2022年高考英语近三年真题语法精讲精练专题名词和冠词.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载语法专题十一 名词和冠词一、名词 高考对名词的考查主要是名词的辨析,特殊是同义词和近义词的辨析；高考试题的选项从汉语翻译上 看可能是同义词或近义词,但其英语含义不同,而且可能有不同的习惯搭配；因此要结合英语的真正含义 和这个名词的用法考虑答案,不能看其汉语字面意义就随便做出挑选；高考有时也把名词与冠词和主谓一 致放在一起考查；考点一 名词的数 advice,news,progress,money,furniture ,fun,weather,luck ,homework ,1常见的不行数名词有 housework ,information ,bread,medicine,clothing ,wealth, soap,rice 等,这些词在英文里一般都用作 不行数名词,在使用中不行乱套汉语而使用复数或加不定冠词；What fine weather. We have got a lot of information on the Internet. 2有些名词通常只用作复数；如：glasses眼镜, clothes 衣服, goods 货物, trousers 裤子, belongings全部物,wages 工资,riches 财宝,surroundings 环境,ashes灰尘,compasses圆规,cattle 家畜,congratulations庆贺, have words with sb. 同某人吵架, in high spirits 以很高热忱地,rags 衣衫破烂, It is good manners to do sth. 做某事有礼貌；3有些名词既可以作可数名词,也可以作不行数名词,但意义不同；give one's regards to sb.向某人问候, in work 当表示“ 工作” 时为不行数名词,但当表示“ 作品, 著作” 时就为可数名词；room“ 空间”不行数 ,“ 房间”可数 ；experience“ 经验”不行数 ,“ 经受”可数 ；paper“ 纸”不行数 ,“ 论文、文件、试卷”可数 ；Working with Tom who has a lot of work experience is a pleasant experience. 与汤姆这个有着丰富体会的人在一起工作是次开心的经受；考点二 物质名词、抽象名词的详细化、量化1一般抽象名词表示某种特性、状态、特点、情感、心情、思维、动作时为不行数名词；如与定冠词连用表特指内容,如 the science of sound声学 ,the time of the play 剧中时间 ；如泛指一般概念、意义,就不与任何冠词连用；假如表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、心情的人或事,这一类抽象名词已具体化；常以“a/an 形容词 抽象名词” 形式显现；Knowledge begins with practice. A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 2有些物质名词可以详细为有形或有数量的相应物体,作单数、复数都可以；如：some coffee“ 一些咖啡”/a coffee“ 一杯咖啡” ；drink “ 饮料”/two drinks “ 两杯饮料” ；ice“ 冰”/two ices“ 两份冰淇淋”等；考点三 名词全部格1“'s” 全部格：1用于表示时间、 距离、 价格、 重量等的名词后；pounds' weight ；如： today's newspaper,five minutes' walkdrive ,five 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载2用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后；如：industry , New York's parks ；2“of” 全部格：the earth's planet,the world's population ,China's 1表示“ 部分” 时,一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词 a,two,several,some,no,many等；Some students of Mister Zhang's have gone to college. 张老师的一些同学已经上高校了；2表示“ 其中之一, 其中一部分” 的意思时,如：a friend of Tom's 汤姆的一个伴侣很多伴侣中的一位；3表示颂扬、批判或厌恶等感情颜色时,如：Mary's/yours/his/hers ；That invention of hers belongs to the world. that/this/these/those 名词 单、复数 of 她的那项创造是属于全世界的；表称赞 二、冠词冠词包括不定冠词 a,an 和定冠词 the；冠词是虚词, 不能单独使用, 必需依附于名词才有存在的意义；而名词的可数与不行数、单数与复数等特点反过来也会影响冠词的使用；泛指即不明确详细所指,是不定冠词 aan和零冠词 即不使用冠词 的基本用法；而特指是指说话者和听话者都明确无误地知道所指,是定冠词 the 的基本用法；考点一 常用不定冠词的几种情形1表示“ 一” ,相当于“one” ；I'll return in a day or two. 2表示“ 每” ,相当于“per” ；We have eight classes a day. 3表示“ 同一性” ,相当于“the same” ；The children are of an age. 4表示类指,表示“ 某类” ；He wants to be a doctor. 5表示泛指,相当于“any” ；A horse is a useful animal. 6表示某一个,相当于“a certain” ；A Mr Smith is asking to see you. 7与抽象名词连用,可以表示“ 一场、一次、一件” ,如：a success一件胜利的事或是一个胜利的人, a surprise 一件令人惊奇的事,a pity 一件遗憾的事,an honour 一个 件 引以为荣的人事；8与物质名词连用,表示“ 一种,一阵、一份” ；What a heavy rain. 考点二 常用定冠词的几种情形1表示某一类人或物：The bike is a useful means of transportation. 2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前：the universe, the moon,the Pacific Ocean 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载3表示说话双方都明白的或上文提到过的人或事：Please pass me the salt. 4用于演奏乐器：play the violin ,play the guitar 5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人：6表示“ 一家人” 或“ 夫妇” ：the rich,the living ,the wounded Could you tell me the way to the Johnsons ,please？