英语四六级长难句分析精讲结构分析.doc

1. Many who today hear me somewhere in person , or on television , or those who read something I've said , will think I went to schoolfar beyond the eighth grade.结构分析：本句的主要结构是 may.or those.will think.。第一个 who 引导定语从句，修饰 many 。第二个 who 引导定语从句，修饰 those。I've said 是定语从句，修饰 something。I went to school far beyond the eighth grade 是宾语从句。参考翻译：今天，许多当面或在电视上听到我讲话的人，或那些读过我的讲演稿的人会认为我的学历远远不止八年级。2. My love for the alphabet , which endures , grew out of reciting it , but before that , out of seeing the letters on the page.结构分析： which endures 是非限定性定语从句，修饰 love for the alphabet 。 out of reciting it 和 out of seeing the letters on the page是并列的两个状语，修饰主句的谓语动词 grew。before that 是介词短语作状语。it 代替的是 alphabet，that 代替的是 reciting it。参考翻译：我对字母表经久不减的喜爱来自于背诵它，但在那之前，则来自于看书页上的字母。 1. A body at will remain at rest and a body in motian remnins in motian at a constant speed in a straight line, unless acted upon by an external force.结构分析：这是一个并列复合句。and 连接两个句子，构成并列句。unless 是连词，连接一个省略了 it is 的子句 “ （ it is ) acted on.force ", 作前面两个主句的状语从句。at rest 和 in motion 是两个介词短语，分别作两个 body 的定语，意思分别是 ” 处于静止状态中 “和“ 处于运动中 “。翻译易采用逆序法，即先译 unless 从句，省略部分可以不译。参考翻译：除非受到外力的作用，静止的物体将继续保持静止，运动的物体将继续作匀速直线运动。2. But a committee faced with a major decision can't always move as quickly as the events it's trying to respond to.结构分析：句子虽然很短却是主从复合句。句子的主句是 a committee can't move as quickly as the evevts。句中 faced with.是过去分词短语作定语，修饰 committee。在 as quickly as 中，第二个 as 是连词，后面省略了谓语。 it's trying to respond 是省略了关系代词的定语从句，修饰 events；it 指代 committee。faced with a major decision 在意义上表示时间，翻译时可把它译成时间状语。参考翻译：委员会在面临重大决策时，未必总是能对迅速变化的事件作出及时的反应。1. A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it be good, it can not last too long; if bad, you can not get rid of it too early. 单词词组： be compared to .被比作.，联想记忆：be compared with : 与.比较；get rid of 去除。结构分析：在这个句子中，两个分号将句子分成了三个部分，后两部分出现了与上句相同的not + but ,即双重否定结构；第一个if从句省略了should， 完整形式是if it ( should ) be good, 其中的it指代前面的book，第二个if从句的完整形式是if （it should be ）bad, it 也是指代book。参考译文：一本书可以比作邻居：如果是好的，结识愈久愈好；如果是坏的，分手愈早愈好。2. We can not pick even an ordinary book, a magazine, or a newspaper without finding in it references to the Bible and quotations from its pages. 单词词组：ordinary普通的，平凡的；reference参考，参照；Bible圣经；quotation引用，语录。结构分析：这个句子中的not+but构成双重否定；主语是we，谓语是can not pick，宾语是并列的名词短语an ordinary book.or a newspaper, 介词短语without.quotations from its pages 是条件状语，该壮语中references and quotations 是finding的宾语，in it 是地点状语，其中it指代前面句子的宾语，介词短语to the Bible和from its pages分别作references和quotation的定语。参考译文：我们哪怕是拿起一本普通的书，一本杂志，或一份报纸，都会发现有提到圣经或引用它的字句的地方。 1. It is not my belief that you can make something out of nothing. 单词词组：make something out of nothing 凭空取得成功结构分析：大家别看这个句子很短，这是个否定结构。大家需要注意一点：以belief / thought 等为代表的表示观点看法类的名词，用于it is not my .that .结构时，常发生否定转移，即将否定词转移到从句中，修饰从句的谓语动词。参考译文：我相信你不能凭空就会取得成功。 2. Spiders are not insects as many people imagine. 单词词组：spider蜘蛛；insect昆虫；imagine想象，认为结构分析 ：Spiders are not insects 是句子的主干。as引导了一个比较状语从句，这里需要注意的是as引导的比较状语从句用于否定句，并且整体位置在not的后面，则会发生否定转移，译成汉语可以理解为“不像.”参考译文：蜘蛛不像人们想象中的那样，它们不是昆虫。 1. Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements. 单词词组：philosopher哲学家；argue：主张，认为；contract合同，契约；exchange交换；entitlement利益，权利结构分析：Some philosophers是主语，argue是谓语动词，that引导名词性从句作宾语，即宾语从句；在that宾语从句中，主语是rights，谓语是exist，介词短语only within.和as part of .分别是动词exist的范围状语和方式状语。参考译文：有些哲学家认为：权利只存在于社会契约中，是责任与权利交换双方中的一方。 2. The young couple was worried because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace. 