2022年高考英语语法精品教案：专题动词和动词短语.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 对动词词义、动词短语的辨析以及动词搭配的考查始终是高考的热点；因此在一轮的复习中要留意对动词及短语的含义及引申义进行归纳总结；突出对其在详细的语境中意义挑选的把握；一、常考的十类动词及词组1连系动词特点：后面常接形容词或名词,此时动词没有进行时和被动语态；连系动词按其所表示的意义可分为以下四种：1> 变化类,表事物进展变化的过程,如 become, go, turn, grow, get, fall, come 等；2> 感官类,表人体部位的感受,如 feel, smell, taste, look ,sound 等；3> 状态类,表事物所处的状态,如 keep, remain, stand, lie, stay, prove 等；4> 外表特点类,表外表给人的印象,如 appear, seem, look 等；2感官动词和使役动词常考的感官动词有see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, find, catch 等；感官动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式1 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 作补足语,表达不同的含义；常考的使役动词有make, have, keep 等；使役动词的主要考点是后接非谓语动词的不同形式作补足语,表达不同的含义；如：He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. Aput B to be putting Cto put D putting 【解读】Dcatch sb doing sth“发觉、发觉某人做某事 ”,doing sth 为现在分词短语作宾语补足语；可接现在分词作宾语补足语的动词仍有： feel, hear, have, get, see, watch, notice, observe, find, keep, leave 等；3不用被动语态的动词及动词短语英语中有些动词及短语可用其主动形式表达被动含义；1> 某些实义动词的主动形式后跟副词表示主语的某种属性特点,不用被动；这类动词有： sell, wash, write, last, read, wear 等；如：This kind of cloth washes well and lasts long. 这种布耐洗而且耐用；The pen my father gave me as a birthday gift writes smoothly. 父亲送给我作为生日礼物的钢笔书写很流畅；Written in simple English, this article reads easily. 由于这篇文章是用简洁的英语写的,所以读起来很简洁；2> 某些及物动词转为不及物动词后,其主动形式表示被动意义；2 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 这类动词有： open打开,营业 >,close 关门 >,shut 关闭>,cut 切割>,weigh 重>,act 上演>等；如：This shop opens much earlier than it used to. 这家商店比过去开门更早了；Each stone weighs two tons. 每块石头重达两吨；3> 某些不及物动词及词组,本身表被动含义,所以它们常用主动形式；这类动词及词组有： happen, occur, cost,come out 出版>,turn up 被找到 >,come into being产生>,come to one's mind想起>,come into use 开头使用 >, turn out证明是 >,come about 发生>,break out 爆发 >,belong to 属于 >,come up被提出 >, be worth 值得做 >, be to blame 受批评 >等；如：The first textbooks written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 18th century. 第一批用作英语教学的外语教材出版于 18 世纪；Suddenly an idea came to his mind. 他突然想到一个想法；Who is to blame for breaking the vase. 打碎花瓶应由谁负责？The problem finally came up at the meeting. 这个问题最终在会议上被提出来了；Even the best theory can turn out to be> wrong. 3 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 即使最好的理论都可能被证明是错误的；4> “主语系动词形容词不定式”句式中；当形容词说明主语具有某种特点,主语又充当不定式的规律宾 语时,其中不定式要用主动形式表达被动意义；常用于这一结构的 形容词有： easy, hard, difficult, heavy, fit, expensive 等；如：The physics problem is easy to work out. 这道物理题很简洁算出来；A guide is expensive to employ. 雇用向导花钱许多；This kind of fish is not fit to eat. 这种鱼不适合吃；4接动名词作宾语的动词或词组 常见的有： avoid, can't help, can't stand, consider, enjoy, escape, finish, give up, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, admit, appreciate, deny, forbid等；如：The bird was lucky to escape being caught. 这只鸟幸运地逃离了被捕抓的命运；He is always practicing playing the piano after school. 他常常放学后练习弹钢琴；5接不定式作宾语的动词agree, aim, arrange, ask, choose, 常 见 的 有 ： afford, 4 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - decide, demand, determine, offer, pretend, promise, refuseexpect, hope, learn, long, manage, ,want 等；如：He can't afford to buy such an expensive car. 他买不起这么贵的车；Tom managed to cut down dozens of trees. 