2022年初中英语句子成分结构.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解英语中的词可以依据词义、语法功能和形式特点分为十大类,即 名词 nounn.: 人或事物的名称；例：girl, history 代词 pronounpron. ：代替名词,数词等；例：they,it 形容词 adjectiveadj. ：表示人或事物的特点；例：brave,small : nicely,very 副词 adverbadv.：表示动作特点或性状特点；例 动词 verbv.：表示动作或状态；数词 numeralnum. ：表示数目或次序；冠词 articleart. ：用在名词前,帮忙说明其意义；介词 prepositionprep. ：用在名词,代词前说明与别的词的关系；连词 conjunctionsconj. ：用来连接词与词或句与句；感叹词 interjectioninterj. ：表示说话时的感情或口气；一、英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解：（一）句子成分1.主语（ subject）: 句子说明的人或事物；主语可以由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、分词、主语从句和短语等来担任；The sun rises in the east. （名词）He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. 数词 Seeing is believing. （动名词）To see is to believe. （不定式）What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语,主语从句是真正主语）2.谓语（ predicate ）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特点；We study English. He is asleep. 3.表语（ predicative ）: 系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特点；He is a teacher. （名词）Seventy-four. You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词）He is asleep. （形容词）His father is in. （副词）The picture is on the wall. 介词短语 My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “I m poor, I can（不定式）t buy a ring. The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有 : be, sound（听起来） , look（看起来） , feel摸起来, smell（闻起来） , taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持,仍是）, feel（感觉）. It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired. 4.宾语： 1）动作的承担者-动宾I like China. （名词）He hates you. （代词）How many do you need. We need two. （数词）名师归纳总结 We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）第 1 页,共 11 页I hope to see you again. （不定式）Did you write down what he said. （宾语从句）- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词学习必备欢迎下载-介宾Are you afraid of the snake. Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语 -间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money. 5.宾补：对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语；We elected him monitor. （名词）We all think it a pity that she didntcome here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词）We found nobody in. 副词 Please make yourself at home. 介词短语）Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词）I ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）6.主补：对主语的补充,全称为主语补足语；He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room. He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 7.定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子；Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）We belong to the third world. （数词）He is our friend. （代词）He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend. 副词 The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. 介词 The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）8.状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., 或句子；表示时间、地点、缘由、结果、程度、条件、方式 和让步；（以下例句按上述次序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting-room. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well. He didn t study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. （二）句子结构 简洁句的五个基本句型1.主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 2.主语 及物动词宾语 She likes English. 3.主语 系动词表语 She is happy直接宾语 She gave John a book. 4.主语 双宾动词间接宾语 5.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry The teacher asked me to read the passage. There +be 句型There are some books on the desk. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载There lies a book on the desk. Exercises ：分析以下句子成分1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city 翻译练习：主谓结构（ 主语 不及物动词）1、You should study hard. 2、She went home very late yesterday evening. 练习：1、This box weighs five kilos. 这个盒子重五公斤；2、I lived in Beijing five years ago. 五年前我住在北京；主谓宾结构（主语及物动词宾语）1、I wrote a letter last night. 2、I want to talk with you this afternoon. 练习：1、All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 我们大家都信任 2、He did not know what to say. 他不知道说什麽好；主系表结构（主语系动词表语）Jack 是一个诚恳男孩；1.My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 2. Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 练习：1、树叶已经变黄了；The leaves have turned yellow. 2、这个报告听起来很有意思；The report sounds interesting. 双宾语结构（主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语）1.Mr Johnson taught us German last year. 2.Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 练习：1、 请你给我弄一本新的,好吗？Will you please get me a new copy. 2、我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Shall I call you a taxi. ）复合宾语结构（主语动词 宾语 宾语补足语1.We call her Alice. 2.His parents named him John. 