2022年英语动词时态、语态、语气.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载英语动词时态、语态、语气简述-Introduction: tense/ voice/ modal 英语中,动词可以说是最为重要的词类,它们的变化最多；动词由于是谓语（predicate ）的核心,它们的正确使用打算了句子的表述是否顺畅,语义是否清晰；所以有人说,学好动词就英语学好了大半；学好动词,我们需要弄清晰它们的时态、语态、语气三种问题；1动词时态（ tense）我们中国人学英语,最大的障碍就是时态问题；这是由于受母语的影响,在汉语中,动词是没有时态的概念的；而大部分西方语言,都有时态的概念；这种差异,有的语言学家将其归结为语言思维的差异,这,我们不用深究；我们只要知道,英语的动词肯定是有时态的, 时态-就是一种表示 时间和状态 的主动词形式 ；1.1 现在进行时（ present continuous/present progressive1.1.1 时间 ：现在（ present）-:动作发生的时间是现在而非过去,一般也就是说话时的时间；1.1.2 状态 ：正在进行（continuous/progressive ）； 什么叫做正在进行？- 指该动作在过去某个时间点开头,直到现在（说话时）仍旧连续,continuous/progressive在肯定的时间范畴内,仍将连续下去；He is working now. Dont disturb him. I m cooking right now. But after the dinner, starting pointpast at the time ofspeakingnow ending pointfuturecan you wash the dishes. 把握现在进行时,我们肯定要明确以下概念：1只有具有 连续性概念 的 动作动词 （action verb）, 才可能有进行时态,而表示状态或瞬间动作的动词,不能使用进行时态；这是很简单懂得的,由于表状态的动词本身不具有动作性, 如：She is a teacher. The soup tastes delicious. The news sounds disappointing. 这状态往往只是说明某种性质的是、否；我们一般不简单混淆,稍稍让我们感到困惑的是瞬时动作词, 在汉语里,我们常常把这些词所对应的动作当作可连续的,但在英语里,它们是不可连续的,往往具有状态动词的特点,而不强调动作,此类词一般常见的如下：表感情意识状态：like/dislike/love/hate/prefer/want/need/know/realize/suppose/mean/ understand/believe/remember 感官意识状态：see/ hear/ smell/ taste 表所属关系 : 有,包含： belong / contain/consist/depend/seem/have 如: I m hungry. I want something to eat. Do you understand what I mean. 当 think 表示“ 认为” 的意思时,同样也不用进行时态：What do you think about this book. 2. 即使是动作动词,同样也有动作连续时间长短的问题；有的动作连续时间短,所以动作一般就发生在说话时；He is speaking now, listen carefully. He is sleeping, don t speak loud. 但是,更长时间的动作,由于这种动作只是从宏观上看具有连续性,但其间肯定是有间断的,说话时,该动作不肯定发生,只是说话的时间点包含在该动作的连续时间内；如：He is teaching in our school this year. 这里,is teaching 并不是指说话时肯定发生的动作；留意比较：He is teaching right now. Don t call him. 1.1.3 构造 ： 助动词 be, 主动词 verb+ ing ,参见“ 词类概述 2.3.4” . 陈述句 : subject + be + verb-ing : John and Tim are playing basketball on the playground. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Are John and Tim playing basketball on the playground. 否定句： subject + be+ not+ verb-ing : Thomason isn t working today. He is staying at home. 一般疑问句： be + subject + verb-ing: Are you watching TV right now. Can you turn it down a little. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word+ subject + verb-ing : What are you doing. What are you talking about. 1.1.4 用途 ：1用于表述正在发生的短动作,即说话时正在发生；2. 正在发生的长动作,但并非说话时肯定发生；She is learning French. She wants to study in France. 3. 用于谈论正在发生的变化、大事：Where are you going. He is watching TV right now. The population of the world is rising very fast. Are you getting better. 4. 已经支配好 , 将要发生的个人事务: I m leaving next Monday. She s coming tomorrow. 1.2 一般现在时（ present simple/simple present）1.2.1 时间 ：现在（ present ）-动作发生的时间是现在而非过去的时间；1.2.2 状态 ：一般情形 simple ； 什么叫做一般情形？-当我们需要对某种状况进行总结,说明某事物现在的一般常态,采纳一般现在时,它说明的并不是某一时刻的临时状态；1.2.3 构造 ：陈述句： subject + verb+ He likes swimming. She dislikes dishonesty. 否定句： subject +do not/does not+ verb+ .: He doesn t like swimming. 一般疑问句： Do/does + subject +verb .: Does he like swimming. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word + do/does + subject + verb .: What does he like. 留意：当动词 be 为主动词时,它既为主动词,又为助动词；如：He is a teacher. He isn t a teacher. Is he a teacher. What is this. 1.2.4 用途 ：1表述某一事物的常态；He lives in Beijing. She is a teacher in our school. Beijing is the capital of China. He gets up at 6:30. Mary visits her mother once a week. 2. 表述一般真实情形、真理；The sun rises from the east. A water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. There are sixty minutes in an hour. 3. 