单词词组：couple夫妇；be aware of 意识到，知道；necklace项链结构分析： The young couple worried / because neither of them was aware of where they had lost the necklace, 在这个句子中，主干是双斜线前边的第一段的主谓结构，主语是the young couple,谓语是was worried，because引导了一个原因状语从句，在从句中， neither of them作主语，was aware of 是谓语部分，where they had lost the necklace是where引导的名词性从句作介词of的宾语，即宾语从句。参考翻译：这对年轻夫妇很焦虑，因为他们两个都不知道把项链丢到哪里了。 1. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over the their educational achievement. 单词词组：bank on 相当于be based on 基于，以.为基础；the confusion between A and B把A和B混淆；computered advocates电脑教育倡导者；emphasize A over B强调A 胜过B；prosepect前途，前景；educational ahievement 学业成绩。结构分析：这个句子可以拆分为： Banking on the confusion (between educational and vocational reasons ) (for bringing computers into schools), computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over the their educational achievement. 这个句子的主干是Banking on ., .advocates often emphasize A over B; Banking on是现在分词短语作原因状语，表示谓语动词emphasize发生的原因；第一个括号中的介词短语between.作其前面confusion的后置定语，第二个括号中的介词短语for.又作其前面reasons的后置定语。参考译文：把电脑引进学校是出于教育的原因还是职业的考虑，并不清楚。基于这样的一种混乱，电脑教育倡导者往往更加强调毕业生的就业前景而不是他们的学业成绩。2. Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. 单词词组：be interested in .对.感兴趣；develop the idea 形成这样的观点；habitual thought 习惯思维；determine决定。结构分析：这个句子的主干结构是：being interested in., Whorf developed the idea that.，即主语是Whorf， 谓语是developed，宾语是the idea， 其后面的that引导名词性从句是the idea 的同位语，即同位语从句，对宾语内容进行解释；句首的being.是现在分词短语作原因状语，表示谓语动词developed发生的原因。参考译文：Whorf由于对语言与思维的关系很感兴趣，因而逐渐形成了这样的观点：在一个社会中，语言的结构决定习惯思维的结构。 1. It is vital that economic,political and social conditions which can alleviate poverty be established at national and international level. 单词词组：vital: 关键的，重要的；alleviate 减轻，缓解；poverty贫困；establish建立；atlevels在范围内/层次上。结构分析：该句子的主干结构是it + be + 形容词+ that 从句模式，即it is vital that conditions be established。 上过精讲班语法课的同学都知道it在这个句子中是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。在that引导的主语从句中主语是political and social conditions ,谓语是be established。Which引导的定语从句作主语conditions的后置定语。At national and international levels 是介词短语，作地点状语知识扩展：这个句型还有N多变体，比如： it is necessary/important/essential/proper/imperative.等等，上过我写作课的同学都知道，我给的每段主题句和总结句模板中比较常用的就是it is important 和it is vital that这两个经典句型，同时在写作课上我一直强调这个经典句型后边应该用should+动词原形（should可以省略）的虚拟语气！不知道这个知识点的同学参照天一教材P29或精讲班同学所发的内部资料的P42.参考译文：在全国以致全球营造消除贫困的经济，政治和社会环境很重要。2. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. 单词词组：it is generally accepted that 人们普遍认为；in his first years 早年；largely很大程度上；character性格；later（adj.）随后的，日后的；personality个性。结构分析：该句子的主干是it + be + ed分词 + that 从句模式，即it is generally accepted the experiences of the child determine his character and later personality; it 是形式主语，指代后面的that从句，从句的主语是the experience of the child,谓语是determine，宾语是his character and later personality, in his first years 是介词宾语，作前面experiences的后置定语，later为形容词，作personality的定语。这个句子翻译时候要将被动式it is generally accepted that 转为主动式，这符合汉语的思维习惯，因为在精讲班里，语法老师一直在强调一点儿：英文多被动，汉语多主动。知识扩展：it is generally accepted that 这个句型我在写作模板里也讲过，还记得上课时候我说的傲慢与偏见这本小说里出现的那个和这个句子意思差不多的句型吗？ 参考译文：人们普遍认为孩子最初几年的经历对其性格以及日后个性的培养影响很大。1. Why people are prepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of living in the country is beyond me. 单词词组：be prepared to do 愿意做；tolerate 忍受；dubious令人怀疑的；privilege特权，好处；beyond sb.超出某人能力。