2022年高中英语语法总结大全之动词的时态语态 .pdf

学习好资料欢迎下载动词的时态、语态一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语：every , sometimes, at , on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China . 3) 表示格言或警句中。Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 比较： Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 5) 在连词 when, while, if, unless, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时态代替将来时。Unless some extra money is found, the theatre will close. 现在完成时现在完成时用来表示动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成： have (has) +过去分词。Ann has worked for a long time to realize his dream and now he is popular. 比较过去时与现在完成时1）过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语 : yesterday, last week ，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语 : this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently ，lately 现在完成时的时间状语for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet,till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分， 用现在完成时。 “这是第几次”后面的定语从句中。It is the first time that I have visited the city. 2）This is the that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时 . “最高级 +名词”后面的定语从句中。This is the best film that Ive (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。since的四种用法1) since +过去一个时间点 (如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six) 。I have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段时间 + ago I have been here since five months ago. 3) since +从句Great changes have taken place since you left. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料欢迎下载Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here. 4) It is +一段时间 + since从句It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在 ( 指说话人说话时 ) 正在发生的事情。We are waiting for you. b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr. Green is writing another novel. (说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。) She is learning piano under Mr. Smith. c. 表示瞬间动词有： get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin ，leave等表示将来的含义或者表示按照计划安排好的将要进行的动作。The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer. d. 与 always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind. e.按计划，安排近期发生的动作。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 不用进行时的动词1) 事实状态的动词have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理状态的动词Know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬间动词accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系动词seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 现在完成进行时表示从过去某一时刻开始的动作一直持续到现在还在进行着，而且还有可能要进行下去，强调进行的过程。句型： has have been doing Kate is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine school, where she has been studying English for a year. 一般将来时表示将要发生的行为和动作或存在的状态。1)shall 用于第一人称，常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在争求意见时常用于第二人称。Which paragraph shall I read first. Will you be at home at seven this evening? 2)be going to +不定式，表示将来。一般不用于表示单纯的将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。What are you going to do tomorrow? b. 计划，安排要发生的事。The play is going to be produced next month 。c. 有迹象要发生的事Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料欢迎下载3)be +不定式 to do sth表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 4)be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。He is about to leave for Beijing. 注意： be about to 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。一般现在时表将来1）下列动词： come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时表将来。这主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 2）倒装句，表示动作正在进行，如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 3)用现在进行时表示将来意为： 意图、打算、安排、常用于人。常用词为come, go, start, arrive, leave, stay等。Im leaving tomorrow. 一般过去时1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。时间状语有： yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。Did you want anything else? I wondered if you could help me. 2）情态动词could, would. Could you lend me your bike? 过去进行时1） 概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。2） 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。3)come,go,leave,get,reach, 等瞬间动词用作过去进行时表示过去某一个时刻看起来将要发生的动作，一般强调按计划，要求，打算进行的动作。常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while It was raining when they left the station. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 过去将来时常用在宾语从句中和间接引语中， 从过去的观点看将来要发生的动作或者存在的状态等。句型为： wouldshould do ,should只用第一人称He told me that he would pay for me a visit if possible. Was were going to do sth 表示过去曾经打算或者计划做某事过去完成时概念：表示过去的过去 .其构成是 had +过去分词构成。表示过去的过去。用法a.在 told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 状语从句名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料欢迎下载在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示原本，未能 We had hoped that you would come, but you didnt. 3)过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。He said that he had learned some English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 时态与时间状语时间状语一般现在时 every , sometimes,at , on Sunday, 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next , tomorrow, in+时间, 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while动词的语态被动语态的构成被动语态由 “ 助动词 be及物动词的过去分词 ” 构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时： amisaretaught 一般过去时： wasweretaught 一般将来时： will shall betaught 现在进行时： amisare being taught 过去进行时： havehas been taught 现在完成时： havehas been taught 过去完成时：had been done 过去将来时： would be done 含有情态动词：情态动词+be done 注意：区分被动语态与 “be+ 过去分词 ” 结构be+过去分词 ” 并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。当“be+ 过去分词 ” 表示动作时为被动语态， be是助动词， be 后面的过去分词是主要动词，动作的对象是主语；当“be + 过去分词” 表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be 是连系动词。 be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。被动语态的用法1 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：Some new computers were stolen last night. 一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) 2 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。This book was written by him. 这本书是他写的。注意：不用被动语态的情况1） 不及物动词或不及物动词短语，如appear, die disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - - 学习好资料欢迎下载stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如： After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后，我家烧得所剩无几。2） 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语，如 fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to 等。Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。3）系动词无被动语态，如 appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn 等。It sounds good. 听上去不错。注意： 主动形式表示被动意义1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell 等。例如：The book sells well.这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。2）blame, let（出租） , remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生了，我该受指责。Much work remains. 还有许多活要干。3） 在 need, require, want, worth （形容词） , deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。4）特殊结构： make sb. heard / understood （使别人能听见 /理解自己）等。例如：Explain it clearly and make yourself understood. 解释清楚些，让别人理解你的话。12.6 被动形式表示主动意义，如be determined, be pleased, be graduated （from）, be prepared （for）, be occupied （in）, get married等。例如：He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意：表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或 get married to sb. 均可。例如：He married a rich girl. 他与一个富妞结婚了。He got married to a rich girl. /7、 need/want/require/worth 当 need, want, require, be worth后面接 doing 时，表示的是被动意义。例如：Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 5 页 - - - - - - - - -