表述时间支配, 时刻表：The train leaves at 9:45 p.m. / The new term starts on 1 st, September. 现在进行时 / 一般现在时的差异1现在进行时表述现在正在进行的情形 ,一般现在时表述的是一般情形 ；The water is boiling , please turn it off. /Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. 2. 现在进行时表述的是现在临时的情形,一般现在时表述常态、永久的状况：John lives in New York. Now he is living with his parents in Boston. I m living with a friend until I find a new apartment. 3. always do sth 总是做 ; always be doing做太多,以致让人感觉到厌恶 . He always watches weather forecast at 7:30. /You are always watching TV, you should do something else. 4. 与现在进行时搭配的时间副词,表现在、 目前时间状态： now/ right now/ today/ this week/ this year 等 ; 与 一 般 现 在 时 搭 配 的 时 间 副 词 ,一 般 表 频 度 ： how often/ usually/often/always/ once a week 等：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Are you cleaning your house right now. /How often do you clean your house. He is visiting his parents today. /He visits his parents three times once a month. 1.3 一般过去时（ past simple/simple past）1.3.1 时间 : 过去 past . 所谓过去 , 即业已逝去的时间 , 与现在无关 . 我们采纳过去时 , 说明某大事在过去发生过 , 现在的情形 , 我们不知道 . 1.3.2 状态 ：一般（ simple）, 参见“ 一般现在时”；动词形变参见“ 词类概述”2.3.2；一般过去时就是一般现在时的过去时间的形式；1.3.3 构造 ：陈述句： subject + verb ed: He was an physics teacher in our school last year. 否定句： subject + didn t/did not+ verb : She didnt like him, so she left him last week. 疑问句： Did + subject +verb: Did you know him at that time. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word+ did +subject +verb+ : What did you do last night. Did you go shopping. 留意：当动词 be 为主动词时,它既为主动词,又为助动词；如：He was a teacher. He wasnt a teacher. Was he a teacher. What was that. 1.3.4 用途 ：用于表达过去发生的大事、过去存在的状态等；I visited my parents last week. He was a teacher last year. I finished my work yesterday. 1.3.5 特别过去结构 ：我们用 used to + verb 的结构来表述过去的情形,表示“ 过去是 /过去发生过 但现在不是 /不再发生了”的意思； There used to be a cinema. =there isn t a cinema now. He used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day. =he doesnt smoke now. 我们肯定要该结构与一般过去时的语义差异：一般过去时仅表示过去的情形,现在的情形不清晰；而“ used to +verb ” 结构不仅表示过去的情形,同时也知道现在不再是以前的状况了；如： He used to be a rich man. =he isnt a rich man now./ He was a rich man last year. =maybe he is still rich now, maybe he isn t rich now, I don t know. 该结构的疑问式为：Did subject +use to+ verb .: Did you use to swim on Sundays. 该结构的否定式为：subject + didnt use to +verb : They didnt use to swim on Sundays. 该结构无现在时,当我们要表达现在的情形时,用一般现在时；使用该结构时,要留意它与：“ be/become/get +used to +doing” 的区分,后者表示“ 习惯于” : He is used to doing exercise in the morning. 1.4 过去进行时（ past continuous/past progressive1.4.1 时间 ：过去（ past）. 1.4.2 状态 ：进行中（continuous/progressive ）. 过去进行时是现在进行时的过去时间的形式；1.4.3 构造 ：陈述句： subject was/were + verb-ing .: He was watching TV when I phoned him. 一般疑问句： was/were +subject +verb-ing : Was he watching TV when you phone him. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word +was/were +subject +verb-ing: What were you doing at 8 o clock last night. I was doing my homework. 否定句： subject + was/were +verb-ing: I wasn t doing my homework. I was watching TV. 1.4.4 用途 ：过去进行时常常与一般过去时同时使用,表示“ 当发生时,另一大事正在进行中；” , 其中, 短动作用一般过去时,长动作用过去进行时；I saw him when I was walking. When he was reading on the beach, he heard somebody call “help. ”名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载当两个动作均采纳一般过去时时,两个动作的发生存在先后次序,留意对比：When he arrived, we had dinner. =first, he arrived, and then we had dinner. When he arrived, we were having dinner.=at the time he arrive, we were having dinner. 1.5 现在完成时（ present perfect simple）1.5.1 时间 ：现在（ present）. 现在完成时的时间是指现在, 它表述的是现在的情形, 与过去无关 . 