2022年非谓语动词经典用法讲解.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神非谓语动词经典用法讲解命题规律1.考查立意较低,主要考查的是非谓语的一些最基本的用法；但是,题目的设置留意了情形 化和结构复杂化,加大了考生对题干句的懂得难度；2设问的角度出现出多样化趋势,不仅仅是非谓语间的相互干扰；命题趋势 不容置疑,高考将连续加强对非谓语动词的考查,试题的特点将连续出现出“ 情形化 ” 和“设 问角度的多样化” 的趋势,但试题的难度将会有所掌握；解题思路 解析句子结构,确定设空在句子中充当的功能（如状语、定语或宾补）； 找准相关动词的规律主语,确定该动词与规律主语是什么关系（主动仍是被动）； 搜寻句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式； 将该选项置入空中,看是否能够做到字从意顺,或是否能传达有效信息、完成交际任务；分词、不定式作宾补用法要点 一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区分1感官动词see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, notice 等和使役动词have 后面的宾补有三种形式,即原形动词（不带to 的不定式）、现在分词和过去分词；现在分词表主动或正在进行,过去分词表被动或完成,动词原形表主动和完成；如：I heard her sing an English song just now. 刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌；I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. 昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌；I heard the English song sung many times. 我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌；留意：不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成和状态；如：I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone. 状态 I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much. 完成 2leave 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中的leave 保留了原先之义“ 留下 ”,但表达的准确之义应是 “使 处于某种状态）；leave sb. doing sth. 让某人始终做某事（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系,表示动作正在进行；）leave sth. undone 留下某事未做（宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系,表示被动和完成,一般以 undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched 为多）leave sb. to do sth. 留下某人做某事leave sth. to be done 留下某事要做（不定式表示将来的动作；）如： It s wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器始终开着是不对的；（主动,正在进行）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷下笔如有神t taste delicious.The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn客人们没有动大部分菜,由于它们尝起来不行口；（被动,完成）He left, leaving me to do all the rest work. 他走了,留下我一人去做剩余的工全部工作；（主动,将来）We hurriedly ended our meeting, leaving many problems to be settled. 我们匆忙忙忙地终止了会议,留下了许多问题等待解决；（被动,将来）3have, get 后接三种形式作宾补时,其中have, get 表示 “使、让、叫 ” 之意； have sth. done = get sth. done 使/让某事由别人去做” （叫 /让某人做某事）；如I ll have /get my bike repaired tomorrow.此外, have sth. done 仍表示 “ 使遭受 ” 之意；如Tom had his leg broken while playing football. Mr. Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday. have sb. / sth. doing 使/让某人 /物连续地做某事（现在分词表示主动,正在进行）get sb. / sth. doing 使某人 /物开头行动起来如： The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the harvest time. 农忙时,农夫们让拖拉机夜以继日地干活；The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest. 休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开头朝前线行进起来；留意： “ have sb. doing 如用于否定句中,其中have 有“ 容忍 ”之意；如：I won t have you speaking to your parents like that.我不会让你那样子跟你的父母说话；Dont have the water running all the time. 不要让水流个不停； have sb. do sth. get sb. to do sth. 使/让/叫某人去做某事如： Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt. I cant get him to stop smoking. He wont listen to me.二、以下动词后跟带to 的不定式作补语：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, like, love, order, persuade, prefer, require, teach, tell, want, warn, wish, 等；如： An army spokesman stressed that all the soldiers had been ordered to issue clear warning before firing any shots. The teacher asked us not to make so much noise. The flu is believed to be caused by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat. 三、不定式、现在分词作宾补小窍门名师归纳总结 以下动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语,但在被动语态中要加上to：第 2 页,共 9 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神它们是 “吾看三室两厅一感觉” 5 看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3 使（make, let, have）； 2 听（ listen to, hear）； 1 感觉（ fell ）；以上动词仍可用现在分词作宾语补足语（5+3+2+1-2+4 ）：即以上动词除let, make 外都可以用现在分词作宾语补足语,此外find, catch, keep, have 也可以用现在分词作宾语补足语；如： At that time, I found him crying in the street. He was caught stealing. Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.The missing boys were last seen playing near the river. 不定式、分词作定语用法要点一、不定式作定语1作定语的不定式假如是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地 点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词；如：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in. There is nothing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. Here is some paper for you to write on. 但是,不定式所修饰的名词假如是time, place 或 way 时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去；如： He had no money and no place to live in. We found a way to solve this problem in. 2当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承担者时,不定式既可以用主动 语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同；试比较：Have you anything to send . 你有什么东西要寄吗？（不定式to send 的动作执行者是“ 你”）Have you anything to be sent . 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是“ 我”或 “别人 ” ）3用不定式作定语的几种情形：不定式表将来：I borrowed some books to read during my holiday. 用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all, any 等限定的中心词；如：He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. Women and children were the first to get into the lifeboats. 