2022年高中英语阅读理解方法详讲.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 阅读是获得更综合、 更复杂、更精确信息的必要手段, 考生在做阅读懂得时,不仅要看懂文章的字面意思,篇目运用不同的方法作出正确的挑选；仍需要针对不同题材和体裁的 一般来说, 词汇、阅读速度和懂得才能是阅读懂得中三个最重要并且有相互联系的因素；阅读的方法 先找到中心,再带着问题去读文章 不同体裁文章的特点及解题技巧 1.记叙文 2.说明文 3.应用文记叙文：传记类文章在阅读中时间是全文的关键,找到相关的大事,抓住文章的主要内容；依据时间我们可以故事类文章情节性较强,阅读时要留意故事中的时间、地点、人 物和发生的大事, 这些都是文章中的主要内容和信息,对于精确懂得 文章非常重要；说明文：说明文是对事物的外形、性质、特点、成果或功用等进行介 绍,说明或阐述的文章； 把握所说明事物的特点和本质是懂得说明文 的关键；说明事物特点的方法很多, 主要有定义法、 说明法、比较法、比如法、数字法、图表法、引用法和举例法等；谈论文：主要表达人类的理性摸索,它靠规律推理和分析论证,以理服人；即在 文章中说服别人同意你的观点,乐于接受你的观点；这就是谈论文的主要特点；因此,论点、论据、论证就构成了谈论文的三个必备的要素1 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1 2细节懂得阅读技巧推测词义43推理判定主旨大意一 推测词义题 ：单词的推测才能是阅读懂得才能的主要组成部分,历年高考都把这一项作为考生应 该把握的一项阅读技能列入试题,考查对文 中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的懂得；而且, 所考查的词或短语的意义往往 不停留在字面上,要依据语境来判定；2 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 常见问题形式有1 According to the author, the word “ ”means _.2 The word “ ”most likely means _.3 The word “ ”in Line . probably means4 By the word “ ” , the author means _.5 In Line . , the word “ ” refers to _.6 Which of the following is nearest /closest in meaning to“ ” .7 In Line , the word “ ”could best be replaced by which of the following. 规律方法 :在通读过程遇到生词时不要焦急,耐心地读下去,文章会帮忙你猜诞生词词义；此外,我们也可以,同义通过构词法学问分析生词词义,或通过上下文词,反义词,生活常识等推测,特别是本句话以及前后两句话,给生词假设意思,看是否读的通；仍可以联想,即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词；【例 1】 All his attempts to unlock the door was A. 胜利的 B. 白费的C.有效的 D. 匆促的futile , because he was using the wrong key. 2】The herdsman , who looks after sheep, earns about 650yuan a year. 定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由 means, is, or ,that is to say, in other words,be called ,be known as, be defined as 等词汇或破折号来表示3】Children often try to imitate or copy the behavior that they see on television.4）Market research shows that Gold and others who buy organic food can generally give clear reasons for their preferences-but complete their knowledge of organic food is far from 3 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 【例 6】With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence. unconditional: 无条件的,确定的nonjudgmental: 没有判定力的6.依据构词法：合成、派生（前缀、后缀）、转化等supergirl postscript interaction prehistoric miniskirt transnational microphone underwear rewrite mislead subway nonhuman cooperate antibody friendship Childhood troublesome childish towards waterproof careless二 主旨大意题：这类 试题要求对 文章的整体或局部 （如段落）进行分析、概括,归纳相关部分的 中心大意Main idea ,挑选标题（ title ）,判定作者的 写作目的（ purpose）等,旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的才能；这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心；记叙文、谈论文常考文章的主旨大意；一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头,有时也显现在结尾；当然更重要的是从全文去把握；4 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 但归纳主题简单显现以下三种错误,需要同学们留意；1以偏概全；即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题；2过于笼统；即归纳的主题太泛,与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证；3把观点强加给作者；读者往往依据自己的常识对文章进行判定而忽视了作者的见解；常见问题形式有1What does the writer mainly tell us. 2Which of the following can summar-ize the main idea of this text.3Which of the following best expresses the main idea.4Which is the subject discussedin the text.6What s the best title for this passage.如何做主旨大意题. 1. 要搞清的是问 某一段 仍是 全文 的大意,可利用文中主要信息来把握文脉,进行综合归纳,概括文章的主题；. 2. 如有标题,标题中的包蕴的信息往往是关键信息；. 3. 找到中心句；. 4. 任何一篇文章都是环绕某个主题绽开的,因此,很多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复显现的中心词,即高频词,也叫做主题词；抓住了它,便简单抓住文章的中心；1）主题句在段首5 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后的句子就是论证性细节；Example 1 People have different tastes in food. Some feel that they haven't eaten a meal unless they have had steak or other red meat. Some prefer chicken or fish and eat one or the other at every meal. Others prefer vegetables and fruits or grains and would enjoy a meal of spaghetti, eggplant, and fresh fruit. Others could live on what were called fast-foods: a hamburger or hot dog, French fries and a soft drink. : Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraph. A. Some people like steak and others red meat. B. Vegetables are very healthy for you. C. How food is prepared has a lot to do with how well a person may like it. D. Different people have different tastes in food. 2主题句也会显现在段尾作者先摆出事实依据, 层层推理论证 , 最终自然得出结论 , 即段落的主题；Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. 