Sorry,we don't have a Johnson here in the village. 7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前：He is the taller of the two children. 8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前：the United States,the Communist Party of China ,the French 9用于表示创造物的单数名词前：The compass was invented in China. 10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个岁月：in the 1990's20 世纪 90 岁月 11用于表示度量单位的名词前：I hired the car by the hour. 对比 I hired the car by time. 12用于方位名词,身体部位名词前：He hit me on the head. 13用于一般名词转化而来的专出名词前：14与比较级和最高级连用the Great Wall, the West Lake 1比较级and 比较级表示“ 越来越 ” ；The harder he works, the happier he feels. 2表示两者间“ 较 的一个” 比较级前加 the；Who is the taller of the two boys. 3三者或三者以上相比,表示最高程度时,用“比较范畴的介词短语；Mary is the tallest child in her family. 考点三 使用零冠词的情形the 最高级” 的结构表示；这种句式一般常有表示1名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词全部格修饰时；I like this picture. 2季节、月份、星期等名词表示泛指时,前面一般不用冠词；She likes spring most ,but she didn't like the spring of 2022. 第一个 spring 为泛指,其次个为特指 3三餐、学科、球类和棋类运动的名称前表示泛指时不用冠词；He has lunch at home；and today he had a good lunch. She is fond of playing basketball. 4表示头衔、职位的名词前；He was elected chairman. 5turn 作系动词时,后面的单数名词前不用冠词；He was a medical student before he turned writer. 序数词前使用冠词的情形 考点四“ the 序数词” 表示排序；“ a/an序数词” 不表示排序,而表示“ 又一； 再一” ； 序数词修饰动词时,不必与冠词连用；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载Mr.Li has decided to buy a second car. He was a pupil when I first met him. 考点五冠词位置形容词名词1不定冠词副词This is a very interesting story. 2such,what,both, all,quite 或 rather 不定冠词形容词名词 I've never seen such a film. What a good idea it is. 3as,so,too, how,however 或 enough形容词不定冠词名词 It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. I can't finish the task in so short a time. 4half, twice 或 three times the 名词 Their house is three times the size of yours. 考点六 有无冠词的区分by day 在白天 by the day 按天运算 in case of 以防 in the case of 就 来说 in charge of 负责,治理 in the charge of 由 负责 in office 执政 in the office 在办公室 in sightof 观察 in the sightof 在 看来 go to sea 去当水手 go to the sea 到海边去 out of question 毫无疑问 out of the question 不行能 take advice 征求看法 take the advice 听从劝说 at table 在吃饭 at the table 在桌旁 go to church 去做礼拜 go to the church 去教堂 in prison 坐牢 in the prison 在监狱名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 11 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载in place of 代替 in the place of 在 的地方12022 ·课标全国高考 Sarah looked at _ finished painting with _ satisfaction. A 不填； aB a；theC the；不填Dthe；a 22022 ·全国高考 He missed _ gold in the high jump ,but will get _ second chance in the long jump. A the；the B不填； aCthe；a Da；不填32022 ·重庆高考 Sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of George. A /；/ Bthe；/Cthe；the D /；the 42022 ·安徽高考 Carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _meat processing factory of his own one day. A /；a B/；theCthe；a Dthe；the 52022 ·江西高考 The Smiths don't usually like staying at _ hotels ,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _ sea. A /；a Bthe；theC/；the Dthe；a 62022 ·辽宁高考 I woke up with _ bad headache ,yet by _ evening the pain had gone. A the；the Bthe； anC a；the Da；an 72022 ·山东高考 Being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times. A the； the Ba；aCa；不填 D不填； a 82022 ·四川高考 We are said to be living in_Information Age great changes. A an；the B不填； theC不填； a Dthe；a ,_time of new discoveries and 92022 ·浙江高考 The development of industry has been _ gradual process throughout _human existence,from stone tools to modern technology. A 不填； the Bthe；aCa；不填 Da； a 102022 ·全国高考 The HarryPotter books are quite popular；they are in great _ in this city. A quantity BprogressC production D demand 112022 ·天津高考 You are working too hard.You'd better keep a _ between work and relaxation. 