2022年高中英语动词的时态和语态讲解.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 动词的时态和语态用法详解在英语中,不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态需要用动词的不同形式表示出来,动词的这种不同 形式就构成了动词的时态；英语中的时态按动作发生时间分为现在时态、过去时态、将来时态 一、时态的分类和基本构成形式现在时一般现在时现在完成时现在进行时现 在 完 成 进 行 时have/has do/ does have/has done am/ is/ are been doing doing 过去时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去完成进行时had been did had done was/were doing doing 将来时一般将来时将来完成时将 来 进 行 时将来完成进行时shall/ will 过去将来will/ shall do will/shall have shall/ will be have been doing done doing 一般过去将来时should/ would do 二、常见时态的基本用法 1. 一般现在时：一般现在时是描述现在或常常性的动作性质或状态的时态；常和表示频率、时间的副词（短语） always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连 用；1）表示常常性或习惯性的动作；We have three meals a day. 2）表示客观事实、真理和自然现象；Knowledge is power. 3）表示现在的情形或状态；I live in Beijing. 4）表示已经 “ 列入日程”的将来的大事, 特别指方案中的和支配好的将来的动作,这些动词往往表示“ 出发,到达” 等含义的词,如, arrive, begin, go, leave, start, stay 等；The train arrives at 10:30. There's plenty of time. ；考点一：表示永恒的真理,即使显现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时；如： I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. when, until, after, before, 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中,代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件： if, unless, provided. If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在make sure certain, see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时；So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finish es the experiment. , 从句通常用一般现在考点四：在the more the more 越 越 句型中 , 如主句是一般将来时时；The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2. 一般过去时：一般过去时表示过去发生的动作、存在的状态,或反复发生的动作,句中一般都有表示 过去详细时间的时间状语；1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或状态；此时与表示过去的时间状语连用,如 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in1998 等；1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Where did you go yesterday.？2）表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作；When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 3）用在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气；If he were here now, we could turn to him for help. 4）句中有连续性时间状语,但表示与现在没有关联的过去某段时间做了某事,此时用一般过去时；This is the primary school where our manager Mr. Smith studied for six years. 3. 一般将来时：一般将来时用来表示将要发生的事；1）shall 用于第一人称,常被will 代替； will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求看法常常用于其次人称；will shall + 动词原形There is still much to discuss. We shall return to this item at our next meeting. 2）be going to + 动词原形,表示将来；（1）主语的意图,即将做某事或准备做某事；What are you going to do this Sunday morning. （2）方案、支配要发生的事；I'm going to the airport to pick up my aunt from America this afternoon. （3）有迹象要发生的事；Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm. 留意： be going to 与 will 的区分be going to 既可指主观准备做某事,也可指客观迹象说明将要发生某事；will 往往指没有经过方案而暂时显现的意图,常伴有说话者的主观意识或表示将来必定发生的事；I'm going to quit my present job. （现在的准备,事先经过摸索,指向将来）I'll answer the door. （未经事先考虑的意图）The little boy is going to fall over. （依据客观迹象判定）I hope it will be fine tomorrow. （主观意愿）3）“ be + 不定式” 表将来,表示按方案支配的事或按职责、义务或要求必需去做的事等；We are to discuss the report next Saturday. The meeting is to take place at 8:00 tomorrow morning. 留意： be to 和 be going to 的用法比较be to 表示客观支配或受人指示而做某事；I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. （客观支配）be going to 就表示主观的准备或方案；I am going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 主观支配）4）“ be about to do ” 意为“ 立刻做某事”,表示即将发生某事, 该事将发生在很近的将来,不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来的时间状语连用；He is about to leave for Beijing. 考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：as the teacher comes. We will begin our class as soon （主句用一般将来时,从句中肯定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时；）考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如 arrive, come, go, leave, start 等,用现在进行时形式表示将来；I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 考点三： “祈使句+ and/or + 句子 ”,这种结构中and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时；Use your head and you will find a way. 4. 