用来修饰的词是抽象名词时,常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time 等；如：Do you have the ability to read and write English . I have a chance to go sight seeing. 二、分词作定语名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神1作定语的及物动词分词形式为：V ing; being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用V ing；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being + 过去分词；当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词；例如：The houses being built are for the teachers. The broken glass is Toms.I have never seen a more moving movie. 2作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：表示已经完成；如：V ing 和过去分词； V ing 表示正在进行；过去分词falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子 boiling water 正沸腾的水 boiled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）三、不定式、过去分词和现在分词被动式作定语的区分这三种形式作定语,主要是表达在动作的发生时间上；过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生,或是没有肯定的时间性；如：Have you read the novel written by Dickens . He is a man loved and respected by all. Dont use words, expression_r_rs, or phrases known only to people with specific knowledge.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；如： Listen . The song being sung is very popular with the students. 不定式的被动式作定语时,表示一个将来的动作；如： The question to be discussed at the tomorrows meeting is a very important one.不定式、动名词作宾语用法要点 一、下面动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢登记列小诗：决心学会想期望,拒绝设法愿假装；主动答应选方案,同意恳求帮一帮；Decide / determine, learn, want, expect / hope / wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask / beg, help 此外, afford, strive （斗争）等也要用不定式作宾语；例如： She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasn t turned up yet. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving to make their products more competitive. 二、以下动词只能用动名词作宾语,请牢登记列小诗：考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想；防止错过连续练,否认完成停观赏,不禁介意准逃亡；consider / suggest / advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay/ put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep / keep on, practise, deny, finish, enjoy / appreciate, cant help, mind, allow / permit, escape, imagine, forbid, risk 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神此外 be used to, look forward to, lead to, devote to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, cant stand 无法忍耐 , give up, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy in, have difficulty / trouble in, have a good / wonderful /hard time in 等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语； The squirrels was lucky that they just missed being caught. I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days. I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 三、以下动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区分,要特殊留意；1. forget to do sth. 遗忘去做某事 forget doing sth. 遗忘已经做过某事remember to do sth. 记住去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得曾经做过某事regret to do sth. 懊悔 /遗憾去做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做过某事stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做一件事情try to do sth. 努力 /试图做某事 try doing sth. 尝试着做某事mean to do sth. 意欲 /想/妄想做某事 mean doing sth. 意味着做某事go on to do sth. 做完某事 接着做另一件事 go on doing sth.连续做同一件事 =go on with sth. can t help to do sth. 不能帮忙做某事 can t help doing sth. 情不自禁地做某事2动词 like, love, prefer 后接不定式或动名词作宾语均可；如表示常常性的行为可用动名词,如表示详细的行为常用动词不定式；但要留意： 假如 like, love, prefer 前有 would /should 后面就应接动词不定式；如：I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.I d like to go swimming this weekend.3在动词 allow, advise, forbid, permit 后直接跟动名词形式作宾语,假如后面出名词或代词作宾语,其后用动词不定式作宾语补足语；即：allow / advise /forbid / permit doing sth. allow / advise /forbid / permit sb. to do sth. 如： We dont allow smoking here.We don t allow students to smoke.4动词 need, require, want 作“需要 ”解时, 其后必需用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语, 表示事情需要做；这时动名词的主动式表示被动意义；be worth 后必需用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义；此外, 如动词 need 表“需要 ”,require 表“ 要求 ”,want 表“ 想要 ”这些意义时,其后须接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语；即：need / require / want doing / to be done need / require / want sb. to do sth. be worth + n. 表示钱数或相当于钱数的名词 be worth doing be worthy of being done be worthy of + n. 值得 be worthy to be done 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神如： The window needs / requires / wants cleaning. The window needs / requires / wants to be cleaned. 窗户需要擦一下；The place is worth visiting. The place is worthy of a visit. The place is worthy of being visited. The place is worthy to be visited. 那个地方值得一去；如： only one of these books is worth reading. What do you think of the book . Oh, excellent, Its worth reading a second time.四、动词不定式作动词 tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out 等词的宾语时,前面常带 wh 引导词；即 how, what, whether, where, when, who 等 + to do；但 why + 不带 to 的不定式；留意此用法的不定式的规律主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一样,否就用宾语从句；例如：He showed us how to do the work. = He showed us how we should do the work. I don t know what to do. = I dont know what Ill do.Can you tell me why do it . 