2021届高考英语二轮复习之阅读理解“典型技巧”高效练典型技巧10文章写作手法的判断含解析.doc

典型技巧10 文章写作手法的判断【考情角度】考情分析写作手法判断类的试题常出现在学校生活类说明文中，此类文章常涉及记叙文、说明文或议论文三种体裁，文章难度中等，结构层次清晰，做题时应注意全文或某个段落所运用的写作手法。考查角度常考查细节推断题、隐含推断题、写作意图题、观点态度题或写作手法题。【考题示例】(2020·唐山质检)主题语境：学校生活与学习Student loan (贷款) debt has become a worldwide problem. In America, the country's overall student debt reached a record of $1.6 trillion in 2019. The average person with student loan debt owed between $20,000 and $25,000. A recent Japanese government report says it has been lending over $9 billion yearly to students since 2010. Similar conditions exist in Africa and South America.Several factors account for high student loan debt. One is that employers everywhere have increased their demands for skilled workers, making higher education a requirement for many jobs. The students, however, after graduation, often find that their country's economy is not strong enough to support their financial needs, so their ability to pay back the loan becomes a problem.To solve the problem, many countries are seeking their ways. Australia has developed a system where students do not have to pay anything back until they are earning at least $40,000 a year. In America, several candidates running for president in the 2020 election have offered more extreme solutions that all or at least some of these loans will be forgiven.Some professors in several universities recently studied what the effects of debt forgiveness might be. They found that, overall, sudden debt relief greatly improved the borrowers' lives. Not only did they have more money, but they were more likely to move to a new area and seek better paying work.Yet the professors' research doesn't include what might happen to financial institutions or the overall economy if debt were totally forgiven. It only looks at how debt forgiveness would help the borrowers. They warn of some other possible negative effects. If a borrower knew that if he ran into any trouble he would be saved because he could get the debt relief, then he might actually become more reckless (轻率的) with his borrowing in the future.No matter what, the professors agree that if countries do decide to approve some student debt relief the neediest students should be helped first.1.How does the author introduce the problem of student loan?A. By making a comparison.B. By making classifications.C. By presenting some statistics.D. By setting down general rules.2.What is the professors' attitude to debt forgiveness?A. Uncaring.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Cautious.答案与解析：1.C2.D1.第1段出现的$1.6 trillion, $20,000 and $25,000和over $9 billion是作者引入学生债务的方法。2.观点态度题。由最后两段教授们的研究中对债务减免的几个看法，可看出教授们的态度。【技巧释义】把握文章脉络理解段落层次确定写作手法-提出学生贷款债务问题(第1段)多次出现的数据信息提示第1题答案-说明导致高额学生债务的因素(第2段)各国解决债务问题的方法-债务减免的影响和教授们对债务减免的看法(第35段)警示可能的消极作用-首先帮助最需要帮助的学生(第6段)【词汇积累】overall adj.全面的candidate n.应试者；候选人financial adj.经济的forgiveness n.宽恕account for说明的原因pay back偿还debt forgiveness债务减免【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）1Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat. The usual problem is how to get rid of it. But the designers of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem-how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which makes good use of not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as electric lights and fridges as well. The system works so well that no fuel is needed to make the universitys six buildings warm and comfortable.Some parts of most modern buildings-theaters and offices as well as classrooms are heated by people and lights far more than necessary, and sometimes they must be air-conditioned even in winter. The skills of saving heat and sharing it out again in a different way is called “heat recovery.” A few modern buildings recover heat from some buildings and reuse it in others.Along the way, Pittsburgh has learned a great deal about some of its heat producers. The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Boy students send out more heat than girl students, and the larger a student is, the more heat he gives. The hottest for the Pittsburgh University would be a hardworking, overweight boy student who is very clever in the university.1.According to this passage, the heat system of the Pittsburgh University is supplied by _.A.human bodiesB.human bodies and electrical equipmentC.human bodies and fuelD.human bodies, electrical and fuel2.From the passage, who can we infer would produce the least amount of heat?A.A fat boy student who is clever and studies hard.B.A thin girl student who is not clever and does not study hardC.A thin boy student who is clever and studies not study hardD.A fat girl student who is both clever and hard-working3.What does the passage mainly talk about?A.recovery of boys heat in the Pittsburgh University.B.modern buildings heat system of human being.C.a new heat recovery system in the Pittsburgh University.D.a best way to save fuel or electricity.4.How is the passage developed?A.By telling facts.B.By following time order.C.By analyzing causes.D.By making comparison.