汤姆胜利地砍倒数十棵数；6表示 “需要”意义的动词这类词既可直接接动名词,也可接不定式的被动语态,但两者均可表示被动含义；它们是：need, want, require等；如： Your sick mother needs looking after. Your sick mother needs to be looked after. 你病弱的母亲需要照料；7接虚拟语气的动词有些动词表示 “应当 或命令、建议、要求等>”时,其后的宾语从句用 should 加动词原形,其中 should 常可省略；它们是： order, suggest, insist, advise, demand, request, require, propose 等；如：Our teacher requires this be done in no time. 我们老师要求这个立刻完成；8表示“方案未能实现 ”的动词此类动词常用过去完成式加不定式,或用过去式接不定式的完成式表虚拟语气,表达原先的方案未能实现；它们是：intend, mean, plan, hope, expect, think, want, suppose 等；如：5 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - I had meant to tell you about it yesterday, but the snowstorm prevented me. They hoped to have stayed there a week, but they couldn't because of another important meeting.9现在表将来类这类动词 词组 >常用一般现在时或现在进行时表将来；它们是：come, go, leave, start, take off 等；如：arrive, move, begin, fall, see, stay, Your plane takes off at a quarter past two in the afternoon. 你的飞机是下午二点一刻起飞；10带介词 to 的动词短语带 介 词 to 的 动 词 短 语 有 ： be get> used to, lead to, devote to, look forward to, stick to, object to, get down to, adapt to 等；当它们后面显现动词时,要用 v.- ing 形式；Peter suggested that Tom go there at once. 彼得建议汤姆立刻去那；二、以动词为词源形成的常用动词短语1. 以 break 为中心脱离,逃离break away from break down 出故障,崩溃,粉碎,瓦解break in 闯进,打断6 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - break into 闯入；强行进入break out 爆发,发生break off 打断,断绝,折断；突然终止break through 突破；克服break up 破裂；解散,分解；终止2. 以 bring 为中心bring about 导致,引起,促使bring back 带回,使回忆,使复原bring down 使下降,打垮,击落bring forward 提出；提前bring in 把 带进来；引进；挣得 收入> bring on 导致,引起,使进展bring out 使显现；出版bring up 抚养,哺育,培育3. 以 call 为中心call at 拜访某地>；停靠在call away 叫走；把 留意力 >转移开call for 需要,要求；接 某人>,迎call in 召集,收集；下令收回call off 取消,下令停止call on 要求,恭请；号召；拜望 某人 > call out 下令罢工；呼唤出动7 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - call up 打电话给 ；召集；使想起4. 以 carry 为中心carry away 冲走,带走；冲昏某人头脑carry back 拿回,运回；使想起carry off 胜利地应付；获得 奖品> carry on 坚持,连续,进行carry out 贯彻,执行,实施5. carry through 坚持究竟,进行究竟；履行承诺> 以 come 为中心come about 发生come across 有时发觉；偶然遇到come back 回来；复原,复原come off 头发、牙齿、纽扣 >脱落,离开come on 上演；开头；赶快；进展come out 出来；发芽；出版；结果是；说出come over 拜访；突然感到come round/around 清醒；拜望；再次发生come to an end 终止,终止when it comes to清醒就 而论,谈到come to life come to light 明朗化,显现,显露出来come to oneself 复原常态8 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - come true 实现,成为现实come up 走近；发生；发芽； 问题>被提出6. 以 cut 为中心cut away 切去,砍掉cut down 砍倒,削减,缩短cut off 切断,中断；阻碍,阻挡cut out 切下,剪下,裁下；删去cut through 开创出路等 > cut up 切碎,切掉；使哀痛7. 以 fall 为中心fall back 撤退,后退fall behind 落后,落伍,落在后面fall down 不够好8. fall in love with爱上 fall into 陷入；养成fall off 衰退,削减fall over 被 绊倒以 get 为中心get about 徘徊,走动；流传get across 使被懂得get along 前进,进步；离去,相处get around 走动；传播9 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - get away 离开,逃脱get back 取回,回来；报复get down to 认真对待,静下心来get out of 由 出来,从 得出；防止；舍弃get over 越过；复原,痊愈；克服；完成get rid of 除去,去掉；免除,摆脱get through 拨通；到达；完成；通过；及格get up 起床,起立；忙于,从事9. 以 give 为中心give away 赠送；失去；泄露give back 归仍；使复原give in 屈服,让步,投降give off 发出烟、气味 > give out 分发；公布；发出；用完,耗尽give up 舍弃；停止10. 以 go 为中心go about 开头做某事；忙于某事go across 度过,越过go after 追赶,追求,跟随go against 反对,不利于go ahead 前进,进展,连续go along with 陪伴,和 一道走10 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - go away 离开,走掉go by 经过,过去取、拿 > 支持,赞成；适用于,去go for 走开；爆炸go off go on 连续,接下去go out 出去；熄灭；送出；播出go over 温习,检查go round 拜望；参观go through 审查,履行；通过；经受,忍耐go too far 走得太远,做 / 说得太过火go up 上升,上涨；攀登go without 没有 也行11. 