名师归纳总结 A promise BleadCbalance Ddiary 第 5 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载122022 ·福建高考 Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency. Well,you know ,English is my _.So it is my best choice. A strength BtalentCability Dskill 132022 ·湖北高考 It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any _. A symptom BsimilarityC sample Dshadow 142022 ·湖北高考 The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct _in applying for a visa. A pattern BprocedureCprogram Dperspective 152022 ·江苏高考 Can I help you with it. I appreciate your _ ,but I can manage it myself. A advice BquestionCoffer Didea 162022 ·江西高考 You'd better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future _. A purpose B referenceCprogress Dmemory 172022 ·山东高考 My first _ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. A expression BattentionCsatisfaction Dimpression 182022 ·四川高考 He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later.It's just a matter of_. A luck BvalueCtime D fact 192022 ·浙江高考 Your _ as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn. A operation BgrowthC performance Dcharacter 202022 ·四川高考 Dr Peter Spence,_ headmaster of the school,told us,“_ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge. ”A 不填； A B不填； TheCthe；The Da；A 212022 ·课标全国高考 It is generally accepted that _ boy must learn to stand up and fight like _ man. A a； a Ba；theCthe； the Da；不填222022 ·山东高考 Take your time it's just _ short distance from here to _ restaurant. A 不填； the Ba； theCthe；a D不填； a 232022 ·江西高考 It's said John will be in a job paying over $60,000 _year. Right ,he will also get paid by _ week. 名师归纳总结 A the；the Ba； theCthe；a Da；a 第 6 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载242022 ·东北三省第一次大联考New iPhone goes on sale on Friday with_bigger screen and 4G wireless technology ,as_company seeks to keep its competitiveness. A a； a Ba；theCthe； the Dthe；a 252022 ·河北一般高中教学质监According to _ agreement ,the electric car will be built at Great Wall Motors' Plant ,with _ first model to be made in 2022. A an；the B an；aCthe；a Dthe；the 262022 ·浙江名校联盟第一次联考Yale University is _ home to one of _ world's greatest libraries and three famous public museums and galleries. A the；the Bthe；不填 C不填； the D不填；不填272022 ·福建四地六校联考They were lost at _ sea,at _ mercy of the wind and the rain. A the；不填B不填； theC不填；不填Dthe；the 282022 ·福建三明期中 Yao Ming has a busy _ ,going back to school in Shanghai for a business management degree while hoping manage a local basketball team the Shanghai Sharks. A routine BscheduleCwork Dbusiness 292022 ·山东淄博阶段检测 to safe drinking water. It is said that the people in many western areas still have difficulty in _ A access BmethodCentrance Dcondition 302022 ·山东省级规范化学校期中测试 traffic accident. No one except the police was allowed to enter the _of the A scene B sceneryCsense D shelter 312022 ·浙江高考 Anyway ,I can't cheat him it's against all my _. A emotions BprinciplesC regulations Dopinions 322022 ·江苏高考 Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _. A consequence BindependenceCcompetence Dintelligence 332022 ·湖北高考 “ Tommy ,run！