3在短文中间主题句也可以支配在段中间 , 此时前面只提出问题,文中的主题由其后陈述的细节或合乎规律的引申在文中导出 , 然后再作进一步的说明 , 支持或进展 . Example 3 Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat. Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark. In fact, the modern flashlight brings light to many dark situations. Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand . A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out. 6 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 常见问题形式有：1 It can be inferred from the text that _. . 2 From the text we know that _. 3 The story implies that _. 4 The paragraph following the passage will most probably be _. 5 The writers attitude toward is _.三、 推理判定题：. 技巧 ：找出作者所陈述的细节、事实以及能 够表露作者思想倾向和感情颜色的词语,进 行符合规律的推理；. 留意 不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点. 解推断题最主要的方法是 细节；依据词义关系推断详细名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - One day a man walked a pet shop and said to the shop assistant,“I need two small mice and about five dozen roaches（蟑螂）and two spiders（蜘 蛛）.”“What do you need these things for.” the shop assistant was very surprised.“Well ,”replied the man,“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord insists that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it.”.Q： The passage suggests that when the writer moved into the apartment, it was _. . A. very clean. B. just cleaned by the landlord. C. tidy and comfortable. D. dirty and full of insects其他类型题目：五 懂得作者的观点和态度题：既考查同学对字面意思的懂得,也考查同学对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的懂得；考题主要形式 :1The writer s purpose in writing this story is 2The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that 规律方法：正确懂得作者的写作意图,所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度；-假如你是作者,你为什么要写本文？8 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - Just as crying can be healthy, not crying holding back tears of anger, pain or suffering can be bad for physical 身体的 health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont fight it. Its a natural and healthyemotional response反应 . According to the author, which of the following statements is true. A. Crying is the best way to get help from others. B. Fighting back tears may cause some health problems. C. We will never know our deep feelings unless we cry. D. We must cry if we want to reduce pressure. Maybe tenyearold Elizabeth put it best when she said to her father. “But, Dad, you can be healt redead. ” Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten hy if you to wear his safety belta mistake 75% of the US population make every day. The big question is why. Why did Elizabeth say to her father, “But, Dad, you can t be healthy if you re dead. A. He was driving at great speed. B. He was running across the street. C. He didn t have his safety belt on. D. He didn t take his medicine on time. 10 岁的女儿对父亲说：“ 爸爸, 你如死了, 也就不行能健康了；”女儿为什么这样说呢？以便跑步锤炼身体,但却在开车回家 下文告知我们： 父亲匆忙忙忙在天黑之前开车赶回家,时遗忘系安全带；明显女儿是在批评父亲未系安全带开车,由此可推知答案应选 C；小技巧：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及 观点的词汇,以及承接上下文的连接词；表示贬义 ：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.表示褒义 : positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring表示中立 : indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.9 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 四、事实细节题 :主要考查同学 对阅读材料中的 某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的懂得才能 ,问题主要包括询问 人who 、物what 、时间when 、 地点 where 、缘由 cause、 结果effect 、文中的 数据 data 等；新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考详细细节；常见问题形式有：1） Which of the following statement is true.2） Which of the following mentioned in the text.is not states, 3） The author or the passage that_.4） According to the passage, when where, why, how, who, what, which etc._.