结构分析：这是一个主从复合句，可以拆分为三大部分：(Why people areprepared to tolerate a four-hour journey each day for the dubious privilege of livinging the country ) is (beyond me).Why 引导主语从句，is作谓语，beyond me 作表语；主语从句的主语是people，谓体是are prepared to tolerate , a four-hour journey 是宾语，介词短语for thecountry作目的状语，修饰tolerate。参考译文：我无法理解为什么人们情愿每天奔波四个小时以换取值得怀疑的乡村之趣。2. While its true that we all need a career, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge in fields far removed from our own and that we are better for our understanding of these contributions. 单词词组：career 事业；equally同等地；civilization文明；accumulate积累，累积；incredible令人难以置信的；amount数量（常用于不可数名词）；field领域，田野；contribution贡献（后常接介词to）；fields（far removed from our own）”我们生活中被删除的领域”，即“被我们冷落/疏远的领域”。结构分析：此句的整体结构是：While its true that ，/ it is equally true that and that ;逗号前第一节中，while（相当于although）引导的是让步状语从句，从句里边it是形式主语，代替后面that引导的主语从句that we all need a career;逗号后面的第二节是主句，结构是形式主语it代替两个并列的that主语从句；在并列的第一个that从句中，far removed from our own 是过去分词短语作fields的后置定语。不知道这个知识点的同学参考天一的教材P17.知识扩展：while its true that , its equally true that 可以提炼为写作的经典句型“尽管事实上但同样的事实是”。比如：While its true that he is not intelligent, its equally true that he is very diligent. 尽管他不聪明是事实，但他相当勤奋，这亦是事实。参考译文：尽管事实上我们都需要一个职业，但同样的事实是：我们的文明在那些被冷落的领域已经积聚了大量的知识，并且如果对这些领域的贡献加以学习研究，我们的生活会更加美好。主语从句已经发了四个句子了。无论你参加的是四六级，考研还是专升本主语从句不是我们备考的重点，定语从句才是重中之重。以后的时间里，在日志里我多贴点儿关于定语从句的日志，希望大家能结合精讲班课上讲的语法点儿认真理解分析定语从句句子的结构。有些同学在前两篇日志里评论说单词都会，结构也会分析，但是就是翻译出来的句子和我翻译的句子有点儿出入，然后不知道该怎么办。出现这种情况很正常，毕竟同一个句子不同人有不同的翻译结果，只要大家会分析句子结构，搞清楚每个句子里的单词是什么意思就OK了。 不说了，贴句子：1. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint. 单词词组：criticized: 批评； rely on 依靠；intelligent智慧的，明智的；present：展现，呈现；rank等级；regardless of 不管不顾 结构分析：这句话的主语是President Kennedy，谓语是wanted，宾语是people，regardless of their rank or viewpoint做句子的状语。其中的regardless of 是个介词词组，因为是介词词组，所以regardless of后面只能跟名词或名词词组 。我在上阅读理解课的时候说过，英文句子里边多名词，并且英文句子不会轻易地放过名词，因为有一个很重要的原则叫做“名词包装”原则，这一原则在这个句子中体现的淋淋尽致-people 这个名词后边一连出现了四个并列的定语从句来共同包装people！正因为People后边出现了四个并列的定语从句才使这个句子复杂起来。第一个定语从句who raised questions中，主语是who，谓语是raised，宾语是questions；第二个定语从句who criticized中，主语是who，谓语是criticized，宾语是 President Kennedy 被省略了；第三个定语从句中主语是he，谓语是could rely on（on 被提到了whose的前边了），宾语是whose judgment；第四个定语从句中主语是who， 谓语是presented ，宾语是an intelligent point of view。知识扩展： regardless of 在专升本领域里是个很重要的介词词组，在真题的阅读理解里还有第一题词汇和语法里经常出现。往年的词汇题经常把regardless of 和in case of， in view of 等词组放在选项里出成词义辨析题。 参考译文：总统肯尼迪需要能提出问题的人，能提批评建议的人，做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人，而不问他们的级别和观点。2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. 单词词组：Behaviorists行为主义者；stimuli刺激因素；capacity能力； appropriate适合的，相称的。 结构分析：这句话的主语是Behaviorists，谓语是suggest，that后边统统都是做suggest的宾语从句。在这个长长的宾语从句中主语是child，谓语是will experience，宾语是greater intellectual development。只要这个句子看出是我说的这个结构，就证明整个句子分析的很成功了。有些同学可能会对中间的“who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses ” 是做什么成分的感到很困惑。像上个句子中所说的，英文里边名词要包装，中间的这么多单词都是用来包装名词的：“who is raised in an environment”这个定语从句用来包装child； 同时在这个定语从句的末尾出现了个名词叫做“environment”，这也是个名词啊，这个名词也得包装啊，所以environment后边又出现了个定语从句“where there are many stimuli ”；无独有偶，在“where there are many stimuli ”这个定语从句的最后又出现了个名词“stimuli”，这又是个活生生的名词啊，这个名词按照英文的传统是不会轻易放过这个名词的，所以，在stimuli后边又出现了个定语从句“which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses”来包装stimuli！ 知识扩展：同志们，这个句子像上个句子一样都充分体现了英文中“名词要包装”的原则！在上写作课和阅读课时候，我一直在不厌其烦地强调名词很重要，一直在强调读长难句只要抓住了名词一个看起来机构混乱的句子结构就相对比较清晰了。反过来说，如果我们在写作文的时候想把一个只有主谓宾三个单词的简单句扩展到一个长难句，是不是要也要像这个句子一样在名词的后边加定语从句呢？ 