过去将来时：过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态；留意：这种时态常用于主句是一般过去时的宾语从句中,表示从句的动作发生在主句之后；过去将来时同一般将来时类似,除了用would do 表示外,也可以用be going to do, be to do, be about to do及过去进2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 行时等方式表示；He was sixty-eight and in two years, he would be seventy. You were going to give me your address but you didn't. I was about to turn on the power of the computer when the electricity was cut off. 完成体：现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时和过去将来完成时1. 现在完成时：常用的时间状语有：so far, recently, lately, before, ever, by now, in the last/ past few years, over a long time, up to now,yet, already, just, since, for+ 一段时间等；1）表示说话之前已经完成的动作,常与 already, yet, just, by this time,so far, by now 等时间状语连用；此时句子中的谓语动词一般为非连续性动词且句子一般不与表示“ 一段时间” 的时间状语连用；Have you finished your task yet. 留意： have gone to 与 have been to 的区分have gone to 表示“ 到某地去了”,人可能仍在路上,也可能已经到达,但肯定不在说话者这里；have been to 表示“ 去过某地”,是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情形；2）表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果；He has lost his wallet and can't find it. 3）表示从过去某一时间开头始终连续到现在的动作或状态；They have been good friends since they met at a meeting. 4）表示动作反复发生,句中常用once/ twice/ three. times 等；You needn't describe her. I have met her many times. 5）在时间或条件状语从句中表示在将来某个时间之前要完成某个动作；Don't get off until the bus has stopped. 留意：常用现在完成时的句型有：1）It is/has been + 一段时间+ since 从句；从句（从句用现在完成时）；2）This/ That/ It is the first/ second. Time + that3）It/ This is the best/ worst/ most interesting + 关于现在完成时的时间状语问题 : 名词 + that 从句（从句用现在完成时）A.现在完成时的句子里,不行以带有表示详细过去时间的状语,比较：We have bought a new typewriter . We bought a new typewriter yesterday. B. 在以 when 提问的特别疑问中不能用现在完成时；另外,before 来表示 "以前 "的意义；ago 不能用于现在完成时的句子,但是可以用C.非连续性动词用于现在完成时态的时候,通常不与表示时间段的时间状语连用,在这种情形下, 应当用 "It has been since "的句式来表达；如： He has been in the army for three years. = He has been a soldier for three years. = It's three years since he joined the army. ×He has joined the army for three years. .D 非连续性动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用,表示这种动作的否定状态的连续；I haven't heard from you for a month. 2. 过去完成时：由“had + 过去分词” 构成,表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成的动作,即“ 过去 的过去” ；在使用过去完成时时,肯定要有过去的时间或动作作为参照；By nine o'clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship. 考点一： 用于 hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中, 主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时； ,并且 no sooner 与 hardly 等位于句首时,此部分须用部分倒装；3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （留意主谓倒装）考点二：表示 “第几次做某事 ”,主句用过去时,从句用过去完成时；That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. 考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 表示主观想法的动词,可用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法、期望、 准备或意图, 意为“ 原来想 . ”They had wanted to help, but they could not get there in time. 3. 将来完成时：主要用于表示在将来某一时间点上会完成的动作,并对将来某一时间产生影响；常与将来时间状语连用；We shall have fulfilled the work by the end of next week. 考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+ 将来的时间；如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由 by the time , before或 when 等引导的副词从句；By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中,将来完成时就由现在完成时表示；The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 进行体：现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时和过去将来进行时；1. 现在进行时：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作或存在的状态；这种用法往往表示发生在过去,说话时没完成,仍在连续进行的动作或存在的状态；常与now, right now, at this moment, atpresent等时间状语连用；What are they quarreling about. 