材料科学与工程专业英语复习重点.doc

单词：corrosion腐蚀 ductile 延展 ball bearing 滚珠轴承malleable 可锻的 smelt 熔炼,精炼 intricate 复杂的,精巧的combination结合,化合物 ferrous alloys铁合金 majority多数impurities杂质 cementite渗碳体 gloss光泽oxygen氧气 oxides氧化物 pigment 颜料varnish清漆 porosity气孔,气泡 toxicity毒性embalming木乃伊 pig iron生铁 cast iron铸铁slip systems滑移性 structural members结构件wear resistance耐磨性 higher strength 高能量 structural load载荷 ,负荷 power transmission能量传递装置 corrosion resistance抗腐蚀性 non-ferrous metals有色金属an immense family of engineering materials工程材料的大家庭mineral processing equipment选矿设备complete solid solubility完全固溶体翻译题：1.More than 90% by weight of the metallic materials used by human beings are ferrous alloys. 人类所使用的重量超过90%的金属材料是黑色合金。2. As a practical matter, these alloys fall into two broad categories based on the carbon in the alloy composition.作为一个实际问题,这些合金分为两大类基于碳的合金成分。3. Steel generally contains between 0.05w and 2.0 w carbon. The cast irons generally contain between 2.0w and 4.5 w carbon. 钢铁一般包含0.05 w和2.0 w碳。铸铁一般包含2.0 w和4.5 w碳。4. Within the steel category, we shall distinguish whether or not a significant amount of alloying elements other than carbon is used.对于钢的区分，我们要弄清楚的是是否含有有效量的合金元素而不是碳的含量。5. A composition of 5w total noncarbon additions will serve as an arbitrary boundary between low alloy and high alloy steels. 总非碳添加0.05%的组合将作为任意一个边界之间的低合金和高合金钢。6. These alloy additions are chosen carefully because they invariably bring with them sharply increased material costs.这些合金元素的加入会使材料成本急剧增加，因此要慎重选择。7. Modern industry needs considerable quantities of this metal, either in the form of iron or in the form of steel.现代工业需要相当数量的这种金属,无论是以钢的形式还是铁的形式。8. Moreover, iron possesses magnetic properties, which have made the development of electrical power possible.此外,铁具有磁性,这使电力的发展成为可能。9. The process of smelting consists of heating the ore in a blast furnace with coke and limestone, and reducing it to metal.冶炼过程是在有焦炭和石灰石的高炉中加热铁矿石，从而炼成金属。10. Cast iron does not have the strength of steel. It is brittle and may fracture under tension.铸铁没有钢的强度。它是脆性的并且可能在拉力下断裂。11. wrought iron behaves differently from iron which contains a lot of carbon.锻铁的特性与含有大量碳的铁不同。12. Surface coating are mixtures of film forming materials plus pigment, solvents,and other additives, which , when applied to a surface and cured or dried,yield a thin film that is functional and often decorative.表面涂层是成膜材料加颜料，溶剂和其他添加剂的混合物，其中，当施加到表面上并固化或干燥，得到的薄膜往往是功能性和装饰性。13. Most surface coatings employed in industry and by consumers are based on synthetic polymers-that is, industrially produced substances composed of extremely large, often interconnected molecules that form tough, flexible, adhesive films when applied to surfaces.在工业和消费者所采用大多数表面涂层是基于合成聚合物的，也就是说，在工业生产时物质的构成非常大，往往互相连接的分子施加的表面时，形成坚韧，有弹性，粘接膜。14. The other component materials of surface coating are pigments, which provide colour, opacity ,gloss, and other properties;表面涂料的其它组分材料是颜料，它提供颜色，不透明度，光泽度和其它性质。15. Cast irons have relatively low melting temperatures and liquid phase viscosities, do not form undesirable surface films when poured, and undergo moderate shrinkage during solidification and cooling. 铸铁具有比较低的熔点和液相粘性。浇注时不形成不需要的表面膜，并且在固化和冷却过程中收缩适度。16. The cast irons must balance good formability of complex shapes against inferior mechanical properties compared to wrought alloys.相对于锻合金，铸铁必须克服机械性能差的缺点，保持很好的成型性能。17. Although ferrous alloys are used in the majority of metallic applications in current engineering designs, non-ferrous alloys play a large and indispensable role in our technology. 虽然有色金属合金在大多数当前工程设计的金属应用中，非铁合金中我们的技术发挥重要的，不可替代的作用。18. Before that time, a practical method of separating titanium metal from reactive oxides and nitrides was not available.