英语中形容词和副词的用法详解.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语中形容词和副词的用法详解英语中形容词和副词的用法详解形容词和副词 形容词及其用法 以-ly结尾的形容词 用形容词表示类别和整体 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 副词及其基本用法 兼有两种形式的副词 形容词与副词的比较级 as+形容词或副词原级+as 比较级形容词或副词+than 可修饰比较级的词 many,old和far the+最高级+比较范围 和more有关的词组 4. 形容词和副词 4.1 形容词及其用法 形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。（错）He is an ill man.（对）The man is ill.（错）She is an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid. 这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice 4.1 形容词及其用法  形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常，可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。（错）He is an ill man.（对）The man is ill.（错）She is an afraid girl.（对）The girl is afraid. 这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如： something nice4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） Her singing was lovely. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.4.2 以-ly结尾的形容词 1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） Her singing was lovely. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.4.3 用形容词表示类别和整体 1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry The poor are losing hope.2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese. The English have wonderful sense of humor.4.4 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序  多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词 a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car典型例题:1） Tony is going camping with _ boys. A.little two otherB. two little otherC.two other little D.little other two 答案：C。由"限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -性质-名词"的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table一、形容词的定义表示人或事物的属性,特征或状态的词叫形容词(Adjective).形容词修饰名词,它的基本用法就是为名词提供更多的信息,它分为性质形容词和叙述形容词两类.一般放在所修饰的名词之前;若修饰不定代词,则需后置.形容词的判断方法判断一个词是不是形容词,可以从其结构特点和句法特点两方面来确定.(1)结构特点以-able,-al,-ful, -ic,-ish,-less,-ous,-y等后缀结尾的词,一般是形容词,如:changeable(多变的),medical(医学上的),careful(仔细的),atomic(原子的),foolish(愚蠢的),careless(粗心的),delicious(美味的),healthy(健康的),rainy(多雨的)等.(2)句法特点大多数形容词都可以作定语;在be,look,seem等词之后作表语;可用very来修饰,有比较级和最高级形式.其中,在句中作定语或作表语是形容词最主要的特点.如:Mary is very nice.玛丽很可爱。(表语)Mary is a nice girl.玛丽是个可爱的女孩。(定语)He was asleep.他睡着了。(表语)She is a perfect teacher.她是位十全十美的老师。(定语) 二、形容词的用法1.用作定语Li Mei is a beautiful city girl. 李梅是一个漂亮的城市女孩。The new student comes from Japan. 那个新学生来自日本。2.用作表语My father's car is very expensive. 我父亲的轿车很贵。The English story is very interesting. 那个英文故事很有趣。3.用作宾语补足语Don't keep the door open. 别让门一直开着。His success made him happy. 他的成功让他感到幸福。We finally found the dictionary very useful.我们最后发现词典很有用。4."the+形容词",表示一类人或事物,相当于名词,用作主语及宾语The old often think of old things. 老年人经常回想往事。The new always take the place of the old. 新事物总会取代旧事物。5.有时也可用作状语或补语Please speak loud and clear. 请说话大声一点,清楚一点。These soldiers spent three days in the cold weather,cold and hungry.士兵们又冷又饿地在严寒的气候中度过了三天。After seven days, the children came back from the forest safe.七天之后,孩子们安全地从森林中返回。6.少数形容词只能作表语,不能作定语.这些形容词包括 ill,asleep,awake,alone,alive,well,worth,glad,unable,afraid等.例如:(正)Don't be afraid.(误)Mr Li is an afraid man.(正)The old man was ill yesterday.(误)This is an ill person.(正)This place is worth visiting.(误)That is a worth book.7.少数形容词只能作定语,不能作表语. 这些形容词包括 little,live(活着的),elder,eldest 等.例如:(正)My elder brother is a doctor.(误)My brother is elder than I.(正)This is a little house.(误)The house is little.(正)Do you want live fish or dead one(误)The old monkey is still live.高考英语精品复习学案形容词和副词考点用法及归纳 一、形容词和副词的基本用法A形容词：就是用来修饰名词或不定代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征的词。形容词主要作定语、表语、补语。如：1. This is a new pen. 这是支新钢笔。(形容词new作名词pen定语)2. These oranges taste _. (全国卷) A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well【分析】答案选A。系动词taste(尝起来)后要接形容词作表语。3. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _. (全国卷)A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening【分析】答案选A。形容词open(开着的)作宾补，表示状态。注意：不要选答案D，因为open是短暂性动词，不能表状态。B副词：就是修饰动词、形容词、其它副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。副词在句中主要作状语。如：Its raining heavily. 雨下得很大。(副词heavily修饰谓语动词)Its a rather interesting job. 这是一份相当有趣的工作。(副词rather修饰形容词interesting)She speaks English very well. 她的英语说得很好。(副词very修饰副词well)This is just what he said. 这正是他所说的。(副词just修饰what he said)注：here, there, in, out, away, abroad等少数副词也可以作表语；here, there, home, abroad, below等表示地点或方位的词及today, tomorrow, yesterday, back, out等表示时间或动词方向词还可以作定语。如：Tom isnt here. 汤姆不在这里。(here作表语)The people there were very kind to us. 那里的人对我们很友好。(副词there作定语，修饰people)二、定语形容词与表语形容词A表语形容词：有的形容词一般只作表语，如表示健康状况的well, unwell, ill, faint，表示情感反应的glad, sorry, fond, worth, able，以a开头的afraid, alone, asleep, alive, awake, alike, ashamed等。但有的可作后置定语或补语。B定语形容词：通常只作定语的形容词，如起强调作用的only(唯一的), single(唯一的), certain(某一), real(真正的), true(真正的), very(正是), live(活的), exact(准确的), present(在场的)，由名词等转化而来的wooden(木制的), woolen(羊毛制的), drunken(醉的), medical, daily, weekly, electric, former(前任的), some, any, little, many, 及one-eyed之类的复合形容词等。如：This is a medical school. (不说This school is medical. ) 三、形容词作定语的后置规律 形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前，但是在下列情况下作定语的形容词却要位于所修饰的名词之后：A形容词短语作定语时要后置。如：_ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (全国卷)A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave【分析】答案选C。enough修饰形容词时要位于形容词之后，排除B和D。brave enough to是形容词短语作定语，修饰students，要置于名词students之后。B表语形容词作定语要后置。如：All the people _ at the party were his supporters. (北京卷)A. present B. thankful C. interested D. important【分析】答案选A。表语形容词present(出席的、在场的)作定语，要放在所修饰的名词后。C形容词修饰不定代词something, anything, nothing等时，要位于后面。如：Is there anything important in the paper? 报纸上有什么重要新闻吗？四、多个形容词作定语的排序如：多个形容词修饰名词时，其排序规律是：(限定词+程度副词+) 描绘性形容词+表示大小(长短、高低)、形状、年龄(新旧)的形容词+表颜色的形容词+表国籍或产地的形容词+表物质材料的形容词+表类别或用途的形容词+名词。1. John Smith, a successful businessman, has a _ car. (辽宁卷)A. large German white B. large white German C. white large German D. German large white 【分析】答案选B。按“大小+颜色+产地”的顺序排列。2. _ students are required to take part in the boat race. (浙江卷)A. Ten strong young Chinese B. Ten Chinese strong youngC. Chinese ten young strong D. Young strong ten Chinese【分析】答案选A。数词是限定词，应排在形容词前，排除C和D；又strong是描绘，young是年龄，Chinese是国籍，其先后应为“描绘年龄国籍”。3. The _ house smells as if it hasnt been lived in for years. (江苏卷)A. little white wooden B. little wooden white C. white wooden little D. wooden white little【分析】答案选A。little是限定词，应放在形容词前面，排除C和D；表示颜色的应放在表示物质材料的形容词的前面，排除B。注：限定词的排序：前位限定词 (指量限定词all, both, half等；倍数词double, twice等；分数词one-third, two-fifths等) +中位限定词 (冠词；指示代词；形容词性物主代词；名词所有格)+后位限定词 (序数词及last, next等；基数词及few, several等)。如：1. The husband gave his wife _ every month in order to please her. (重庆卷)A. all half his income B. his half all income C. half his all income D. all his half income【分析】答案选A。all和half都是前位限定词，his是中位限定词，所以his要位于all和half之后，只有A正确。2. How was your recent visit to Qingdao?It was great. We visited some friends, and spent the _ days at the seaside. (全国卷)A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last【分析】答案选B。last, few是限定词，sunny是描绘性形容词，根据“限定词+形容词”的原则，排除C和D。又根据“序数词(包括last, past, next, another等)+基数词(包括few, several等)”的原则，排除A。五、副词在句中的位置规律 1) 副词修饰形容词或其它副词时，一般位于被修饰词的前面，但enough却要放在被修饰的形容词或副词的后面。如：1. Mum, I think Im _ to get back to school. Not really, my dear. Youd better stay at home for another day or two. (全国卷)A. so well B. so good C. well enough D. good enough【分析】答案选C。指“身体好”用形容词well (=healthy)而不用good；副词enough修饰形容词时，要位于形容词之后。2. If I had _, Id visit Europe, stopping at the small interesting places. (全国卷)A. a long enough holiday B. an enough long holiday C. a holiday enough long D. a long holiday enough【分析】答案选A。enough要放在形容词long之后。