哈哈，上过课的同学都懂得··· 参考译文：行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激因素的环境里长大，而这些刺激因素能够开发其相应的反映能力，那么这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。1. The man who has not learned anything about how to understand his own intentions and to make them effective, who has not learned something about what is possible and what impossible through experience and books, will be enslaved by the political and social intentions of other men.单词词组：intention：意图，意向，目的；be enslaved by : 使···屈从，使···奴役；Political：政治的结构分析：本句的主干为The man.will be enslaved by.。两个由关系代词Who引导的定语从句来共同修饰man，第一个定语从句是who has not learned anything about how to understand his own intentions and to make them effective；第二个定语从句是who has not learned something about what is possible and what impossible through experience and books。按照汉语习惯，可将定语从句放在所修饰的名词前，译成两个排比句。在第一个定语从句.about how to understand his own intentions and to make them effective.中，为了避免重复，to make them effective 前省略了how，而在第二个定语从句.about what is possible and what impossible through experience and books.中，第二个what后省略了is。参考译文：一个人若不学会弄清楚自己的意图并使其产生预期效果，也没有通过经验和书本弄明白哪些事情是可能做到的，哪些事情是不可能做到的，他将屈从于其他人政治的和社会的企图。2. Thus， only a few decades ago it might have seemed that physics, which has just placed nuclear energy at man's disposal, was the dangerous branch of science, while biology, which underlay improvement in medicine and also helped us to understand our dependence on the natural environment, was the beneficial branch. 单词词组：physics: 物理学； nuclear energy：核能；disposal：处置，驾驭；branch：分支；biology：生物学；underlay：ft=rgb(0,0,0),1,&#39位于或存在于（某物）之下（ underlie的过去式 ）；ft=rgb(0,0,0),1,&#39beneficial：有益的。 ft=rgb(0,0,0),1,&#39结构分析：先说下it + seems + that从句这个句型： it做主语，没有什么实际意思，只是用来指代某种情况，seems 是半系动词，that引导一个从句来做seem的表语，所以that从句是个表语从句。此句是由两个it + seems + that从句句型来构成的：第一个句型：it might have seemed that physics, which has just placed nuclear energy at man's disposal, was the dangerous branch of science；第二个句型：it might have seemed that biology, which underlay improvement in medicine and also helped us to understand our dependence on the natural environment, was the beneficial branch. 这个句子如果能拆分成刚刚讲的这两个句型的话，下边剩下的事儿就是具体来分别拆分这两个句型了。第一个句型里的that所引导的表语从句中主语是physics，系动词是was，表语是the dangerous branch of science，句子中间的which has just placed nuclear energy at man's disposal是非限制性定语从句修饰physics这个名词。第二个句型里的that所引导的表语从句中主语是biology，系动词是was，表语是the beneficial branch， 句子中间的which underlay improvement in medicine and also helped us to understand our dependence on the natural environment是非限制性定语从句用来修饰biology。 破解这个句子的关键点就是那个while了，while前边是一个句子，while后边是个句子，整个句子结构就清晰了。 参考译文：因此，仅仅几十年前，刚刚使人类驾驭核能的物理学视乎是一门危险的学科，而作为医学进步基础和帮助人们认识到人类自身依赖于自然环境的生物学则成了有益的科学。 He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks. 单词词组： hesitate: 犹豫，踌躇；confront with：使面临，使面对；scope：范围，余地结构分析： 本句的主语是he，谓语是finds，finds后边的that引导一个长长的宾语从句“ students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks”。在这个宾语从句中主语是students，谓语是hesitate，没有宾语。宾语从句中的主语students后边跟了一个定语从句“who were easy to teach”来包装students。 在这个长长的宾语从句的主语students及定语从句“who were easy to teach”后又跟了一个because引导的原因状语从句-“because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice”，在这个原因状语从句中名词everything后边又跟了一个省略了which的定语从句“they had been taught into practice”；在这个长长的宾语从句的谓语hesitate后边又跟了一个长长的时间状语从句“when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks”，在这个定语从句中名词 English vocabulary and usage后边又跟了一个定语从句“which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks”来包装 English vocabulary and usage。哈哈，这个句子比较复杂点儿，你分析对了吗？ 参