细节专题一：排序题此类试题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些详细的事实,然后对上面的事实进行排序；要求考生依据动作发生的先后次序、时间次序以及句子之间的规律关系,找出大事发生、 进展的正确次序； 考生可以先找出最早的一个时间和大事,把它作为大事发生的详细点,然后使用排除法将范畴一一缩小,从而快速地选出正确答案；例 1：In the 19th century England people liked to go to the seaside. In those days, ladies wore long bathing dresses, and men wore bathing suits. Women did not walk about on the beach沙滩 in their bathing dresses. They hired a bathing machine. A bathing machine was used for changing in, 10 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - and for taking the bather down to the sea. It cost 2 pence便士 to hire a machine and an attendant侍者 . When she had paid, the bather climbed up the back steps and got into the bathing machine . Then she changed into her bathing dress. When she had changed, the machine was pulled down to the sea. The bathing machine stoped in the water and the bather went down the front steps into the water. If she did not want to get into the sea, the attendant pulled her in. In 19th century people who used the bathing machine usually did the following things. Which is the right order for doing them. a. Changing into bathing clothes b. Getting out of the bathing machine c. Paying 2 pence d. Getting into the bathing machine e. Being taken down the beach f. Getting into the water A. e, d, a, b, f, c B. c, d, a, e, b, f C. c, d, e, a, b, f D. d, a, e, b, f, c 细节专题二：运算题运算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容,此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实,有的要 经过详细的运算才能够得出正确的答案；详细的运算题可以是对岁月的运算、月份的运算或 比例的运算等； 文章中常常会显现很多数字,它们对解题产生肯定的影响；解答此类试题的方法是先来懂得文章的大意,然后经过对比、分析、运算等就能够得出正确的答案了；Degree We offer a wide choice of bachelors degrees 学位 for international students, which includes: Arts, Communication Studies, Social Sciences, etc. Bachelor of Music and Bachelor of Education are only for New Zealand citizens, for further information: degwaikato.ac.nz. Tuition Fees学费 Tuition fees are different from department to department, generally from $5,000 to $6,000 a year. For further information: tuiwaikato.ac.nz . Accommodation 住宿 You can have a room in a 4-bedroom flat, which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information: accwaikato. ac.nz Health The Student Health Service provides excellent medical services for students. The Medical Centre is open five days a week, including student holidays with four doctor's and nurses to meet your medical needs. For further information: healwaikato.ac.nz . 11 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 1. 不良阅读习惯的表现. 视幅较小：一目一词,甚至逐词逐字,逐个字母 地看. 过多地回视：每读几句又回过头来看一遍 . 不好的朗读的习惯 . 读读停停 . 其它不良习惯：精力不集中,窜行,用手或笔一 个个指着要读的字母,摇头晃脑,腿脚跳动1、按意群阅读,扩大视幅；例如：When the Judge had finished/ what he was saying/ Mrs Young opened her handbag she was carrying/ and took out the sewing. Without saying a word/ she chose a needle with a very small eye/ and threaded it at her first try. 2、阅读时少用或不用词典；3 、明白英语语言国家的文化背景学问建议 一 1推测熟词新含义“It was the best night we had ever had”, said Angela Carraro, who runs an Italian restaurant. 推测熟词含义除了要求同学们有较强的语境分析才能外,仍要求同学们有较宽的学问面,对常见有新含义的熟词要弄清其用法,并将这些词进行简要归纳整理；2 推测词性变换新词含义When men and women lived by hunting 50,000 years ago,how could they even begin to picture modern life. 利用熟词的新词性来抽象词义,关键应在懂得原词的基础上,分析它的新词性,并结合 原词含义发挥合抱负象,从而概括抽象出它的新词义；二 1 确定词拒绝法 ;答案项中有确定语气词的一般不是正确答案项；这些语气词有 : must, always, never, the most, all, only, have to, any, no, very, completely, none, hardly 等；2 怀疑词判定法： 选项中含有不非常确定的语气词一般是正确答案项；这些语气词有 can, could, may, should, usually, might, most 大多数 , more or less, relatively, be likely to, possible, whether or, not necessarily 等；3 关键词对应法12 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 12 页,共 13 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - ABC=ABC法; ABC=ABC法 ; ABC=CBA法; ABC ABD 法 take advantage of = make use of .affect = have an effect / influence on sth. be tired out = be exhausted 选项中照抄原文的一般不是答案项,而同义替换的一般 是选项；4 锅盖法：较全面、有针对性地表达文章中心思想的,选项一般是答案项；A. to be more successful in his career B. to solve technical problems C. to be more specialized in his field D. to develop his professional skill B“ 解决技术问题 ” ；C“ 深化专业 ”； D“ 进展职业技能 ”；这三项表达的意思都比较详细,而 A项就概括地有深度,包括了B、C、D 三项内容；选项中表达意义较详细的、肤浅的（字面意思）一般不是答案项,而概括性的、抽象的、含义深刻的是答案项；13 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 13 页,共 13 页