3. _, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless. (上海卷)A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely C. Strange enough D. Enough strange【分析】答案选A。修饰整个句子，要用副词，排除C和D；副词enough应放在它所修饰的副词strangely的后面，所以选A。2) 频度副词always, usually, often, never等一般放在行为动词前，或者情态动词、助动词或be动词之后。如：She always gets up early. 她总是起得早。(副词always放在行为动词gets之前)She is seldom late for school. 他很少上学迟到。(副词seldom放在be动词之后)3) 词表示地点的副词常放在句末；表示确定时间的副词放在句首或句末；表示方式的副词词通常放在“动词(+宾语)”之后，也可放在其它位置；同时有表示时间、地点和方式的副词时，其顺序一般为：方式地点时间。如：_ I went to the railway station to see my friend off. (全国卷)A. After eating quickly my dinner B. After my quickly eating dinnerC. After eating my dinner quickly D. After eating my quickly dinner【分析】答案选C。方式副词一般位于“动词(+宾语)”之后。 六、ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别 -ed形容词，通常说明人，意为“(某人)感到”；-ing形容词通常说明事物，意为“(某事物)令人”或“令人的(事物)”。这样成对的形容词有：interested / interesting; excited / exciting; frightened / frightening; surprised / surprising; pleased / pleasing; moved / moving; disappointed / disappointing等。1. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _. (重庆卷)A. worried B. to worried C. worrying D. worry【分析】答案选A。表示人“感到忧虑的”用-ed形容词。句意是：法律使得做父母的感到忧虑。2. It is believed that if a book is _, it will surely _ the reader. A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interested C. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest【分析】答案选D。指书令人有趣用interesting而不interested，排除A和C。interest是动词，“使有趣”。注：即使-ed形容词用以说明事物，那也是指与该事物相关的人；即使-ing形容词用以说明人，也是指此人具有该性质或特征。如： He told me the news in an excited voice. 他告诉了那个消息，声音很激动。The man is interesting. 这个有很有趣。另外，glad, happy, sorry, angry, thankful, proud等的主语也只能是人；而pleasant, easy, difficult, important等则通常以事物或it作主语，因为它们是说明事物的如：Im very _ with my own cooking. It looks nice and smells delicious. Mn, it does have a _ smell. (北京卷)A. pleasant; pleased B. pleased; pleased C. pleasant; pleasant D. pleased; pleasant【分析】答案选D。pleased指“(人)感到高兴”，pleasant指“令人愉快的(事物)”。4.5 副词及其基本用法  副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置：1） 在动词之前。2） 在be动词、助动词之后。 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意： a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. b. 方式副词well，badly糟、坏，hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。 Please write slowly and carefully.3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。 改错：(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.4.6 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close与closelyclose意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地" He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近" You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeply deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high与highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方" He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.4.7 形容词与副词的比较级  大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1) 规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。构成法原级比较级最高级一般单音节词tall(高的) tallertallest未尾加-er,-estgreat(巨大的)greater greatest 以不发音的e结尾nice(好的) nicernicest的单音词和少数 large(大的)larger largest以- le结尾的双able（有能力的) ablerablest音节词只加-r,-st以一个辅音字母big(大的) bigger biggest结尾的闭音节单hot热的)hotter hottest音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est "以辅音字母+y"easy(容易的)easier easiest结尾的双音节词，busy(忙的)busier busiest改y为i，再加 -er，-est 少数以-er，-owclever(聪明的)cleverer cleverest结尾的双音节词narrow(窄的)narrower narrowest未尾加-er，-est 其他双音节词和important(重要的)多音节词，在前more important面加more，most most important来构成比较级和easily(容易地) 最高级。more easilymost easily 2) 不规则变化 原级 比较级最高级 good(好的)/betterbestwell(健康的) bad (坏的)/ worse worstill(有病的)old (老的)older/elderoldest/eldest much/many(多的) more mostlittle(少的)lessleastfar (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest4.8 as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as<=> 倍数+ then + ofTh