2022年高考英语简单句的五种基本句型讲解及练习题.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载简洁句的五种基本句型讲解及练习题一、句子成份英语句子成分有主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,表语,定语,状语等；次序一般是主语,谓语,宾语,宾语补足语,而表语,定语,状语的位置要依据情形而定；1、主语：表示句子主要说明的人或事物,一般位于句首；但在there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面；主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形 容词和主语从句等表示；例如：Country music has become more and more popular. （名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）What we are going to do has not been decided. （主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it 作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式）2、谓语：谓语说明主语的动作,状态或特点；可以有不同的时态,语态和语气；1简洁谓语：We study for the people. We are reading books. He has gone to Beijing. 2复合谓语：I can speak a little English. 3、表语 : 它位于系动词 比如 be之后,说明主语身份,特点,属性或状态；My sister is a nurse. Is it yours. （代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting. （分词）Three times seven is twenty one. （数词）His job is to teach English. （不定式）His hobby （爱好） is playing football. （动名词）The ruler must be in your box. （介词短语）Time is up. The class is over. （副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4、宾语 : 宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,We like English. How many dictionaries do you have. I have five. （数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词）It began to rain. （不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词短语）I think （ that）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句）有些及物动词可以带两个宾语,往往一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语；He gave me some ink. 有些及物动词的宾语后面仍需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语；如：We make him our monitor 班长 . 5、宾补 : 就是宾语补足语,就是补充说明宾语的 His father named him Dongming. （名词）I see you crossing the street They painted （涂漆）their boat white. （形容词）Let the fresh （新奇的）air in. （副词）You mustn t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 6、定语 : 在句中修饰名词或代词的成分叫定语；学习必备欢迎下载He is a new student. 但副词,动词不定式,介词短语等作定语时,就放在被修饰的词之后；The bike in the room/over there/ is mine. Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）China is a developing （进展中）country; America is a developed （发达）country.（分词）There are thirty women teachers is our school. （名词）His progress（进步） in English made us surprised. （代词）Our monitor （班长）is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语）He is reading an article 文章 about how to learn English. （介词短语）7、状语 : 修饰动词, 形容词, 副词以及全句的句子成分,叫做状语； 状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾；副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首；He lives in London. Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）He is sorry to trouble 麻烦 you.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane. （分词短语）Once（一旦 0 you begin, you must continue. （状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six. （时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（缘由状语）I shall go there if it doesn in.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand. （相伴状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）I am taller than he is. （比较状语）一、指出以下句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. His job is to train swimmers. 5. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 6. His wish is to become a scientist. 