以 hold 为中心hold back 隐瞒；阻挡；克制hold down 压制；压低hold on 坚持；等一等,别挂断hold on to 抓住不放；不卖hold out 伸出；供应机会hold up 举起,竖起；支持住；延误,使耽搁12. 以 keep 为中心keep away from> 不接近,躲开,远离keep back 阻挡,扣留,隐瞒11 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - keep in mind 记住keep off 不接近,远离；防止吃 或喝、吸 >某物keep out 使 不入内；不卷入keep pace with跟上,同 步调一样keep to 坚持；固守,遵守keep up 连续； 天气>连续不变；保持,维护keep up with赶上,跟上,与 并肩前进13. 以 lay 为中心lay aside 把 放在一边；留存备用lay down 放下；规定14. lay off 临时>解雇；停止超过；永久离开lay out 铺开,绽开以 leave 为中心leave behind 留下,遗忘携带；leave out 省去,遗漏,不把 运算在内leave off 停止；中断leave over 留下,剩下leave alone 不干涉,不打搅15. 以 look 为中心look about 四下环顾；查看look after 照料,看管look around 东张西望12 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - look back 回忆,回头看look back on/upon 回忆look for 查找；期望,期望look down on/upon 俯视；轻视look forward to 希望,期望look into 窥视；调查；浏览look on/upon as 把 看作look out 向外看；留意；当心,提防look out for 当心,查找,搜寻look through 透过 看去；看穿；浏览look up 查阅；仰视look up to 仰慕,敬重16. 以 pick 为中心pick off 去除；挑选 目标>射击pick out 细心挑出,辨别出pick up 接某人>,搭载；捡起；学会； 偶然>得到17. 以 pull 为中心pull apart 拉开,分开pull away 开动pull down 拉下,拉倒；拆毁；使 价格 >下降；使败兴pull in 车船>抵达pull off 短暂停车；获得胜利13 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - pull out 驶出,离开18. pull through 克服困难；复原停止；斥责pull up 以 put 为中心put aside 把 放在一边；搁置；积蓄,攒钱put away 把 放好,把 整理；贮存put back 把 放回原处put down 放下；镇压；登记put an end to 终止,终止,废止put forward 提出；拨快；建议,举荐；提倡put in 安装；添上；打断put off 推迟,延期；排除；推脱,脱下put on 上演；穿上；增加；开动put one's heart into 全神贯注,用心致志put out 熄灭,伸出,拿出put through 完成； 电话用语 >拨通；使穿过put up 举起,挂起；提名,举荐；支配住宿put up with 忍耐,容忍19. 以 send 为中心send away 解雇；赶走,把 送往远处send for 派人去叫 请、拿 > send off 发出,寄出；邮购,函购14 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 14 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - send out 发出,散发send up 发射；使上升；取笑20. 以 set 为中心set about doing> 着手,开头set an example to sb. 给某人树立榜样set aside 留出；放在一边；暂不考虑set back 使推迟；使花费set down 放下,卸下；登记,记载set free 释放某人> set off 动身；使爆炸；引起set out 动身；发表；着手做某事set up 建立,设立,开办；引发,产生21. 以 take 为中心take after 仿效,与 相像take away 拿走,减去；排除take back 收回,取消take care of 当心,留意；照料；提防；谨慎take charge of 负责,主管take down 取下；登记；拆毁take in 留宿；欺诈；吸取；懂得take into account/consideration 考虑,重视take off 脱去,除去；起飞,起程15 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 15 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - take on 出现；雇佣；承担,担任take one's place 代替take out 拿出,取出；去除take over 接管,接任；占上风take part in 参与,参与take place 发生；举办take pride in 以 为荣,对 感到自豪22. 以 think 为中心think about 考虑think highly/well/much/a lot of 对 评判很高think little/ill/nothing of 轻视,看不起think of as 把 看作think out 认真考虑,想通think through 想通；充分考虑think up 想出；创造23. 以 throw 为中心throw at 把 投向throw away 丢弃,铺张；错失 机会> throw oneself into 投身于,积极从事throw out 逐出；拒绝；散发throw up 呕吐；使惹眼；匆忙建造24. 以 turn 为中心16 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 16 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - turn away 把 打发走,转脸不理会turn down 调小；驳回,拒绝考虑turn off 关上；拐弯；使厌烦turn on 打开；依靠,取决于；突然攻击turn out 出席；证明是；向外；显现turn over 翻转；转动turn a>round 旋转,转过身来turn in 上交turn to 转向,求助于turn upside down 颠倒过来,翻过来1【误】 He is listening the teacher carefully. 