介词在被动语态的句子中,常用介词by 引出动作的发出者,实际上同被动语态连用的介词除by 以外仍有很多；1. 表示谓语动词的动作是为谁或为何目的而发生的要用介词 sth 被用于 被用于做 Eg:1.This new bike was bought for you . 2.Stamps are used for sending letters .for ；be used for sth /doing 2. 表示动作发出者所使用的工具或强调状态时应用介词 with Eg：1.The trees were cut down with a knife . 2.The bottle is filled with orange . 3. 表示“ 被作为 发生 ” 应用介词 as （be used as 被作为 使用）Eg：English is used as a first language in Canada. 4. 在 be well-known 后应用介词 to ,表示“ 被 所熟知”Eg：The Great Wall is well-known to everyone in the world . 5. 在 be made 后可用多个介词表示不同的意义 1.be made in 表示“ 在某地制造”Eg：This Tv set is made in shanghai . 2.be made of 和 be made from 都可以表示“ 由 制成的”,但 be made of 强调从制成品上可 以看出原材料, be made from 就表示从制成品上看不出原材料；Eg：1.This table is made of wood . 2.This kind of paper is made from wood. 3.be made by 由 （人）制造的Eg：The cake is made by my mother . 4.be made into 表示“ 被制成 . ” make into 把 制成 （主动形式）Eg：Glass is often made into glasses . 玻璃常被制成玻璃杯；5）.be made after 表示“ 仿照 . 制成”Eg：This machine is made after theirs .6.be made up of 表示“ 由 . 组成”这台机器是仿照他们的机器制成的；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Eg：Our class is made up of fifty students . 七不行用于被动语态的情形1. 当谓语动词是表示静态的及物动词（短语）时（eg：have ,cost ,hold ,know ,fit ,belong to ）不行用于被动语态；Eg:How long did the meeting last . 2. 当谓语动词是 look ,become ,get ,turn 语时； Eg：he looks fine . 等连系动词,其后的成分多为形容词或名词词组作表3. 宾语是反身代词,相互代词或与主语对应的物主代词修饰的名词词组时；Eg：1.They taught themselves English . 2.We should learn each other . 4. 宾语是动词不定式（短语）或动名词时；Eg：1.The students hope to visit the Great wall . 2.He has finished reading the book . 5. 宾语和动词在意义上为不行分割的固定搭配时；Eg：1.He caught a bad cold last week. 2.You shouldn t make faces in class . 6. 宾语是表示数量,长度,大小,处所或方位的词时；Eg:1.They reached shanghai early in the next morning . 2.He left Beijing by bus yesterday . 7. 当宾语是同源宾语时；Eg:Today all of us live a happy life . 8. 宾语是行为者（人体）的某一部分或人体的器官时；Eg: 1.He could hardly believe his eyes . 2.Mr Hu shook his head and said nothing . 9. 当宾语是某一组织机构或机关团体名称时；Eg：The man joined the army in1957. 八. 主动形式被动含义在英语中,主动意义用主动语态表示,被动意义用被动语态表示；但在以下几种情形下,被动意义却用主动语态来表示：一少数动词,既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词；当它们作不及物动词且用来表示主语内在品质或性能时, 可用一般时态的主动形式表示被动意义,其主语大多为事物； 常见的有：sell“ 销售 好 ” read 好 读 ” , write “好 写 ” , wash“耐 洗 ” , wear “耐 穿 , last,tear,lock ,count ,open ,teach ,drive ,take 等、eg:1. The tickets cost too much and sold badly. 这些票太贵了,销路不好；2. Can you lend Hie your pen.Your pen writes better你能把你的钢笔借给我吗 .你的钢笔更好写；3.The pen writes well. 这笔好写；门开不下来；这衣服很好洗；这门打不开；4 .The door won t open.5.The clothes wash easily. 6. The door won't open. 留意：这类动词的主动形式表示被动意义有三个明显特点1. 与 not ,hardly 等否定意义的词连用 . 2. 常与副词 well,easily,badly ,poorly ,nicely ,fast ,smoothly , 等连用表示成效或程度；3）句中的主语是谓语动词的承担者；二某些表示感觉,状态,特点的系动词eg：feel, look, sound, smell, taste 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载等系动词,用主动形式表达被动意义,主语是物；Eg:1.The cloth feels soft. 这布料摸起来很软；后用动词2.His cake tastes good. 他的蛋糕味道很好；3.Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口三动词 need, want, require等表示“ 需要” 或“ 应当” 的意义时, ing的主动式或动词不定式被动形式表示变动意义. ；Eg：1.The floor needs sweeping. 地板须拖一下；2.The old bike needs repairing or: to be repaired. 3.Your hair needs cutting 4.The wall requires painting你的头发需要理了；这墙壁需要粉刷了；那辆旧自行车需要修理；四“ 主语 +be worth doing” 句式中 ving形式表达被动含义 Eg：1.This book is well worth reading. 2.The film is well worth seeing五不定式以主动形式表达被动意义的情形主要有以下两种：1.1. 不定式作定语与被修饰的词形成动宾关系时,不定式用主动形式表被动意义；Eg：1.I have something important to tell you.2.Is there anything else to say. 2. 在 “ 主语 + 系动词 + adj. + to do我有重要事情要告知你；仍有别的什么事情要说吗？”结构中,不定式作为主语的补足语对主语作补充说明,与主语之间形成动宾关系时, 其主动形式表示被动含义；（形容词通常为 easy, difficult, hard, pleasant, nice, heavy 等）Eg:1.The place is easy to find in the map. 2.I find the problem difficult to solve. 3.The book is difficult to understand . 4.The water in the river is unfit to drink. 