7. Hewants to finish the work in time. 8. Tom came to ask me for advice （建议） . 9. He found it important to master English. 10. Do you have anything else to say. 11. Would you please tell me your address. 12. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 13. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy. 14. He noticed （留意到）a man enter the room. 15. The apples tasted sweet. 简洁句的五种基本句型英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂,但认真观看不外乎五个基本句式；这五个基本句式可以演化出多种复杂的英语句子；换言之,绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式生成的；这五个基本句式如下：名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - S 十 V 主谓结构学习必备欢迎下载主语 不及物动词S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构主语 连系动词表语S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构主语 及物动词宾语S 十 V 十 O1 十 O2 主谓双宾结构S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构基本句型一： S 十 V 主谓结构 讲解 1 不及物动词不能直接加宾语；如agree, lie, work, argue, belong, come, go, reply 等；2 不及物动词加一个介词后构成动词短语可以加宾语；如 agree with, lie in, work at, belong to, come across, go to等；3 有些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词；如begin, sell, write, wash, answer, read 等；例如：The meeting begins at half past nine. 不及物动词 The professor began his speech directly. 及物动词 The books of this kind sell well and he will sell them. 第一个 sell 为不及物动词,而其次个是及物动词；在实际运用中 ,不及物动词往往与副词、介词及其它主语和不及物动词短语 是组成本句型不行缺少的必要成分；相关成分有相对稳固的搭配关系；常见的不及物动词有 appear apologize arrive argue agree belong come die disappear exist fall happen occur take place rise go get fail feel fight look live look listen work study prove remain rest seem stand stay succeed turn turn out 等等； 练习 1. 指出划线部分动词的词性,是及物动词仍是不及物动词；1 Speak aloud so that everyone can follow you. 2 Besides Japanese, he can also speak Spanish. 3 His father used to work hard to make much money. 4 I intended to lie to him, but failed. 5 Unfortunately, I failed the driving test. 2. 在每一空格上填上恰当的介词；1 I dont agree _ you completely. I have my own opinion.2 The dictionary is not Toms. It belongs _ me.3 Use your head, and you will think _ some ways to solve the problem. 4 To improve my English, I work hard _ it. 5 Look _ the cloudy sky. It is going to rain. 3. 1）My head_. （ache ）我头疼；2）The students _（listen）同学们正在听；3 _. 我们努力学习；4 The red sun _ in the east. （rise）一轮红日从东方升起；5 The Second World War _ in 1939. （break out）1939 年爆发了其次次世界大战；6 The boy _the window. look 那个男孩朝窗外看去；7 她再次向我赔礼；_ apologize 8事故是昨天晚上发生的；_ 9 我们的英语老师教得很好；_ 10 五年前宋杰住在合肥；_ 11 一天 ,她轻盈地走进我的房间；_ 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载Key：1. 不及物动词： 1、3、4； 及物动词： 2、5；2. 1 5 with, to, up, at, at 补充 : 少数不及物动词后面能跟一个相同意义的名词作宾语这个名词和前面的动词在词根上是相同的或者在意义上是相近的这样的宾语就叫做同源宾语；常见的能带同源宾语的动词有lead live die sleep dream breathe smile laugh fight run sing 等；例如：4. Under the leadership of the Party the peasants lead a happy life. 5. I dreamed a terrible dream last night. 6. Our soldiers fought a wonderful fight against the floods last August. 7. He died a glorious death. 基本句型二 : S 十 V 十 P 主系表结构常见的系动词有：be是； get变得 , become成为 , turn 变得 , look 看起来 , feel感到 , smell闻起来 , taste尝起来 , sound听起来 , seem好像 说明： 本结构是由主语 +系动词 +表语组成,主要用以说明主语的特点,类属,状态,身份等；1. 系动 词的三 种分类 ：在 中学阶 段,我 们学 过的 表 示 “ 保持 或状态 ” 类的 有（ 1 ）表 示特点 和存 在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound. （2）表示状态连续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand. （3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow. 1 We should _ _ any time. 