【正】 He is listening carefully. 【正】 He is listening to the teacher carefully. 【解读】学习实义动词,肯定要分清晰这个动词属于及物动词仍是不及物动词,然后再依据不同的使用规章使用不同的动词；2【误】 The mixture is tasted terrible. 【正】 The mixture tastes terrible. 【解读】连系动词后接形容词或相当于形容词的结构作表语；除了少数几个 如 get, become, grow 时态和被动结构；17 / 29 等>外,系动词不用于进行名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 17 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 3After studying in a medical college for five years, Jane _ her job as a doctor in the countryside.Aset outBtook overCtook upDset up 【误】 B 【正】 C 【解读】对高频短语take up 的意思把握不全面,不知道该短语除了表示 “占用 ”之意外,仍可以表示“开头从事 ”；句意：简在医学院学了五年后,在乡村从事医生工作；set out “动身,开始” ；take over “接收,接管 ”；take up “拿起,开头从事 ”；set up “设立, 直立”；依据题意选 C；12022·全国卷 The workers _ the glasses and marked on each box Side Up This”. Acarried B delivered C pressed D packed 【解读】D考查动词词义辨析；句意为：工人们把眼镜打包,然后在每个箱子上贴上“此端朝上 ”；pack 打包；22022·辽宁卷 The new movie _ to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time. Apromises B agrees C pretends D declines 【解读】A考查动词词义辨析；promise除了表示 “承诺,答应 ” 外,仍有 “有 的期望 ”的意思； agree18 / 29 意为 “同意,赞同 ”；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 18 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - pretend 意为“假装”；decline 意为“削减,衰退 ”；只有 promise 符合题意；句意为：这部新电影有望成为电影票房史上票房最高的影片之一；3What the young man can't _ is that his mum always treats him like a baby. Asupport B undertake C hold D bear 【解读】 D 考查动词辨析； A 意为“支持”；B 意为“承担,担任,着手做 ”；C 意为 “握住,容纳 ”；D 意为 “容忍,忍耐 ” ；句意为：这个年轻人无法忍耐的是他的母亲总是把他当个小孩来对待；依据题意可知应选 D；4We want to rent a bus which can _ 40 people for our trip to Beijing. Aload B hold C fill D support 【解读】B依据句意,此处需用表示“容纳,包含 ”的动词,只有 B 项符合；5. The film Avatar will be on tonight but it's at 1：30 am. I don't want to _ that late. Astay up B show off C put up D get off 【解读】 A 考查动词短语辨析； stay up 熬夜； show off 炫耀,卖弄； put up 举起,建起,张贴；get off 下车,动身,脱掉；依据题干意思选 A；6How are you managing to do your business without a 19 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 19 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - secretary.Well, I _ somehow. Aget along B care about C watch out D set off 【解读】 A 考查动词短语辨析； get along 将就>生活,工作 动身；下去； care about 关注； watch out 当心； set off7I've _ my umbrella in the office and I'll have to fetch it. Aforgot B left C remained D lost 【解读】B依据句意,此处需用表示“遗漏,遗弃 ”的动词,B 项符合题意；8Don't let yourself be _ into doing anything you don't want to do. Atold B made Ctalked D asked 【答案】 C 9The designs of the few tools should be _ carefully, so that we can pick out the one that best suits our job. Bexamined Atried Cexperimented Dexperienced 【答案】 B 10He can't be at home now, for I saw him _ in the gym just now. 20 / 29 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 20 页,共 29 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Agiving out Bworking out Ccarrying out Dbringing out 【解读】 B 此题考查短语辨析； give out 用完,分发； work out 解决,锤炼； carry out 实现,执行； bring out 出版,生产；句意为：他现在不行能在家,刚才我仍看到他在健身房锤炼；故 B项正确；11 So Helen, are we going for that Chinese meal you promised me.Well ,I kind of forgot to _ do French. , so we'll have to Aconsult B order C reserve D confirm 【解读】C 由答语的 “so we'll have to do French 可以看出,这次吃不上上次承诺给对方的中国饭菜了,只有“我”忘了预定reserve> 可以讲得通； consult 商讨,向