2022年高考阅读理解之猜测词义.docx

精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载高考阅读懂得词义推测题解题技巧 猜词悟义是应用英语的重要才能,也是高考阅读懂得中必考的题型；它不但需要精确无 误地懂得上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,把握或熟悉较多的课外词汇；考生应学会通过构 词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义；一、题型特点与命题方式 推测词义题是近年来高考阅读懂得中比较常见的题型,通常在一套试题中会有两到三个 小题是直接考查词义推测的；这种题型主要是考查考生依据上下文估计生词和短语的才能,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握才能；假如我们具备了肯定的推测技巧和猜词才能,我们 就能降低生词率,排除阅读懂得中某些生词的干扰,最终提高阅读懂得速度和才能；【命题趋势】1、要求依据阅读材料所供应的信息,结合中同学应有的常识和体会,正确判定生词词组的含 义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的详细含义以及一些句子的意思；2、要求推测词义的词一般为实词及其词组,通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等 线索确定词义的详细内容；3、代词复指懂得题也是推测词义的常考类型；用 及事物之间的规律关系是关键所在；【设问形式 】“规律关系梳理法 ”、“递向寻踪法 ”理清人物The underlined word “ ” in the secondthird paragraph refers tomeans _.By saying “ ” in the firstsecond paragraph, the author means that _.The meaning of “ ” in paragraph is related to _.Which of the following has the closest meaning to paragraph .The underlined sentence in the paragraph probably means that _. Which of the following words can take the place of the word".". What is the meaning of"."as the words are used in the text. Which of the following has the closest meaning to.paragraph. According to the passage, the word “ ” properly means _.The word .could best be replaced by_. 二、解题思路与应试技巧 做这种类型的题,要依据词、词组、句子所在的语境上下文来判定其意义；因此娴熟掌 握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键；命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生,我们 要特殊留意熟词生义,切不行脱离语境主观臆断；下面结合近几年高考试题,对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读；1、依据定义或上下文说明进行推测 有时短文中显现一个需要推测其意义的词或短语,下面接着显现其定义或说明,这就是 判定该词或短语意义的主要依据；例如：Annealing is a way of making metal softer by heating it and then letting it cool very slowly. 句子赐予 annealing 以明确的定义,即 “退火 ”；It will be very hard but also very brittle that is, it will break easily. 从后面 that is也就是说 的说明中我们可以明白到brittle 是“脆”的意思；The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载定语从句中 looks after sheep 就说明白 herdsman的词义为 “牧羊人 ”；【考例】（2022 福建卷,E 篇）73. The underlined words “ tipping points” most probably refer to “ _A. freezing points B. burning points C. melting points D. boiling points 解析】 C；请看原文： In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting（融解） of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica. 依据后一句的 such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知 tipping points 的意思是 “融点”；（2007 山东卷, C 篇） 65.The underlined word _. “ daunting ” in Paragraph 1 most probablA. discouraging B. interesting C. creative D. unbearable 【解析】A；请看文章第一段： When Andrea Peterson landed her first teaching job, she faced the daunting task of creating a music program with almost no money for equipment or supplies in a climate where standards-based learning was the focus and music just provided a break for students and teachers. 由后半句的说明 “ with almost no money for equipment or supplies 可知此项任务不行能是“ interesting 或“ creative ”,而她的教学工作也与 “ unbearable ”无关,故 A 项正确；2、依据同位关系进行推测阅读中显现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语,对前面的词进行说明,这时可利用同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行推测；例如：They traveled a long way, at last got to a castle, a large building in old times. 同位语部分 a large building in old times 给出了 castle 的准确词义,即古时候的 “城堡”；We are on the night shiftfrom midnight to 8 a.m. this week. 两个破折号之间的短语很清晰地说明night shift 是“夜班 ”的意思；The “Chunnel” , a tunnel隧道 connecting England and France, is now complete. 此句中 a tunnel connecting England and France是 Chunnel 的同位语；因此,The “ Chunnel”就是 英法之间的海底隧道；【考例】（2004 上海卷, C 篇） 82. The word “ favouritism” in para graph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that_. A. bright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs. B. children from well-respected schools tend to have good jobs C. poor children with certificates are favoured in job markets D. children attending ordinary schools achieve great success 【解析】 B；请看原文： Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favourtism will replace equality. 破折号后的句子是对前面进行说明说明的,二者是同位关系,因此要推测 favourtism 的意思 可从前面句子的意思入手；答案为 B；3、依据构词法（合成、派生、转化等）进行推测 在英语中,有许多词可以在前面加前缀,在后面加后缀,从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载词可能是新词,但把握了肯定的构词学问,就不难猜出它的词义；例如：“ Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10,” Anaclerio said, interactive and “ and they re very creative in that they built a sense of drama based on a subject.”