1.5.2 状态 ：完成（ perfect ）. 现在完成时的状态说明: 过去开头的某个动作, 现在有了结果.所谓完成 , 只是一种总结 ,或许该动作仍要连续下去. 1.5.3 构造 ：陈述句 : subject have/has + past participle : I have read fifty pages of the book. 否定句 : subject +have/has +not +past participle: I haven t finished my work yet. 一般疑问句： have/has +subject +past participle: Have you finished your work. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word + have/has+ subject +past participle: What have you done. How long have you been here. 1.5.4 用途：用于报告最新情形,大事进展：Ouch. I have burned my hand. /There is an accident. Three men have been killed and one has been heavily injured. 用于总结到目前为止的大事结果：letter yet. Our company has made a big profit. I haven t mailed the 1.5.5 时间概念 现在完成时的标志时间副词 到目前为止（时间段） ：so far/ in the last few yearsdays, etc/recently/ since. /for : They have made big progress in the last few years. /Have you seen Mary recently. 1.5.6 重要句型 ：this/that/it is the first/second time has/have+ pp<这是自打 以来 第几 次> : It s very delicious. It s the first meal I ve had for ages. /Henry lost his keys again. That s the third time this has happened. 1.5.7 have/has gone to; have/has been tohave/has gone to: 已经去 了（已经到了,或仍在路上） ； He has gone to Japan. have/has been to: 已经去过 （现在回来了） ；He has been to America. 1.5.8 现在完成时与一般过去时的差异1现在完成时是现在的时态,与过去无关, 只表示现在的情形；过去的时间只能用一般过去时： He lost his key yesterday. 我们只知道他在过去丢了钥匙 ； He hasnt found his key. 现在的情形是：他仍没有找到钥匙； He died last year. /He has been dead for a year. 2我们用现在完成时报道最新情形,用一般过去时表述细节：There has been an accident. A car and a truck collided. 3. 在美式英语 American English中, 有时一般过去时和现在完成时并无分别：与 just, yet, already 连用： I have just arrived. =I just arrived. Have you finished your work yet.= Did you finish your work yet. 过去发生的动作现在有结果：Ive lost my key. Have you seen it. = I lost my key. Did you see it. 用 ever /never 表述从过去连续到现在的时段内的情形：Have you ever driven a car. =Did you ever drive a car. / I ve never seen her before.= I never saw her before. 4. 现在完成时只表示到说话时之前时间的情形,而一般过去时表示的是已经发生过的事；名师归纳总结 对比： I have had four cups of coffee this morning. 说话时仍在是this morning 第 4 页,共 8 页I had four cups of coffee this morning. 说话时已不是this morning, 可能是下午或晚上- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 5对于一般过去时,我们用学习必备欢迎下载when/what time 来提问：When did you get there. What time did you get to work this morning. 对于现在完成时,我们用 how long 来提问：How long have you been here. How long have you known each other. 1.6 现在完成进行时（ present perfect continuous/progressive 1.6.1 时间 ：现在（ present）.现在完成进行时是现在完成时的一种特别形式,同样只是与现 在时间相关；1.6.2 状态 ：完成（ perfect） + 进行（ continuous/progressive ）；现在完成进行时只是在完成 时的基础上,加上进行时态,说明某个连续动作到目前为止的情形；1.6.3 构造 ：陈述句： subject have/has +been +verb-ing: He has been waiting for 5 hours. 否定句 : subject have/has not +been +verb-ing: George hasn t been feeling well recently. 一般疑问句： have/has subject +been +verb-ing: Have you been working since 8 this morning. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word +have/has subject +been +verb-ing: How long have you been waiting for him. Who have you been waiting for？1.6.4 用途 ：现在完成进行时是现在完成时的一种特别情形,现在完成进行时的动作在说话时可能刚刚终止, 也可能仍在连续我们使用该时态,主要是要表述一个动作到目前为止的状态,我们留意的是该动作的过程,而不是结果； 留意对比：The ground is wet. It has been raining since this morning. /It has rained three times since this morning. 现在完成进行时时中,一般使用how long 来对动作连续的状况提问；现在完成时中,使用how many/how much/how many times 来对现在完成时的动作结果提问；How long have you been reading. Three hours./ Since 9 this morning. How many pages have you read. Thirty pages. 1.7 过去完成时（ past perfect simple）1.7.1 时间 ：过去（past）.