【答案】1.B2.B3.C4.A【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了匹兹堡大学的设计师们利用每个人都能发出体热的原理，设计了体能收集系统，为学校教学楼提供能源供给。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“They have designed a collection system which makes good use of not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as electric lights and fridges as well.”可知，他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。由此可知，根据这篇文章，匹兹堡大学的供热系统是由人体和电气设备提供的。故选B项。2.推理判断题。根据最后一段“The harder a student studies, the more heat his body gives off. Boy students send out more heat than girl students, and the larger a student is, the more heat he gives.”可知，学生学习越努力，身体散发的热量就越多。男生比女生散发出更多的热量，学生越大，他发出的热量就越多。由此判断出，B选项“不聪明、学习不努力的瘦弱女学生”会产生最少的热量。故选B项。3.主旨大意题。通过读全尤其是第一段“But the designers of the University of Pittsburgh set themselves the opposite problem-how to collect body heat. They have designed a collection system which makes good use of not only body heat, but the heat given off by such objects as electric lights and fridges as well. The system works so well that no fuel is needed to make the universitys six buildings warm and comfortable.”可知，但是匹兹堡大学的设计师们却给自己设置了一个相反的问题如何收集人体热量。他们设计了一个收集系统，不仅可以很好地利用人体热量，还可以利用电灯和冰箱等物体发出的热量。该系统运行良好，不需要燃料就可以使大学的六栋大楼温暖舒适。所以短文主要是关于匹兹堡大学的一种新的热回收系统。故选C项。4.推理判断题。根据第一段“Every human being, no matter what he is doing, gives off body heat.” 每个人，不管他在做什么，都会散发出体热。以及第二段“Some parts of most modern buildings-theaters and offices as well as classrooms are heated by people and lights far more than necessary, and sometimes they must be air-conditioned even in winter.” 大多数现代建筑的某些部分，如剧院、办公室和教室，用人和灯光取暖的程度远远超过了必要的程度，有时甚至在冬天也必须安装空调。由此判断出文章是通过讲事实展开行文的。故选A项。2How often do you get uncomfortable? A couple of years ago I bought a shirt as part of an adoption fundraiser. The front of the shirt said, "Life begins at the end of your comfort zone.” That phrase has really resonated (产生共鸣) with me and has increasingly pushed me in many areas of my life so much that I really want 2018 to be a year when I challenge my comfort zone like never before.I believe the best things in life come from stretching(延伸，伸展) ourselves and getting uncomfortable.Take health and fitness, for example. It is so deliciously tempting (诱人的) to sit on the sofa and watch a favorite Netflix series with a favorite sweet or salty snack in hand. That is comfortable, and physically unhealthy when done repeatedly. A good heart-pounding, sweaty workout is uncomfortable in the moment, and physically and emotional strengthening when done repeatedly.Heres another example. My wife and I adopted a boy with Down syndrome in April 2016 to add to our family of three sons. It was a decision that we cautiously made and with some level of fear and wonder as to what would happen. While we are still very early in this lifetime journey with him and while the past nearly two years have been more challenging and harder than we certainly imagined, I have personally never felt so much peace, joy and energy. In the many sacrifices (牺牲) required to raise our wonderful son, I believe I have found so much more that would have otherwise been possible.My goal is to stretch my comfort zone in all that I do as a husband, father, family member, and employee. We only live once and it will be done before we know it. I want to make as much difference as I can in the time that I have here before it all ends. And I really believe that begins with pushing past my comfort zone.Perhaps you should challenge yourself to get uncomfortable and see where the adventure takes you.5.What inspired the author to challenge his comfort zone?A.Being an adoption fundraiser.B.Some words on a shirt.C.Being physically unhealthy.D.The coming of 2018.6.The author holds the view that his adopted son _.A.makes him happy and energeticB.seldom brings trouble to his familyC.sets a good example for his other sonsD.hardly affects his lifetime journey7.What does the author probably advise readers to do?A.Treasure your comfortable zone.B.Relax yourself by watching TV.C.Solve problems by yourself.D.Risk living an uncomfortable life.8.How does the author mainly develop the text?A.By setting down general rules.B.By making comparisons.C.By giving examples.D.By presenting research findings.【答案】5.B6.A7.D8.C【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章通过举例子的方式证明了走出生活舒适区能给人带来更多的快乐和活力。5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“The front of the shirt said, "Life begins at the end of your comfort zone.” That phrase has really resonated (产生共鸣) with me and has increasingly pushed me in many areas of my life so much that I really want 2018 to be a year when I challenge my comfort zone like never before.（衬衫的正面写着:“生活从舒适区的尽头开始。”这句话真的与我产生了共鸣，并在生活的许多领域不断地推动着我，以至于我真的希望2018年成为挑战我的舒适区前所未有的一年。）”可知，作者是受了一件衬衫上的一句话的激励，才想挑战自己的舒适区。故选B项。6.细节理解题。根据第四段中“while the past nearly two years have been more challenging and harder than we certainly imagined, I have personally never felt so much peace, joy and energy.