Be quick ！The house is on fire ！” the mother shouted,with _ clearly in her voice. A anger B rudenessCregret Dpanic 342022 ·湖北高考 Giving up my job to go back to full-it was the best decision I ever made. time education was a big _ ,but now I know 名师归纳总结 A project BcommitmentC competition Dambition 第 7 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载352022 ·福建高考 The lack of eco- friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major _ of global climate change. A result B causeCwarning Dreflection 362022 ·山西二次诊断考试Bringing housing prices down to _reasonable level is the short- term target,but our long- term goal is to build _effective and healthy housing market. A a； an Ba；theCthe；an Dthe；the 372022 ·银川一中二次月考There existed an obvious_ between the accounts of the witnesses ,so a judgment was not announced in court. A conception BconflictC authority Drestriction 382022 ·江西师大附中月考Let us suppose that you are in _position of _parent.Would you allow your child to do such a thing. A a； a Ba；theCthe； a Dthe；the 参考答案1C第一个空应用定冠词,特指“ 完成的那幅画 ” ；其次个空不用冠词,with satisfaction 为固定短语,意为 “ 中意地 ” ；2C第一个空是特指跳高的金牌,因此要用the gold；其次个空表示 “ 又一次机会 ” ,不表示特指,应用 a；应选 C 项；3D“ manager of the engineering department ” 在句中作主语补足语；表示独一无二的头衔作同位语、主语补足语和宾语补足语时前面不加冠词；take the place of “ 代替 ” ,为固定短语；句意：萨姆已经被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治；应选 D 项；4A 句意：卡尔正在高校学习食品科学,他期望有一天能开办一个属于他自己的肉食加工厂；学科类名词前不用冠词,故第一个空不填冠词；其次个空表示泛指,强调数量“一” ,所以用不定冠词；5C hotels 在此处是泛指, 所以第一个空不用任何冠词；by the sea 意为 “ 在海边 ” ；故此题选 C 项；6C 句意：我起床时猛烈头痛,不过到了晚上疼痛消逝了；第一个空用不定冠词构成 a bad headache,其次个空要用定冠词为习惯用法；名师归纳总结 7B句意： 在那艰苦的岁月里能够买得起一杯饮料将会是一种劝慰；drink 在此句中表泛指, 指“ 一杯或一种饮料 ” ；comfort 作“ 劝慰,舒服 ” 讲时,为不行数名词,但在此用a comfort 表示 “ 一个令人安慰的人或事 ”,comfort 为可数名词；应选B 项；第 8 页,共 11 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料 欢迎下载8D 第一个空指的是信息时代,是对 Information Age 的特指, 应使用 the；其次个空 a time of. 作了前面 Information Age 的同位语, 意为 “ 一个 的时代 ” ,是泛指概念； 句意： 据说我们生活在信息时代,一个拥有新的发觉和庞大变化的时代；应选D 项；“ 一个逐步的过程”；其次个空后面的9Cprocess是一个可数名词,此处用不定冠词修饰,表示human existence 是抽象名词,前面不需要加任何冠词；10Dquantity “ 数量 ”；progress“进步,进展 ” ；production “ 生产 ” ；demand“ 需求 ” ,词组 in great demand 表示 “ 需求量很大 ” ；句意：哈利 ·波特系列小说特别流行；它们在这个城市需求量很大；应选 D 项；11C句意：你工作太努力了；你最好能在工作和休息之间保持一种平稳；keep a promise“信守诺言” ；keep a lead“ 保持领先 ” ；keep a balance“ 保持一种平稳 ” ；keep a diary“ 记日记 ” ；12Astrength 意为 “ 特长,强项,力气” ；talent 意为 “ 天赋 ” ；ability 意为 “ 才能 ” ； skill 意为“ 技能 ” ；句意： 你为什么挑选在一家国际旅行社工作？是我的正确挑选； 哦,你知道,英语是我的强项；因此这13A 句意：定期检查眼睛特别重要,这样可以发觉一些可能没有症状的眼部疾病的迹象；symptom“ 症状 ” ； similarity “ 相像,相像性 ” ；sample“ 标本,样品 ”；shadow“ 阴影,阴暗 ” ；14B句意：这位官员坚持说迈克尔在申请签证过程中没有遵循正确的程序；pattern“ 花样,图案 ” ；procedure“ 程序,步骤 ” ；program“ 节目,方案 ” ；perspective“ 态度,观点 ” ；15C advice 意为 “ 建议 ” ；question 意为 “ 问题 ”；offer 意为 “供应,提议 ” ； idea 意为 “ 想法,想法 ” ；依据语境看出“ 我可以帮忙吗？” 是对方主动的提议,所以选 C 项；16B 句意：你最好写下那个餐馆的电话号码,以供日后参考；for future reference 是一个常用词组,意为 “ 以供日后参考 ” ；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -17Dexpression“ 表达,表情 ” ；attention“ 留意力, 关怀 ” ；satisfaction“ 中意,满意 ” ；impression “ 印象,感想 ” ；句意：他给我的第一印象是他是一个和善爱护的年轻人；故D 项正确；18C句意： 他迟早会明白你的努力的,这只是时间问题；a matter of time “ 时间问题 ” ,符合句意；19C句意：假如你养成摸索如何学习的习惯,作为同学,你的表现将会是优秀的；operation “ 操作,运转,经营” ；growth “ 成长 ” ；performance“