五、动词不定式在介词but, other than 后面时,假如介词之前有行为动词do 的某种形式,t 那么介词后的不定式不带to,否就就要带to；另外在 cant choose but, cant help but, canbut 后面的不定式也要省略to；如：We could do nothing but / other than wait. We had nothing to do but / other than wait. We have no choice but to wait. I cant choose but laugh.不定式、分词作状语用法要点 一、不定式作状语He sat down to have a rest. 表目的 They went there to visit their teacher. 他们去那里拜望老师；（表目的）He woke up only / just to find everybody gone. 他醒来发觉大家都走了；（表示结果）My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China. 我祖母活到亲眼见到中国解放；（表示结果）在某些形容词作表语,表示喜、怒、衷、乐后跟不定式表示缘由；如：I am very glad to see you. 我特别兴奋地见到你；I am so sorry to hear your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾；在带有 enough 或 too 的句子里,也常用不定式作状语,表示程度；如：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神He was too excited not to say a few words. 他太兴奋了,不会不讲几句话的；He is old enough to go to school. 他到上学年龄了；She is too tired to do the job. 她太累而不能做那件工作了；留意：强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to 为了 或 so as to 以便 + 动词原形； so as to 不用于句首；He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 他早起为了赶上第一班车；The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers. 汽车停下来以便接纳乘客；To look at him, you would like him. 表条件 To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. To be honest, I know nothing about it. 修饰全句,独立成分 二、分词作状语1分词作状语的基本原就 分词作状语时,分词的规律主语必需与句子的主语保持一样；分词作状语必需和句中主语含有规律上的主谓或动宾关系,否就不能使用分词作状语；2分词作状语的句法功能分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、 缘由、 结果、 条件、 让步、 行为方式、 相伴状况等；表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词 while 或 when 引出；如：Hearing the news, they got excited. 时间 Be careful while / when crossing the street. 时间 Having been bitten by a snake, she was frightened at it. 缘由 Given a chance, I can surprise the world. 条件 The cup dropped to the ground, breaking into pieces. 结果 Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. 让步 The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students. 相伴状况 3独立成分作状语有些分词短语,其形式的挑选不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分；常见的有：Generally speaking 一般说来 Frankly speaking 坦白地说Judging from 依据 来判定 Considering 考虑到 To tell you the truth 说实话 非谓语动词其它用法一、疑问词 + 不定式结构疑问词（ who, which, when, where, how, what 可充当主语、表语、宾语；如：I didnt know what to do. 宾语 等） + 不定式,这个结构在句中起名词作用,When to hold the meeting is not known yet. 主语 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神My question was how to get so many books. 表语 留意句型： Why not do sth. . Why do sth. . 二、不定式的主动和被动1不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式规律上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式；如：Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon . A knife cuts the watermelon. 2不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成规律上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成规律上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式；如：She has a sister to look after. She looks after her sister. I know what to do. I do what. 3不定式作表语形容词的关语,和句中主语构成规律上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是由于人们往往认为形容词后省去了 for sb. ；如：This book is difficult to understand. This kind of fish is nice to eat. 4在 there be 结构中,当说话人考虑的是必需有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式；假如说话人强调的事情本身必需被完成,就用被动形式；如：There is a lot of work to do. Someone has to do the work. There is a lot of work to be done. The work has to be done. 请留意下面两个句子的含义的不同点：There is nothing to do. 无事可做,感到特别乏味； There is nothing to be done. 某东西坏了,无法使之复原正常； 三、不定式符号 to 的保留问题有时为了防止重复, 可以用 to 来代替前面的不定式,这种情形显现在以下动词之后：expect, hope, wish, mean, prefer, care, forget, want, try ；或显现在 be glad / happy, would like / love 等的后面；假如在省略的不定式结构中含有：be, have, have been,这些词要保留；如：I havent been to Hong Kong, but I wish to. Are you on holiday . No, but Id like to be. I didnt tell him the news. 我没有告知他那个消息； Oh, you ought to have. 噢,你本应当告知他的四、动名词作主语动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在以下句型中常用动名词作主语；It is / was no use / good + doing sth. It is / was not any use / good + doing sth. It is / was of little use / good + doing sth. It is / was useless 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 9 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 读书破万卷 下笔如有神如： It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收；It is of little good staying up too late every day. 每天都熬夜没有什么好处 如主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一样；Seeing is believing. To see is to believe. 眼见为实；五、留意以下表达的意义区分falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落下的树叶boiling water 沸腾的水 boiled water 烧开过的水 developing countries 进展中国家 developed countries 发达国家I like swimming, but I dont like to swim this afternoon.Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance. The girl let out a frightened cry at the sight of the snake. The girl was frightened. 看到蛇,女孩尖叫起来；His frightening shout scared the boys again. The shout was frightening and the boys felt frightened. 类似的仍有：他大吼一声把那帮男孩给吓跑了；an exciting voice 令人兴奋的声音 an excited voice 兴奋的声音a puzzling look 令人困惑不解的表情 a puzzled look 困惑的表情名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 9 页