在此之前，从被动氧化物和氮化物分离钛金属的实用方法不可用。19Titanium shares the hcp structure with magnesium leading to characteristically low ductility.钛共享HCP结构的镁，导致典型的低延展性。20. Nickel alloys have much in common with copper alloys.镍和铜有许多共同之处。21. Zinc coating on ferrous alloys re important means of corrosion protection. This method is termed as galvanization.对有色金属合金镀锌层重防腐保护的重要手段。这种方法被称为镀锌。22. Nickel alloys have much in common with copper alloys.23. However, their general reactivity with oxygen requires the high temperature service to be in a controlled atmosphere or with protective coatings.24. Advanced structural ceramics are ceramic materials that demonstrate enhanced mechanical properties under demanding conditions.25.However, their general reactivity with oxygen requires the high temperature service to be in a controlled atmosphere or with protective coatings.简答题：1. How do you distinguish steel from cast iron?2.How do you distinguish low alloy steel from high alloy steel?3.A certain number of non-ferrous metals, including aluminum and zinc, are also important, but even today the majority of our engineering products are of iron or steel.4. We make wire and tubing from mild steel with a very low carbon content, and drills and cutting tools from high carbon steel.5. What is the function of the coke when producing pig iron?6.颜料有什么功能？The other component materials of surface coating are pigments, which provide colour, opacity ,gloss, and other properties.7. 铸铁类型There are four general types of cast irons. White iron gray iron spheroidal graphite malleable iron 8.性能列举Aluminum alloys are best known for low density and corrosion resistance. Electrical conductivity,ease of fabrication, and appearance are also attractive features.9.铜的应用Copper alloys possess a number of superior properties. Their excellent electrical conductivity makes copper alloys the leading material for electrrical wiring. Their excellent thermal conductivity leads to applications for radiators and heat exchangers. 10. 镍有什么缺点The toxicity of lead restricts design applications and the handling of its alloys.毒性11. List the applications that the copper alloy may have.12.陶瓷的缺点What is the main problem that prevents the extensive application of the ceramics?The most significant challenges are the inherent flaw sensitivity, or brittleness, of ceramics and the variability of their mechanical properties.13. The ceramics can work in those environments such as14.polymers的来源Polymers are chemical compounds that consist of long, chainlike molecules made up of multiple repeating units.15.天然高分子deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) ribonucleic acid (RNA) silk, wood, natural rubber, cellulose, and shellac.16.古人如何收集 while other ancients collected proteinaceous wool fibres from the sheep and silk fibres from silkworms.判断题：1. But it possesses certain properties that make it very useful in the manufacture of machinery .2. The name “cast iron” derives from the fact that there is only iron in cast irons (T/F)3. However, a high temperature bcc structure can be stablized at room temperature by certain alloy additions such as vanadium.4. High purity copper is an exceptionally soft material.5. Lead alloys are durable and versatile materials.6. There are a lot of alloys in which there is no iron. (T/F)7.Tungsten can bear the temperature of 2000 in air. (T/F)8.Polymers are chemical compounds that consist of long, chainlike molecules made up of multiple repeating units.9.Even embalming, the art for which ancient Egypt is famous, is based on the condensation and cross linking of proteins with form aldehyde.描述一种材料的性能：