文中 interactive 是由前缀 inter-相互的 和 active（活动的,活跃的）而构成的,同时依据上下文的意思可以判定,该词的含义应是“互动的 ” ；Perhaps, we can see some possibilities for next fifty years. But the next hundred. possibility 是 possible 的同根名词,据此可以判确定possibility 意思是 “可能性 ”；【考例】（2022 全国卷 I,B 篇） 62. The underlined word “ fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something _. A. that people enjoy eating B. that is always present C. that is difficult to get D. that people use as a gift 【解析】 B；请看文章原句： The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater. 从文章意思可知,这种新型菠萝很畅销,当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客；另外依据构词学问可知,该词的词根是 fix ,含有 “固定”之意；4、依据因果关系进行推测在一篇阅读文章中,依据缘由可以推测结果,依据结果也可以找出缘由；例如：The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness was permanent. So the player could never play the sport again. 从后面的结果 “永久不能再运动 ”中,可以估计permanent 的意思为 “永久的,永久的 ”；The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of lifes doors will remain forever closed.”同学认为考试分数低就不行能进入一所好高校,而没有“名校”的毕业文凭,将来生活中的很多大门可能就会对他们永久关闭； 由此推知 A prestigious university 应是 a famous university（名 校）；【考例】2022 北京卷,C 篇 66. The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that _. A. the problem is not approached step by step B. the researchers so far have faults in themselves C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns 【解析】 D；句意推测题；由前面一句 “ We have a very limited number of studies 可知,由于研究的对象特别有限,所以对于房间设计影响人们的工作和心情这一现象只是“管中窥豹 ”,局 限性太强；紧跟后面一句 “ How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad, generalized use of them. 做了进一步说明, 房间设计影响居住者工作和心情这一理论正确与否仍有待进一步验证；2022 安徽卷, B 篇 60. The words “ boats on land” underlined in Paragraph 2 refer to _A. animals for taking goods B. creatures for pulling plows 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载C. treasures of the folk culture D. tools in the farming economy 【解析】A；请看原文：Of course, the good of oxen is not limited to plowing. In fact, they are seen as “boats on land” for their ability to carry loads.由划线词后缘由的说明 for their ability to carry loads 可以很轻松的得到结果：牛被看做 5、依据上下文的指代关系进行推测“陆地之舟 ”,是一种运输货物的动物；文章中的代词 it, that, this, he, him 或 them 可以指上文提到的人或物, 其中 it 和 that 仍可以指一件事；有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要仔细查找；也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事；例如：Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion 捍卫 found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper雨刷 an angry note intended for someone else: “ Whys your car HERE at HER place.”them 指的是前面显现的 self-published art magazines；However, the question that “ moon people ” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it. it 指的是月球人 moon people所问的问题（ the question）；【考例】2022 四川卷, E 篇 58. The underlined word “ it ” in the second paragraph refers to “ A. the energy benefit B. the forest loss C. climate change D. burning ethanol 【解析】 A；请看原文： Finally, over many years, the energy benefit from burning ethanol would make up for the forest loss. But by then, climate change would have progressed so far that it might not help. 燃烧乙醇带来的能源方面的好处可能会补偿失去森林的缺失,但是到那时,气候的变化已经太大, “这”也于事无补了；由此判定,2022 安徽卷, E 篇 73. What does the word A. We will lose much more than we can gain. B. Humans have begun destroying rainforests. C. People have a strong desire for resources. it 指前面提到的 the energy benefit；“ this ” underlined in the third paragraph refer to.D. Much carbon dioxide comes from burning rainforests. 【解析】A；this 指代前文提到的 “ but we will suffer much more than we will benefit,意思是 “砍伐森林带来短期利益,但是从长远来看,我们遭受的缺失远大于获得的利益”；因此挑选 A项；2022 浙江卷, A 篇 42. What does the underlined phrase “ her gift” Paragraph 2 refer to. A. Her words. B. Her smile. C. Her flowers. D. Her politeness. 【解析】B；请看原文： She smiled. It was a nice smile warm and reassuringand I retuned her gift by smiling back. 从前句话中可以知道 6、依据同义关系进行推测her gift 指的是 “ smile ”当词或短语之间有并列连词 and 或 or时,其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,由此可推知其大致意思；Although he often had the opportunity, Mr. Tritt was never able to steal money from a 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载customer. This would have endangered his position at the bank, and he did not want to jeopardize his future. 作者为防止重复使用endanger一词,用其同义词jeopardize来替代它,由此推知其词义为“使 陷入危急,危及、危害 ”；Doctors believe that smoking cigarettes is detrimental to your health. They also regard drinking as harmful. 句中 detrimental 是个生词,但判定出 harmful 替代 detrimental 后,不难推断出其词义为 “不 利的,有害的 ”；【考例】（2022 重庆卷, B 篇） 62. What does the underlined word “ distractions” probably refer to. A. Ways that help one to focus. B. Words that help one to feel less tense. C. Activities that turn ones attention away.D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax. 