我们在任何时候都应当保持寂静；2 这种食物尝起来很糟糕；_. 3 Spring comes. It is _. 春天到了,天气变得越来越温和；4 Don't have the food. _. 不要吃那种食物,它已经变质了；5） The fact _ _. 这个事实证明是正确的；2.可以充当表语的有形容词、名词、副词短语 、介词短语、表语从句、分词短语 等；例如：1）In order to _ （保持健康） , he takes exercise everyday. 形容词作表语 2）In my mind, mother is_. （我的英雄） 名词作表语 3）Look. Your pet dog is_. （在那）副词作表语 4）The schoolbags comein different sizes. 介词短语作表语 5）Youve changed a lot. You are not what you were. 表语从句作表语 6）Many passengers _（受伤）in the accident. 过去分词作表语 7）The machine_ （连续 /保持运转）for a long time. （现在分词短语作表语）Keys：1.1）keep silent 2） the food tastes terrible 3 ） warmer andwarmer 4 ） it goes bad 5） proves right 2.1）keep healthy 2） my hero3） there 6）got injured 7 ） keeps running ￥ ￥使用系动词应留意的地方：第一,没有被动语态；其次,一般没有进行时 除了 feel 以外 ；第三,有 些动词既是系动词又是一般动词；如：keep, grow, taste, feel, get, smell 等；第四,非谓语一般用现在分词 这一点 仅作明白,高中阶段将涉及；例如： After two- days treatment, he felt well again. 不用 was felt He remains an excellent engineer in the factory. 不用 is remained 比较以下句子：The pet dog keeps clean. It is kept by Johnson.keeps 是系动词,而 kept 是及物动词 We grew some trees around our school and they grow green now. grew 是及物动词,而 grow 是系动词 Just now I felt the table and it felt smooth. 第一个 felt 是及物动词,而其次个是系动词 练习 挑选一个合适的词或依据汉语提示填空,留意动词的适当形式；1 I _remain / keep / stay a nurse while he has _turn / become engineer. 2 Put the meat in the refrigerator 冰箱 . It _ go / get / turn / become bad easily. 3 What he said _sound / look / smell / taste reasonable. 4 He feels _comfortable / comfortably working in the air-conditioned office. 5 We do morning exercises to _keep / turn / become healthy. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 12 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载6 The apple _tastes / is tasted sweet. 7 Please keep _寂静 ; The baby has fallen _ 睡着 . 8 They work day and night to make their dream come _ 实现 . Key: 1 4 remain, turned; goes; sounds; comfortable 5 8 keep; tastes; quiet, asleep; true 基本句型三 : S 十 V 十 O 主谓宾结构这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语；同时句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语；作宾语的成分常是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句；a.及物动词 +副词, b.不及物动词 +介词；1.含有 away, out, forward, up 等副词的动词词组是可拆分的；如,They carried out the plan successfully. 我们仍可以说,They carried the plan out successfully. 但我们只能说 As the plan was practical, they carried it out successfully. 动副词组都可以这样用,如,point out（指出）, carry out（执行）, put forward（提出）, work out（ 做出,算出）, find out（找出） , give up（舍弃） , give away （赠送,分发）,pick up（拣起） , put up（挂上） , 等；2. 而含有介词 at, for, from, into, of, with, to 等的动介词组是不行拆分的；如,look after（照料）, look at（瞧）, look for（查找） , belong to（属于） , refer to（参考,提及）, think of （考虑,评判）, send for（派人去请） , care for （喜欢） ,suffer from （受 之苦） , deal with 应付,应对 , object to （反对） , pay for （付 的钱） ,等；即我们只能说think of it, 不能说 think it of.in 在动词词组中用作副词,表示“ 在里面 ” ,“往里进 ”,“ 在家 ” 等意思；如,get in收割 ,hand in（提交,交进） ；用作介词,表示“ 在 地点 ” , “ 在 范畴 ” , “ 在 方面 ” ； 如, persist in坚持 ,succeed in 在 胜利 ；Off 在动词词组中 用作副词,表示“ 关闭 ”, “隔离,离开 ”,“ 去掉 ” ,等意思；如, turn off （关掉） , switch off （关掉）, ring off（挂断电话） , keep off（远离）, take off 脱掉）, kick off（踢脱）, carry off（运走）, put off（推迟）, pay off（付清） ,give off （放出 . 