5.His speech isn't easy to understand.这条河里的水不宜饮用；他的演说不易懂得3. 在 too to do sth 和 enough to do 句型中,假如主语是“ 物” 而不是“ 人”,就不定式部分是用主动形式表达的被动含义. Eg:1.The table is too heavy for meto carry . 2.The dress is good enough to wear at the party . 六表示“ 发生、进行” 的不及物动词和短语,如：out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn outhappen, last, take place, break out, come 等以主动形式表示被动意义；Eg：How do the newspapers come out. 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？七介词 in, on, under 等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用,含被动之义,其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式,名词前一般不用冠词；1. “ under +名词” 结构,表示“ 某事在进行中” ；常见的有：under control（受掌握） , under treatment （在治疗中） , under repair（在修理中） , under discussion（在争论中） , under construction（在施工中）；Eg：The building is under construction is being constructed. 2. “ beyond+名词” 结构,“ 出乎 赛过 、范畴、限度” ；常见的有：beyond belief 令人难以置信 , beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及）, beyond ones control （无法掌握）, beyond our hope 我们的胜利始料不及；Eg:The rumour is beyond belief 3. “ above+名词” 结构 , 表示“（=cant be believed） 品质、行为、才能等 超过 、高于 ” ；名师归纳总结 Eg:His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot 第 6 页,共 13 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载 be praised enough4. “ for+ 名词” 结构,表示“ 适于 、为着 ” ；如： for sale 出售 , for rent（出租）等；Eg:That house is for sale. = That house is to be sold. 5. “ in+ 名词” 结构,表示“ 在 过程中或范畴内” 常见的有：in print（在印刷中）, in sight 在视野范畴内 ,等；Eg:The book is not yet in print=is not yet printed 6. “ on+名词” 结构 , 表示“ 在从事 trial（受审）；中” ；常见的有： on sale 出售 ,on show（展出） , on Eg:Today some treasures are on show in the museum = are being showed. 掌握不了 ,不流行 7. “ out of+ 名词” 结构； 表示 “ 超出 之外“ ,常见的有： out of control out of sight （超出视线之外）, out of ones reach 够不着 , out of fashion等；Eg:The plane was out of control cant be controlled ；8. “ within+ 名词” 结构,“ 在 内、不超过 ” ；Eg:He took two days off within the teacher's permission 八非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义；1. 在 need,want,require, bear 等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动意义,其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式；Eg:The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理；2. 形容词 worth 后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义,但不能跟动词不定式； 而 worthy 后面跟动词不定式的被动形式；Eg:The picture-book is well worth reading （The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时,又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系 , 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义；Eg:I have a lot of things to do this afternoon to do 与 things 是动宾关系,与 I 是主谓关系； 试比较： I ll go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted. 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语说明 you 不是 post 动作的执行者； 4. 在某些“ 形容词不定式” 做表语或宾语补足语的结构中,句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的规律宾语时, 这经常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义；这些形容词有 nice ,easy,fit,hard,difficult,important ,impossible ,pleasant , interesting 等；Eg:This problem is difficult to work out （可看作 to work out 省略了 for me ）. 5. 在 too to 结构中,不定式前面可加规律主语,所以应用主动形式表示被动意义；Eg:This book is too expensive for me to buy. 6. 在 there be 句型中,当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动式作定语,重点在人,用被动形式作定语,重点在物；Eg:1.There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose 可看成 for us to lose ；用 to be lost,谁 lost time 不明确；）九教材中与被动语态相关的一些词组 : get dressed 穿衣 get hurt 受伤 get lost 迷路 get washed 洗脸 get married 结婚 be covered with 被 掩盖 be made of （由 制成）（看得出原材料）be made by （由某人制造） be made from （由 制成）（看不出原材料）名师归纳总结 be made in （由某地制造） be used for （被用于 ）第 7 页,共 13 页be used as （被当作 使用） be used to do （被用于做 .）it is said that （据说 ） it is hoped that （期望 ）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - It is well known that.总所周知 . 学习必备欢迎下载中学英语被动语态专项练习一单项挑选 1.The People's Republic of China _