练习：1、学校定了一条规章,开头上课时同学要起立；The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 2、我认为与那个人谈话是无益的；I thought it no use talking with that man There be 句型1.There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2.There was only a well in the village. 练习：1、铃响了；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载2、一周有七天；二、英语句子种类讲解：依据句子的用途,英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句；依据句子的结构,英语句子可分为简洁句、并列句和复合句；中考对句子的考查主要集中在以下几个方面：1. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法；2. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法；3. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、挑选疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法；4. 由 what, how 引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区分 对于各种从句的用法我们在后面分别论述；一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法 1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括确定和否定）的句子；通常用降 调,句末用句号“ . ”Tom has a new car. The flower isnt beautiful.2. 陈述句否定式的构成1 假如确定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be,就只需在这些动词后加 not 即可构成否定式；He is playing the guitar. （确定）He is not playing the guitar. （否定）We can get there before dark. （确定）We can t get thee before dark.（否定）2 假如陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词,而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时,就需依据人称和时态在该实义动词前加dont, doesn 或 didn ；同时把该实义动词变为原形；He plays the violin well. （确定）He doesn t play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（确定）She didnt win the game.（否定）3 假如句子是 there be 结构或谓语动词是 have（有）,除了 be 和 have 之后加 not 之外,句中假如有 some 要变为 any；例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.4 除 not 以外,否定词 no, never, nothing, nobody, few 等也可构成否定句；例如：There is something wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.I have seen the film. I have never seen the film.二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法祈使句是用来表示命令、恳求、建议、号召等的句子,谓语动词用原形,句末用感叹号“！”或句号 “ . ”；朗读时一般用降调；1. 确定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是 you 时, you 常省略,但假如要特殊强调对方或表达某种剧烈的心情时可以有主语或称呼语；Be quiet. You be quiet. 名师归纳总结 （2）“ Do+祈使句 ”表示一种剧烈的感情或恳求,do 起强调作用；第 4 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Do come back at once. Do be careful. （3）please 用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气,但 其余部分分开；Open the window, please. please 用在句末时,必需用逗号与（4）Let 引导祈使句时, 后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语,人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称；Let Jack wait a minute. Let s go to school.s和 Let us 是有区分的； Let s包括说话者,而Let us 不包括听话者在（5）在祈使句中, Let 内；这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出；Let s go skating, shall we.（表示内部的建议）Let us try again, will you. （表示向别人发出恳求）2. 否定祈使句通常以Dont或 Never 开头；其结构通常是：“DontNever+ 动词原形 +其他成分” 例如：Dont do that again.Never leave todays work for tomorrow.Dont be late next time.三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、挑选疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1）一般疑问句的确定形式一般疑问句一般是指以助动词、情态动词、be 动词或 have（有）开头,通常要求以yes,或no 来回答的疑问句,一般疑问句读时通常用升调；Do you know Mr. Smith. Can you swim. （2）一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中,把副词 not 放在一般疑问句的主语之后；但假如用 not 的简略形式 -nt,就须将 -nt与一般疑问句句首的 be, have,助动词或情态动词写在一起；在实际运用中,一般都采纳简略式；Are you not a football fan. Aren t you a football fan.Will she not like it. Wont she like it. 与汉语不同的是,英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定仍是确定,全由答语的否定或确定来打算；如答语是确定的,就用 yes 加确定结构；如答语是否定的,就用 no 加否定结构；Aren t you a football fan. 你不是足球迷吗？Yes, I am. No, I am not. Wont she like it.t.Yes, she will. No, she won2. 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由 “疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句 ” 构成,句子一般用倒装语序,但假如主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时,用陈述句的语序；特殊疑问句不能用 yes 或 no 回答,读时用降调；例如：Who is on duty today. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载How long have you been in Beijing. What time do you get up every morning. What must I do now. 常用的特殊疑问句询问内容疑问词或句型例 句回 答职业,身份 what What is your father. He is a doctor. 姓名或关系who Who is that boy. He is Jack. He is my brother 相貌特点what like.What is she like. She is beautiful. What does she look like. 目的what for.What did they come here for. To attend a meeting. 缘由why Why did they come here. Because they have a meeting to attend. 天气how what like.How is the weather today. It s fine.What is the weather like today. 颜色what color ？What dolor is her skirt. It s red.服装尺寸what size What size does he wear. He wars 40. 几点钟what time What time is it. It s 7:30.星期几what day What day is today. It s Tuesday.几号,日期what is the date .What is the date today. It s May 2.年龄（多大） how old How old is he. He is 38. 持 续 多 长 时 间（多久）how long How long have you been here. For five months. 