2022年定语从句要点.docx
精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载定语从句要点1. 定语从句:在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句;2. 先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词;3. 关系词:代替先行词,起连接先行词和定语从句的作用(两个句子必需要有连词连接);关系代词:(代词)代替先行词,在定语从句中作主 /宾 /表;关系词关系副词:(副词)代替先行词,在定语从句中作状语;1. 先行词为人( sb): who, whom, that, whose, as 关系代词2. 先行词为物( sth): which, that, whose, as 关系副词: when where why4. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:1. 限制性定语从句(无逗号隔开)定语从句2. 非限制性定语从句(有逗号隔开)1. 限制性定语从句,对先行词起限制修饰作用,是先行词必不行少的部分,假如去掉了定语从句,先行词就不完整,在翻译时,翻译成一个句子,关系词不翻译;2. 非限制性定语从句,是对先行词起补充说明作用,非限制性定语从句可有可无,省略非限制性定语从句之后,主句仍旧是完整的;翻译时,翻译成两个句子,先翻译主句,再翻译从句;Eg: My father, who works in a factory, is kind. 我的爸爸很和善,他在一家工厂工作;5. 定语从句中,关系代词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词在定语从句中作动词或介词宾语时,可省略关系代词; 在非限制性定语从句中,关系代词不能省略;6. 关系代词引导的定语从句sbwho1. 在限制性定语从句中,who 代替先行词在定语从句中作主/宾 /表均可,如 who 作宾语可省略;2. 在非限制性定语从句中,who 代替先行词在定语从句中只能作主语 ,且不能省略;whom 1. 在限制性定语从句中,whom 代替先行词,在定语从句中作宾/表,如作 宾语 可省略;2. 在非限制定语从句中,whom 代替先行词,在定语从句中作宾/表,但不能省略;that3. 先行词为人时,在介词 +关系代词 中只能用 whom,不能用 who 和 that;1. 只能用于限制性定语从句中,不能用于非限制性定语从句中,that 也不能用于 介词 + 关系代词 (没有介词 + that 的情形);which2. 在限制性定语从句中,that 代替先行词,在定语从句中作主/宾 /表,如作宾语可省略;1. 在限制性定语从句中,which 代替先行词,在定语从句中作主/宾/表,如作 宾语 可省略;2. 在非限制定语从句中,which 代替先行词,在定语从句中作主/宾/表,但不行省略,即使作宾语也不行省略;sth that 3. 先行词为物时,在介词 +关系代词 中,只能用which, 不能用 whom/that ;1.只能用于限制性定语从句中,不能用于非限制性定语从句中,that 也不能用于 介词 +关系代词 ;(没有介词 + that 的情形)2.在限制性定语从句中,that 代替先行词,在定语从句中作主/宾/表,如作宾语可省略that;7. 如何区分主从句?名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 4 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载1.抓住表示时态的动词2.看哪个动词前有连词3连词和后面的动词构成从句,动词前没有连词的那个动词就应是主句的谓语8. 关系副词: where, when, why 1. n(时间) + when: 先行词为时间名词,并且 Eg : The day when I went to school is Sept.1st. 2. n地点 + where: 先行词为地点名词,并且 Eg: The factory that I visited last year is old. The factory where I worked years ago is old. when 代替先行词在定语从句中作时间状语where 代替先行词在定语从句中作地点状语3. n (the reason)+ why: 先行词为 the reason, 并且 why 代替 the reason 在定语从句中作缘由状语,只能用于限制性定语从句中,在非限制性定语从句中,先行词为the reason只能用 for which, 不能用 why. The reason why he was late was that he got up late. 9. 关系副词 =介词(由定语从句谓语和先行词而定)Where = in/ on/ at+ which + 主+谓 When = in/on+ which + 主+谓 Why = for which + 主+谓 Eg: This is the house where Luxun lived. =This is the house in which Luxun lived. =This is the house which/that Luxun lived in. + which关系代词 +主 +谓是否全部的介词+关系代词都能用关系副词代替. 只有当介词 +关系代词充当地点状语、时间状语或缘由状语时,才能用关系副词代替;10. whose N N s. + n+ v + V Eg: The boy whose father is a worker is Tom. The book whose cover is red is good. whose + n 无冠词 N 人/物 the + n + of which 物whom 人 of which/whom+the + n 11. 定语从句修饰名词或代词;状语从句修饰主句谓语动词;名词性从句,从句作为一个整体在句中作主、宾、表、同位语;三大从句:定语从句(形容词性从句)状语从句(副词性从句)主语从句 名词性从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句留意 : how, what 不能引导定语从句,只能引导名词性从句(主语12. as 引导的定语从句/宾语 /表语从句);名师归纳总结 在定语从句中,当先行词前有such, as, so 修饰时 ,关系代词 用 as. 