用作介词,表示“ 从 下来 ” ；如, get off （下车） , fall off （从 掉下来） . On 在动词词组中用作副词,表示“开” ,“走开 ”,“ 传递 ” ,“穿戴 ”； 如, turn on开,move on（走开） , pass on（传递） , put on（穿上） , have on（穿着） . 用作介词, 表示 “在 上”,“ 在 方面 ”； 如,work on（从事于 ）, operate on（在 上动手术） , agree on（同意）；表示 “ 上车,上船,上 ” ,如,get on（上车,上船）,ride on（骑上）；表示 “ 依靠 ”,“以 为基础 ”, “依据 ” , 如,depend on（依靠） ,base on（以 为基础） , feed on（以 为食） , live on（以 为生计） . Over 在动词词组中用作副词,表示“翻转 ” ,“ 翻倒 ”,如, turn over（打翻,翻倒）,push over（推倒） . 表示 “ 过一遍 ” ,“ 认真 ” ,“ 遍及 ” ,如, think over （认真考虑） ,look over （认真查看,讨论）. 用作介词,表示“ 从上越过 ” ,如, fly over （从上飞过） , jump over （从上跳过） .go over越过,横过 ；表示 “ 为了 ”,“由于 ”,如, quarrel over（为 争执） ,cry over （因 哭泣） . 表示 “ 查看 ”,“复习 ”,“ 检查 ” ,如, go over（检查,复习）. 附：很多由及物动词 +名词 +介词构成的三词动词词组也要跟宾语,如：pay attention to（留意） , catch hold of（抓住, 握住）, catch sight of（观察, 发觉）,do harm to（对 有害）, get rid of（排除, 除去）, make fun of（取笑, 嘲笑）,put one heart into（用心于 ）, say hello to（打招呼） , sing praise for（颂扬,夸奖）,take care of（照料） , take part in （参与） , take pride in （以 骄傲,骄傲） ； 练习 划出以下句子的主、谓、宾部分；如： Doing morning exercises benefits our health. 1 I wrote a passage last night. 2 I doubt whether he will join us in the debate. 3 We missed going to college for that reason. 4 What he said touched me greatly. 5 我昨天看了一部电影；_. 第 5 页,共 12 页名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载6 You place me in a difficult situation._；7They finally managed to get along with us. _；8 They have _ _ _ of the children这些孩子他们照看得很好；9I dont like being treated like this._有： give,tell ,基本句型四: S 十 V 十间接宾语 “ 人” 十直接宾语“ 物 ” 结构常用的能接双宾语的及物动词teach,buy,lend,find,hand,leave,sell, send show,read,pay,make,offer,build,pass,bring,cook,wish ,write ,refuse 等间接宾语前需要加for 的常用动词有：buy, choose, make, order, paint, play演奏 , sing,等； 练习 在每一空格上填上一个恰当的介词；1 Mother bought a birthday cake _me. 2 Give another apple_her. She likes it. 3 The company will provide some drinks _ the volunteers. 1 3 for; to; for 4）Yesterday her father _ _ _ _ as a birthday present. 昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物；5 The old man _ _ _ _ _ in the Long March. 正在给孩子们讲故事 这种句型仍可转换为：动词 直接宾语 for/ to sb. 20 Please show me your picture. =Please _ _ _ _ _. 请把你的画给我看一下；I _ _the salt. = I _the salt _ _. he teacher offered some advice on learning English to us. 老师给我们一些学英语的建议The singer sang another song for us.这位歌手唱了另一首歌给我们听1.Johnson 先生去年教我们德语；2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个好玩的故事；3. Mary 把钱包交给校长了；4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？5. 新式机器将会为你节约很多劳动；6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了；7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车；基本句型五 : S 十 V 十 O 十 C 主谓宾补结构此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语仍不能表达完整的意思,必需加上一个补充成分来补足宾语；call （叫） , choose（选） , find （发觉） , make, name, 命名 1）Keep _, please. 请让孩子们寂静下来；2）They painted _ _ _. 他们把门漆成绿色；3）We must _ _ _ _. 我们必需保持我们的学校洁；4）He asked me _ _ _ soon. 他要我早点回来；5）我们发觉他是一个懒散的人；_. 留意：动词 have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch 等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时,不带 to；如： 6）The boss _ _ _ all day. 迫使他劳动 7）We saw _ _ _. 他出去 ；接不定式作宾语的动词有 :agree ,choose,decide,forget,hope,learn,want,wish,would like 等. 不定式作宾语补足语有三种类型1、“动词 +宾语 +（not） to do,”advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,direct,encourage,expect,forbid,force,invite,order,permit,persuad