（虽然过去近两年的日子比我们想象的要充满挑战和艰辛，但我个人却从未感受过这么多的平静、快乐和活力。）”可知，作者认为他的养子使他非常的快乐和充满活力。故选A项。7.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhaps you should challenge yourself to get uncomfortable and see where the adventure takes you.（也许你应该挑战自己，让自己感到不舒服，然后看看冒险会把你带到哪里。）”可知，作者建议读者挑战生活在不舒适区，看看冒险会带来什么结果。故选D项。8.推理判断题。根据文章第三段段首“Take health and fitness, for example.（以健康和健身为例。）”和第四段段首“Heres another example.（这是另一个例子。）”可知，作者在文章中用了大量的篇幅去举例子，从而证明走出舒适区给他带来的惊喜和挑战。故选C项。3New research linked outdoor air pollution to an increased risk of diabetes (糖尿病) globally, according to a study from Washington University in St. Louis and the Veterans Affairs (VA) St. Louis Health Care System. The findings raised the possibility that reducing pollution might lead to a drop in diabetes cases.“Our research shows a significant link between air pollution and diabetes globally,” said Ziyad Al-Aly, a professor at Washington University. “We found an increased risk, even at low levels of air pollution currently considered safe by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). This is important because many industry groups argue that current levels are too strict. Evidence shows that current levels are still not sufficiently safe and need tightening.” The findings were published on June 29 in The Lancet Planetary Health.To evaluate outdoor air pollution, the researchers looked at small pieces of dust, smoke and liquid droplets. In diabetes, pollution was thought to reduce insulin (胰岛素) production and prevent the body from changing blood glucose (葡萄糖) into energy that the body needed to maintain health.The researchers also found that poverty-stricken countries faced a higher diabetes-pollution risk including Afghanistan, Papua New Guinea and Guyana, while richer countries such as France, Finland and Iceland experienced a lower risk. The US experienced a middle risk of pollution-related diabetes.In the US, the EPAs pollution limit was 12 micrograms per cubic meter of air, the highest level of air pollution considered safe for the public, as was set by the Clean Air Act of 1990 and was updated in 2012. However, using mathematical models, Al-Alys team set an increased diabetes risk at 2.4 micrograms per cubic meter of air. Based on VA data, among a sample of citizens exposed to pollution at a level of between 5 to 10 micrograms per cubic meter of air, about 21 percent developed diabetes.“The team in St. Louis is doing important research to firm up links between pollution and health conditions such as diabetes,” said commission member Philip J. Landrigan, MD, a pediatrician and epidemiologist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York. “I believe their research will have a significant global effect.”9.What can we know from the first two paragraphs?A.Diabetes had little to do with outdoor air pollution.B.Reducing pollution might lead to a lot of diabetes cases.C.Air pollution contributed significantly to diabetes globally.D.Low-level air pollution was always considered safe by WHO.10.How did the researchers assess the air pollution?A.By reducing insulin production.B.By analyzing small matter in the air.C.By connecting diabetes and pollution.D.By checking blood glucose in the body.11.Why does the author list some figures in paragraph 5?A.To present a result.B.To support his idea.C.To make a comparison.D.To draw a conclusion.【答案】9.C10.B11.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了通过研究发现糖尿病患病率与污染有重要关系。9.推理判断题。根据文中“ The findings raised the possibility that reducing pollution might lead to a drop in diabetes cases.”（这些发现提高了减少污染可能会导致糖尿病病例的下降的可能性。）可知，污染和糖尿病例是有着一定关系的，所以A项Diabetes had little to do with outdoor air pollution.（糖尿病与户外空气污染没关系。）错误 ；同时B项Reducing pollution might lead to a lot of diabetes cases.（减少污染也会导致大量的糖尿病病例。）与原文文意不符，所以错误。又根据文中“Our research shows a significant link between air pollution and diabetes globally.”（我们的研究表明空气污染与全球糖尿病有着重要关系。）可知C项Air pollution contributed significantly to diabetes globally.（空气污染对全球糖尿病发病有重要影响。）正确；根据文中“even at low levels of air pollution currently considered safe by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).”（即使是EPA和WHO组织现阶段认为的安全的低水平的空气污染。）可知D项Low-level air pollution was always considered safe by WHO.（低水平污染总是被WHO认为是安全的，与文章不符，文章中只是说现在，所以D项错误。故选C项。10.细节理解题。根据文中“To evaluate outdoor air pollution, the researchers looked at small pieces of dust, smoke and liquid droplets.”（为了评估室外空气污染，研究者观察了小块的灰土，烟和液体飞沫。）可知，研究者评估空气污染是通过分析空气中的小物质，故选B项。11.推理判断题。根据第五段数据展示，美国1990设定的污染限制到2012再次将污染限制更新后，已经是美国公认的安全了，但是通过Al-Aly的团队的发现，将患糖尿病的风险设定为每立方米空气2.4微克，但是后来在每立方米空气污染水平为5至10微克的公民样本中，约有21% 患上了糖尿病。所以根据第五段数据展示，作者是想要证明第四段最后一句话“The US experienced a middle risk of pollution-related diabetes.”（美国经历了污染引起糖尿病的中度风险。）的这个观点，故选B项。4Chinese scientists have created the world's first light-based quantum (量子)computer named Jiuzhang. It is a milestone in which a quantum machine can solve a problem no classical supercomputer can tackle within a reasonable amount of time.Exp