过去完成时是现在完成时在过去时间的形式,只与过去时间相关；1.7.2 状态 ：完成（ perfect）；过去完成表达在过去某个时间点之前的情形总结；1.7.3 构造 ：陈述句： subject had +past participle: They had had dinner when he arrived. 否定句 : subject had not +past participle: John hadn t finished his work at that time. 一般疑问句： had subject +past participle: Had you finished cooking before 9 oclock last evening. 复杂（特别）疑问句：question word +had+ subject +past participle: What had you done before they arrived at the party. 1.7.4 用途 ：我们采纳过去完成时对过去某个时间点之前的情形进行总结,表述在该时间点之前的情形；即把现在完成时的时间点退后到过去；When I arrived there, they had gone. 1.8 过去完成进行时（ past perfect continuous）将现在完成进行时的时间点退后到过去某时间点,就形成过去完成进行时,用法与现在完成进行时相类似：When we arrived there, they had been waiting for 25 minutes. 名师归纳总结 It had been raining since that morning, so they didn t go out. 第 5 页,共 8 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载1.9 一般将来时（ future simple）严格意义上来说,由于在将来时间发生的动作、状态尚未发生,属于一种推测、支配、预料的大事,存在明显的不确定性；另外,表达将来大事有多种方式,不像其他的时态有固定明确的结构符号,所以,有很多语法学家认为并不存在将来时态,只是存在将来时间概念的表达；我们暂且遵从传统的语法概念,将以下方式均称为一般将来时；1.9.1 采纳 现在进行时结构 表达现在已经支配好将要发生的个人事务；I m seeing the doctor tomorrow morning. He is leaving on Sunday. 1.9.2 采纳 一般现在时结构 表达由时间表、节目表等确定要发生的事情：The train leaves at 9 oclock tomorrow morning. The film starts at 9 oclock tonight. 1.9.3 采纳 be +going +to 表达已经打算但尚未支配将要发生的事情：They are going to buy a new car next year. Are you going to clean the house. be going to 结构也可以表达依据现在的情形,某事将要发生：Look at the black clouds. It s going to rain soon. / I don t feel well. I think I m going to be sick. 1.9.4 采纳 will/shall + verb 结构来表达在说话时才打算的事,或表示推测：Will you attend the meeting tomorrow. Yes, I will. Where will you be this time next year. I ll be in Australia. 助动词 shall 仅用于第一人称后；will/shall 这种助动词多半带有一种I shall be tired this evening. 意愿性 的意味,明显具有语气词的特点,这也就是很多语法学家不将这种结构视为一种时态；我们使用 will +verb 结构在如下场合：1 表示情愿供应 ：I dont have any money. I will give some to you. 2 表示同意 ：When you finish reading the book, can you lend it to me.Of course, I will. 3 表示许诺 .: Thanks for lending me the money. I ll pay you back on Sunday. 4 表示恳求别人 : Will you be quiet. I can t hear anything. /Will you open the window, its too hot. 在使用如下结构时使用 will ：probably/ I expect/ I msure/ I think/ I don t think/ I wonderI ll probably finish my work tomorrow. 正确使用表述将来时间的大事的结构,I wonder what will happen. 肯定要先弄清该大事的性质；1.10 过去将来时（ past future）我们采纳 was/were +going to do 的结构来表达在过去时间将要发生的大事,但实际上并没有 发生；I was going to cross the road when somebody shouted “stop. ”I thought it was going to rain but then the sun came out at last. 此外表将来时间概念的仍有 : 将来进行时（ future continuous/progressive ）将来完成时（ future perfect ）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载2动词语态（ voice）2.1 主动语态 / 被动语态英语中的动词仍有语态 , 即依据主语与动词之间的关系分为 : 主动语态 active 主语是动作的执行者；被动语态（ passive）-主语是动作的接受者；采纳主动仍是被动语态,我们考虑的主要是是否需要表述主语；The boy broke the window.a The window was broken by the boy.b The window was broken. c 在句 a中,我们采纳主动语态,主要是要表述动作的执行者是 the boy. 在句 b中,我们采纳被动语态,主要是要表述 the window was broken 这样状态,采纳 by the boy 来表述动作的执行者,具有一种附带表述的意味；在句 c中,我们采纳被动语态,完全不需要表述动作的执行者；语态与时态是共存的,前面我们所述的均是动词采纳主动语态的情形；不同时态的被动语态概述如下：时态结构例句一般现在时be +past participle The house is cleaned by Mary every day. 一般过去时was/were + past participle The house was built in 1989. 现在进行时am/are/is+ being +past participle The house is being built. 过去进行时was/were +being +past participle The house was being built when we arrived here. 现在完成时have/has +been +past participle The house has been built near the lake. 过去完成时had +been +past participle The house had been built for 10 years at that time. 此外, 非谓语动词的不定式 见后文；2.2 特别被动语态结构 2.2.1 be born（infinitive ）和 现在分词 （present participle ） 也存在被动形式,我们一