长度（多长） how long How long is the bridge. It s 500 metres.距离（多远） how far How far is it from here to the It s 6 kilometres.zoo. 频度（多常常）how often How often do you come back. Once a week. 时间经过（多快）how soon How soon will she arrive. In an week. 数量how many （可数名词）How many jackets do you have. Three. （多少）how much （不行数名词）How much coffee do you want. Two cups. How much is it. Five dollars. 价格how much How much does it cost. 高度how tall （人,树）How tall is she. Shes 1.73 metres.（多高）how high （山,建筑物）How high is the tower. It s 450 metres.3. 挑选疑问句：挑选疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不怜悯形,让对方挑选回答的疑问句；其结构是“疑问句 +挑选部分 ” ；挑选部分由 or 连接, or 前面的部分读升调,or 后面的部分读降调；挑选疑问句不能用 yes 或 no 回答,而必需详细的挑选答复；Is your bag yellow or black. It；s black.Would you like some tea or coffee. Either will do. ；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Which do you like better, singing or dancing. I like dancing better. 4. 反意疑问句：反意疑问句 tag question 又叫附加疑问句, 是在陈述句后, 对陈述句所表达的事提出的疑问；其基本结构有两种：一 “ 确定陈述句 +简略否定问句 ”；二 “ 否定陈述句 +简略确定问句 ”；反意疑问句的前后两部分在时态,人称和数上都要保持一样；It looks like rain, doesnt it.He doesn t need to work so late, does he.（1）确定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句,否定的陈述句后跟确定的附加问句；I am your teacher, arent I.He didn t study hard, did he.（2）当反意疑问句是“ 否定陈述句 +确定附加问句 ”时,英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异；英语回答时只看实际情形,如答语的详细内容是确定的就用 是否定的就用 “ No+否定结构 ” ,而译成汉语时,就必需把“ Yes+ 确定结构 ”,答语的详细内容yes 译 “不是 ” ,把 no 译成 “ 是的 ” ；-You won t be away for long, will you. 你不会离开太久,是吗？-Yes, I will.不,我会离开很久；-No, I won 是的,我不会离开很久；-I don t think she by bike, will she. 我认为她不会骑自行车,会吗？-Yes, she will.不,她会骑自行车来；-No, she won 是的,她不会骑自行车来；即：对反意疑问句的回答,是依据事实,而不是依据问题的提法；He isn t a doctor, is he . 他不是医生,是吗？ Yes, he is . 不,他是医生； No, he isn't. （是的,他不是医生； ）（3）陈述部分的主语是this, that 时,疑问部分的主语多用it;陈述部分的主语是these, those时,疑问部分的主语多用they；t it.This is a dictionary, isnThose are shelves, arent they.（4）陈述部分是 "there be" 结构的,疑问部分用there 省略主语代词；There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there. There will not be any trouble, will there. （5）陈述句中含有not, no, hardly, neither, never, few, little, too等否定词或具有否定意义的词时,疑问部分常用确定形式；如：Few people knew the news, did they. Tom has never been to England, has he. （ 6）假如陈述句的主语是 something, nothing, anything, everything 等不定代词时, 反意疑问部分的主语多用 it ；（7）假如主语是 l ,后反意部分用 arent ll m late , arent l.Attention: 名师归纳总结 简短问句的否定形式,要用缩写形式,不能显现not,主语要用人称代词不能用名词. 第 7 页,共 11 页Her mother is a doctor , isnt she.- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载There is a book on the desk, isn't there. Fill in the blanks: 1、 The boy is Japanese, _he. The book isn't interest ing, _ it. He knows a lot about English names, _ he. The girl doesn't like apples, _ she. There are two birds in the tree, _ there. The man came to China last month, _ he.2、1You re a farmer, _ _.2The weather isn t fine, _ _.3Kate came here last month, _ _. 4I dont think Tom is at home, _ _.5There werent enough nuts, _ _.6Theres a pen in the pencil-box, _ _. 7The man had bread for lunch, _ _. 8Mary can speak little English , _ _. 9Nothing is wrong with the watch, _ _. 四. 由 what, how 引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区分 感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊奇等感情的句子；句末用感叹号 “！”,读时用降调,感叹句往往由 what 或 how 引导, what 修饰名词, how 修饰形容词,副词或动词；1. what 引导的感叹句：（ 1）what + a/an + 形容词 +单数可数名词 +陈述句（主语 +谓语）What a beautiful city it is. What an interesting story she told. （ 2）what+ 形容词 +复数可数名词 / 不行数名词 +陈述句（主语 +谓语）What expensive watches they are. What terrible weather it is. 2How 引导的感叹句：（ 1）How+形容词 / 副词 +陈述句（主语 +谓语）How cold it is. How hard he works. （ 2）How+陈述句（主语 +谓语）How he loves his son.How I miss you. （ 3）How+形容词 +a/an+ 单数可数名词 +陈述句（主语 +谓语）How tall a tree it is. （4）上述两种感叹句可以相互转换；例如：What a clever boy he is. How clever the boy is. What a cold day it is. How cold it is.【实例解析】1. _ useful computer it is. A. What B. What a C. What an D. How 2. -_ is it from Jiaxing to Hangzhou. 名师归纳总结 -I m not sure, but it takes about ninety minutes to get there by bus.第 8 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载A. How many B. How often C. How much D. How far 3. -_ will it take us to get there by bus. -About two hours. A. How soon B. How often C. How long D. How quick 4. -Help. There is a snake near the house. -_ afraid. It will go away later. A. Don t B. Not C. Dont be D. Be综合练习 一. 单项填空1. -Excuse me, _ is the nearest bookshop. -Go down the street and turn left at the second corner. A. how B. what C. where D. who 2. -_ is it from our school to the Bell Tower. -About half an hours bus ride. Shall we go and visit it.A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much 3. -Linda had noth