2）表示现阶段某动作正在进行,但说话时未必正在进行；I'm teaching part-time in a middle school. 3）表示立刻就要发生；非连续性动词用于进行时态,往往表示“ 立刻就,即将,逐步地,反复地” 等意思,这类动词主要有 come, go, leave, start, begin, stop, arrive, return 等；Are you staying here for a long time.（即将）Someone is knocking at the door. （反复地）4）表示某种感情颜色或对某一心理的生动描述；现在进行时与 always, constantly, continually, forever for ever, usually 等副词连用时,往往表示愤怒、不满、怜悯、赞扬、好奇等情感或对某一心理的生动描述；The children are constantly disturbing us. （厌恶、不满）留意：以下动词一般不能用于进行时态；1）表示心理活动的动词一般不用于进行时态；常见的此类动词有love, like, hate, know, understand,realize, remember, believe, want, hope, wish, need,agree等；She understands you better now. 2）表示属性或拥有的动词不能用于进行时态；常见的此类动词有have（有）,own, possess, belong to,have on, consist of 等；This dictionary belongs to Peter. 3）表示感官的连系动词不能用于进行时态；常见的此类动词有seen, appear, look, sound, taste等； feel用于进行时态表示一时的感觉；The music sounds beautiful. 4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I'm not feeling well today. 4）表示行为结果的动词一般不用于进行时态；常见的此类动词有 promise 等；I accept your advice. accept, admit, receive, allow,decide, 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作；Look out when you are crossing the street. 考点二：表示在最近按方案或支配要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）；Marry is leaving on Friday 2. 过去进行时：1）表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作；此时句中往往有表示过去的时间状语 then, at that moment, at that time, at the time, this time yesterday I was writing a letter when you phoned. 2）表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作,常表示“ 慢慢”等；没有时间状语时,需要依据上下文的语境体会；“ 快要” “ 越来越” “ 立刻” ；常见的此列动词有 come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive,get, become, turn 等非连续性动词,有时有些连续性动词如 do, stay, take 等也常表示过去“ 将要”；We were running out of the gas. She told me that she was leaving for Italy the next day. 3）表示特定的情感；与现在进行时相像,过去进行时也可与always,forever, constantly等时间状语连用,表示厌烦、惊奇、褒扬等特别情感；She was always ringing me up when I was in London. （表示厌烦）3. 将来进行时： 指从现在算起的将来某时间点正在进行的动作或将要进行的动作；常与表示将来时间的短语 this time ,tomorrow, at 10 o'clock next Monday 等连用；This time tomorrow we'll be flying to Pairs. 完成进行体1. 现在完成进行时： 表示动作从过去某一时间开头始终连续到现在或离现在不远的时间；其动作是否连续下去,由上下文语意打算；1）表示动作从过去某一时间开头始终连续到现在或离现在不远的时间；多用连续性动词；Have you been waiting long for me. 2）表示“ 刚才,近来” 发生的动作,一般不再连续；My hands are dirty. I've been cleaning the room. 3）表示动作的重复性；You have been asking the same question these days. 留意：现在完成进行时态多用连续性动词,如 live, learn,lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study 等,并常和allthe time, this week, this month, all night, all themorning, recently 等状态以及 since （自从）和 for（历经）所引导的状语从句或短语连用（与 since 和 for 连用时,动作常会连续下去）；III 几个易混时态的用法区分1. 一般过去时和过去完成时的区分一般过去时是相对现在说话时刻而言的,过去完成时就是相对过去某一时刻而言,强调“ 过去的过去” 发生的动作对过去某一时间的影响或连续到过去某一时间为止；两种时态建立的时间参照点不同,对过去完成时来说,这个时间参照点非常重要,它是过去完成时概念赖以建立的基础,也是和一般过去时进行区分的重要标准；She looked well when I last saw her. （过去动作或状态）When I got there, the football match had already started. （对过去的影响或产生的结果）The train had waited there for half an hour by the time we arrived. （“ 过去的过去” 动作连续到过去某一5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 时刻为止）2. 一般过去时和现在完成时的区分 这两个时态都是谈论已经发生的事情,但是二者的差别是,一般过去时只是单独谈论过去的事情,与现在 没有联系,因此只要有过去时间状语的句子只能用过去时来表达；而现在完成时所表示的动作对现在有影 响,或是与现在有关,或是谈论现在以前这一段时间 里发生的事情；We bought the fruit and flowers in the supermarket just now. They haven't seen the teacher today. IV 时态的一样问题 在英语的复合句（特别是宾语从句）中,从句谓语动词的时态往往受主句谓语动词 时态的限制或影响,即主句与从句时态基本一样；1. 名词性从句与主句时态 在一些名词性从句中,假如主句谓语是现在时或将来时,就从句的谓语可依据所要表达的内容要求运用各 种时态；如主句谓语用过去的某种时态,就从句的谓语时态要作相应的调整；1）主句是现在的某种时态或将来的某种时态时,宾语从句里的动词可按其所涉及的时 间运用任何适当的时态；I think Molly went to the doctor's yesterday.；2 主句中的动词是过去时,宾语从句中的动词一般用过去的某种时态,但假如从句表达的是某种真理、不变的事实或对现在或将来仍旧有效的事情,就从句用现在的某种时态；Alva told me that he had known the news already.；in his country children under 18 cannot buy alcohol. 2. 