【解析】 C；请看原文： When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I canachieve something. Then, there are other distractions, such as family or hobbies. 由前面的 other 可 知 distractions 是与第一句意思基本相同,第一句话表达的是让人留意力分散的事情,结合上 下文可知 答案为 C；（2022 天津卷, A 篇） 37. What does the underlined phrase mean. A. Change suddenly. B. Change significantly. C. Disappear mysteriously. D. Disappear very slowly. “ die hard ” in Paragraph 1 probably 【解析】 D；请看原文： Frequently it happens that a place has two names: One is named by the people and the other by the government. As in many areas, old habits died hard, and the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost. 依据下文 “ the place continues to be called by its unofficial name long after the meaning is lost 可知前后是同义关系,die hard意思是 “顽固” ,同 D 项意义接近；7、依据转折或对比关系进行推测依据上下句的连接词,如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义；另外,分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干 的意义；例如：She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class. but 一词表转折,因此 but 前后的意思正好相反；后半句的意思是她今日“第一节上了一半才 来”,因此反向推理,可得出她平常一向“准时 ”的结论；【考例】（2022 陕西卷, C 篇） 50. The phrase means“ _” .“ hold water ” in the last paragraph most probably A. to be believable B. to be valuable C. to be admirable D. to be suitable 【解析】 A；请看文章原句： Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs 名师归纳总结 dont hold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives文章中本句意思是：即使科学能第 5 页,共 10 页- - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学习必备 欢迎下载告知我们一些传统的想法是经不起检验的,但“老人言 ”中仍有许多正确的东西；依据前后转折的意思可知, hold water 在此处意思是：经得起检验的,值得信任的；2022 江苏卷, A 篇 56. The underlined word something that is _. “ ally ” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you C. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you 【解析】B；请看原文：We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. 前一句说 “我们可以让时间消逝或让它成为我们的敌人”,下面一句由or 引出,表示相反的意思,即：我们可以掌握时间,让时间成为我们的伴侣来支持我们；8、通过上下文懂得推测词义通过上下文的详细信息推测词义是目前高考阅读懂得题中最常见的一种命题形式；【考例】（2022 重庆卷, A 篇） 59. What does the underlined word A. Smart words. B. Unusual actions. C. Surprising Looks. D. Anxious feelings. “ antics ” refer to. 【解析】 B；由上文 she rushed in, seized the phone, tore off the wires, and shouted at the phone And she swept it into the wastebasket.以及 She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the rest of the house, “ Now hear this. All objects in this room if you do anything to upset my husband, out you go. 可知,作者的妻子听到作者的吼叫声后,做了一些奇怪的事情,如将电话机扔进垃圾箱、对着屋子里的东西喊话等；而正是她的这些奇怪的行为让作者突然意识到了自己的失控；由上文这些信息可推知 巩固练习一“ antics ”指的是 Unusual actions；1. He is a resolute man. Once he makes up his mind to do something, he wont give it up halfwayThe underlined word means_. A.strong B. firm C. kind D. clever 2. Mr. Brown is now working at Princeton University far away from home. For this reason he has to rent a room near the office where he works. A.to work to live B. to eat to live C. to teach to live D. to pay to use 3. A good teacher works in quite a different way. His audience take an active part in his play: they ask and answer questions, they obey orders, and if they dont understand something, they say 4. The word “ audience ” in the paragraph means _.A.students B. people who watch a play C. people who act on the stage D. people who listen to something 5. The official asked the man what his occupation was. The man told him that he worked as an engineer. A. work B. study C. name D. interest 6. Those new comers were not used to the life in the suburbs which was so different from that inside the city. 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 10 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - A. town B. capital 学习必备欢迎下载C. country D. house 7. You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in Schools, or English Learning. A. dictionaries B. story-books C. magazines D. newspapers 8. The largest player Shanghai Bashi Tourism Car Center offers a wide variety of choices deluxe sedans, minivans, station wagons, coaches. Santana sedans are the big favorite. The words “ deluxe sedans,”“ minivans ” and “ station wagons” used in the text refer to _.A. cars in the making B. car rental firms C. cars for rent D. car makers 9. Most women in Ghana- the educated and illiterate, the urban and rural, the young and old- work to earn an income in addition to maintaining their roles as housewives and mothers. Their reputation for economic independence, self-reliance, and hard work is well known and well deserved. The underlined word “ illiterate ssage means _. A. Repeated B. reiterated. C uneducated D. sick 10. “ The Dave you saw on TV was the real Dave,