第 2 页,共 4 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - such a + adj + n + that精品资料欢迎下载that 只作引导词,不充当任何成分,但如此 以至于 ;that 引导结果状语从句,又不能省略; (不缺主宾) . so + adj + a + n + that如此 以至于 ;that 引导结果状语从句,that 只作引导词,不充当任何成分,但又不能省略; (不缺主宾) . that 只作引导词,引导结果状语从句,不充当任何成分,但又不能省略;(不缺主宾) .such + a + adj + n + as as 引导定语从句,在从句中作主/宾/表,但不能省略; (缺主或缺宾).Eg: He is such a good teacher that we all love and respect him. He is such a good teacher as we all love and respect. The same +n +that 同一的同样的,不是我的 The same +n +as 同样的Eg: This is the same pen as I lost. This is the same pen that I lost. (同一的,是我的)13as 和 which 引导的非限制性定语从句的区分共同点 : as和 which 都代替主句陈述的整件事情或主句的部分内容;整个主句或主句的部分内容;)(先行词不是主句中的某个名词,而是Eg: As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China./ Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all. Mary received a gift from her boss, which made her very happy. 不同点 :a. 位置不同 :as 从句可放在句首,句中,句末,位置敏捷;在句中或句末;which 从句,不能放在句首,只能放b. 意思不同: as 翻译成 “正如 ” ,which 翻译成 “ 这,这一点 ” ;14特别:c. as从句和主句意思一样 , which 从句往往与主句意思相反;d. as 通常用于被动语态中,which 通常用于主动语态中;1. 当先行词为situation, scene, position, point, spot, case等时,假如定语从句主宾表不缺,一般我们用where或 in which 引导;2. 先行词是 one of+ n(复数) + 关系代词 + are the/the only/ the very one of+ n(复数) + 关系代词 + is 3. 当先行词为the way 时/宾 /表时,用关系代词that/which, 如作宾语可省略;假如 定语从句中缺主/宾/表 , the way 在定语从句中作主The way that/which + 缺/主/宾/表 假如定语从句中不缺主 /宾 /表, the way 在定语从句中不作主 /宾/表,只能作方式状语,没有相应的关系副词,只能用 in which 或 that, in which 或 that, 均可省略;4. 先行词为交通工具时,不用 by which, 而用 in which 或 on which The car in which The bus in which The plane on which 15在非限制性定语从句中,定语从句的主语或宾语是先行词的一部分时,用代词或数词 + of + which/ whom Eg: I have ten books, five of which are interesting. =I have ten books, of which five are interesting. He has two sons, one of whom is a doctor. = He has two sons, of whom one is a doctor. 留意 : He has two sons, one of whom is a doctor. = He has two sons, and one of them is a doctor 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 4 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 精品资料 欢迎下载 = He has two sons; one of them is a doctor N, whose+ n = N, the + n+ of+ whom/which = N, of+ whom/which + the + n 16. 抽象名词表地点,如在定语从句中,作地点状语时,用where/in which 引导;17. 假如 vi+介词的汉语意思vi, 可以把介词提到关系代词前构成“ 介词 +关系代词” 引导定语从句,假如 vi+介词的汉语意思vi, 就不能把介词拆开提到关系代词前;Eg: This is the house where/in which Lu Xun lived. This is the man to whom the book belongs. 定语从句解题步骤 1分清主句和从句;2抓住定语从句谓语动词;3判定从句谓语动词是及物动词仍是不及物动词;(如何判定?先行词如能放在动词之后构成动宾关系就是及物动词 ,如需加介词才能构成动宾关系就是不及物动词;)4 如是及物动词 ,看定语从句谓语动词是否缺主 / 宾语;如是不及物动词,看从句谓语动词是否缺主语 / 表语;如是不及物动词,后面仍带有介词,看介词后是否缺宾语;5 如缺主 / 宾 表语 ,可以判定该用关系代词,排除关系副词或介词 +关系代词;如主 / 宾/ 表语 不缺(只能缺状语) ,可以判定该用关系副词或介词+关系代词 ,排除关系代词;6 判定出该用关系代词后,再看先行词是人仍是物,确定关系代词 ,最终看先行词前修饰语,确定详细的关系代词( that 仍是 which );that 恰好表达的是唯独最不确定的人物; 判定出该用关系副词后,再看先行词是时间、地点仍是缘由名词,确定该用哪个关系副词或介词 +关系代词;不定代词the very the only That 恰好 表达 的 是 唯独 最 不确定 的 人物 ;名师归纳总结 序数词最高级既有人又有物第 4 页,共 4 页关系代词指代的先行词充当从句的成分who 人主语、宾语、表语whom 人宾语、表语which 物主语、宾语、表语that 人/ 物主语、宾语、表语as 人/ 物/主句主语、宾语、表语whose 人/ 物定语关系副词指代的先行词充当从句的成分when 时间名词时间状语where 地点名词地点状语why 缘由名词( the reason)缘由状语- - - - - - -