状语从句与主句时态 表示时间、缘由、目的、条件、结果、让步等的状语从句一般要和主句的时态一样,即主句为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态,从句一般也为现在（过去、将来）的某种时态；You'll make progress if you keep working hard. ；3. 定语从句 定语从句中的动词应依照动词本身所涉及的时间选用适当的时态,不受主句的约束和限制；This is the man I saw yesterday. ；动词的语态 语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语动词之间的详细关系；语态分为主动语态和被动语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的发出者和执行者；被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承担者；留意：英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式；主动语态是无标记的,而被动语态就是有标记的；被动语态由助动词be 加及物动词的过去分词构成；助动词be 随着主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化；一、被动语态的各种形式be+done be 的变化上,其变化形式与系动词be 被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要表达在的完全一样；1. 一般现在时： "am/ is/ are + 过去分词 " Mary is loved by all her family. 2. 一般过去时： "was/ were + 过去分词 " 过去分词 "（shall 主要用于第一人称；will 可用于各人The letter was written in Spanish. ；3. 一般将来时： "will/ shall/ be going to/ be to be + 6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 称）When will the work be finished. 4. 现在进行时： "am/ is/ are being + 过去分词 " The car accident is being looken into. 5. 过去进行时： "was/ were being + 过去分词 " The library was being built last year. I'm not sure if it is completed. 6. 现在完成时： "have/ has been + 过去分词 " All the work has been finished by now.；7. 过去完成时： "had been + 过去分词 " The fire had been put out when the firefighters arrived. 8. 将来完成时： "will/ shall have been + 过去分词 " Will all the photos have been developed by tomorrow. 9. 过去将来时： "would/ should be + 过去分词 " The headmaster said he would be met by the mayor. 二、含情态动词的常用被动句式主语 + 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 +. The computer might be repaired by tomorrow. 三、常用的被动语态句式结构1. "get + 过去分词 "结构英语中 "get + 过去分词 "也构成被动语态；其中get 与"be + 过去分词 "结构中的 be 一样,都起助动词的作用；但 get 多用于口语,并且其后不能跟 "by + 执行者 ",这种结构常用于谈论突然发生的、出乎意料的大事,如 get dressed, get killed 等；He got/ was drunk for the first time in his life that night. 2. 非谓语动词的被动形式 高考重点考察动名词和不定式的被动形式；找准非谓语动词的规律主语是做题的关健；The girl is afraid of being scolded by her mother. the girl 之间存在着被动关系）（scold 和它的规律主语 The book seems to have been published last year. （publish 和它的规律主语the book 之间存在被动关系）四、被动语态的用法1. 强调动作的承担者：当强调动作的承担者,将承担者作为谈话的中心时用被动语态；这 类句子常有一个 by 引导的短语说明动作的执行者,有时也可没有；This poem was written by Whitman. 2. 淡化动作的执行者：当动作的执行者是泛指时（如people, one等）,常用被动语态；He is suspected robbing the bank. 3. 动作的执行者是无生命的事物：He was seriously wounded by a rolling stone. 4. 某些习惯用法：有些习惯用法常以被动语态的形式显现；I am determined to do better than Mike. 五 使用被动语态的留意事项 主动形式表示被动意义1. 某些连系动词, 如 look, feel, sound, taste, smell, appear, seem, prove等,可用主动形式表示被动意义；The trip to the beautiful island this summer sounds really exciting. ；His plan proved to be practical. 2. 有一类常常用作及物动词的词,如burn, wash, wear, close, read, write, sell, open, lock, shut,clean, draw, cut, translate等, 用于强调事物本身的特点、特点、性能等,常用主动形式表被动含义；（to blame, 7 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 8 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - to let 等也用主动形式表被动含义）The pen writes smoothly. Officials believe that more than one person may be to blame for the fire. 3. be worth 后常接动名词的主动形式表被动意义；A lot of small towns in the area are definitely worth visiting. 4. need, want, require, deserve 等动词后用动名词的主动形式表被动意义；（句中主语是动名词意义上的宾语；如动名词是不及物的,其后应加相应的介词；Most house plants require regular watering. The boy is always ready to help others and deserves making friends with. 5. 有些形容词后接不定式作状语时,常用主动形式表被动意义；此类形容词有 easy, hard, difficult, cheap, expensive, fit, nice, good, funny, exciting, light, heavy, dangerous, comfortable,delicious 等.如不定式动词是不及物的,其后要加相应多的介词；The man is difficult to deal with. 6. 有些介词短语作表语,其主动形式含有被动意义；under construction 在施工中beyond belief 令人难以置信in print 在印刷中beyond one's reach 鞭长莫及beyond one's control 失控beyond our hope 我们始料不及for sale 出售 for rent 出