现在完成时的用法总结.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date现在完成时的用法总结现在完成时的用法总结一、 重点语法解析 Past nowYesterday , we Now , the classroom cleaned the classroom. is clean because we have cleaned it.· 1. My father bought many books for me yesterday .· Now , I have a lot to read because _· 2. I saw this film last week.· Now, I know this film because I_.· 3. I did my homework yesterday.· Now, I can give it to the teacher because I_ Past now I began to teach I have taught English at this English at this school five school for five years.years ago.· 1. I am a doctor. I began to work when I was 22.Now , I am 26. I _ for four years.· 2. We went to the USA last Monday. Today is Monday . We _ (stay) in the USA since last Monday.1、现在完成时：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，常用for和since表示一段时间的状语或so far，now，today，this week (month，year)等表示包括现在时间在内的状语。不能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如：in 1990，last Sunday 等）。例如： He has studied English for 5 years. He has studied English since 2001. Now I have finished the work.注意：表过去某一时间发生的动作或状态一直延续到现在（强调现在），动作或状态一般是延续性的，因此要用表延续性的动词或表状态的动词。表示短暂时间动作的词，如:come，go，die，marry，buy等的完成时不能与for，since等表示一段时间的词连用。也不能用于how long引导的疑问句中。如不能说：He has borrowed the book for two months.()但可以说：He has kept the book for 2 months.或：It has been 2 months since he borrowed the book. 或：Two months has passed since he borrowed the book. 这些瞬间动词常与它对应的可以表示时间段的词语进行互换。becomebe borrowkeep buyhave begin (start)be on openbe open diebe dead leave-be away come-be here/in go outbe outjoin-be a member/be in begin to study-study注明：非延续性动词在否定结构中可用于现在完成时态：I havent bought anything for two days.2、现在完成时的结构：have / has + 过去分词 否定结构：havent / hasnt + 过去分词 一般疑问句中：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词3、一般过去时：一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系（即动作或状态在现在已经结束），它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的确和现在有联系。动作或状态发生在过去，但它的影响现在还存在；而一般过去时表示过去的事实，不表示和现在的关系。I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我刚去过伦敦，是上个月去的。1. 过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2. 过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3.现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。举例： I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了。） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了。） Who hasn't handed in his paper? （强调有卷子，可能为不公平竞争。） She has returned from Paris. 她已从巴黎回来了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回来了。 He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -He's already been sent for.句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。 （错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.二、动词的过去分词的规则变化1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：   (1）、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked,visit-visited-visited (2）、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived, (3）、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 "y" 变为 "i" ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied,cry-cried-cried (4）、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped,drop-dropped-dropped2、不规则动词的过去式以及过去分词巧记规律：AAA：cost-cost-cost read-read-readput-put-put cut-cut-cutlet-let-let set-set-setbeat-beat-beat hit-hit-hit hurt-hurt-hurt spit-spit-spit rid-rid-rid注：原形、过去式和过去分词的词形和读音都相同的单词，结尾字母一般是t或d。特殊：动词read的过去式和过去分词虽然词形与原形一致，read-read-read，但发音分别是ri:d-red-red。 ABA（含规则动词）：有些动词的过去分词与原形是一样的:run-ran-run come-came-come become-became-become overcome-overcame-overcomeABB（含规则动词）：1.另有一些其它形式的变化。have (has)-had-had leave-left-leftlose-lost-lost make-made-madefeel-felt-felt spell-spelt-spelt stand-stood-stood2. 改变单词中间元音字母。sit-sat-sat (babysit) win-won-wonshine-shone-shone hold-held-heldfind-found-found hear-heard-heardhang-hung (hanged)-hung (hanged)ABC：有些动词的过去分词是在原形词尾加n或en，变成以en结尾的单词。 take-took-taken give-gave-givenfall-fell-fallen eat-ate-eatenwrite-wrote-written speak-spoke-spokenfreeze-froze-frozen ride-rode-ridden get-got-gotten (got) forget-forgot-forgotten (forgot)特殊： am/is-was-been are-were-been,do (does)-did-done go-went-gonesee-saw-seen show-showed-shown (showed) lie-lay (lied)-lain (lied) 三、重难点词汇精讲1. Have you ever been to an amusement park?Ø have been to .have been to + 地点：去过某地（已回）have been to表示“到(去)过某处”，现在已不在那个地方。 如：He has been to England 他曾到过英国。(现在已经不在英国了) Have you ever been to the Great Wall？ 你到过长城吗?（现在已经不在长城上）Ø have gone to + 地点：去了某地（未回）have gone to表示“去了某处”，“到某处去了”，现在已不在说话的地点了。 如：He has gone to England。 他已去英国了。(已经不在说话的地方，到达英国或者在去英国的路上) 2、 ever, never, already, yet, still1) ever常用于否定句、疑问句中。v ever常用于现在完成时中。v ever用于强化比较级和最高级。 What's the best gift you have ever received?v ever since：自那时起The shop has been open ever since.forever：永远的（地）2） never：从不 -Have you ever been to an amusement park? -No, never. already：已经（肯）- yet：已经，还（否、疑） He has already been to Beijing twice. He hasn't been to Beijing yet. -Have you been to Beijing yet? -No, not yet. still：仍然，还；常用于肯定句中3、neither (1) Neither Jenny nor I own a car. (2) Leon neither drinks nor smokes. (3) My husband doesnt want to see a movie tonight, and neither do I. (4) A: Which of the dresses did you like? B: Neither of them. (5) A: I havent seen that movie. B: I havent ，either. ( Neither have I. ) ( Me, neither )形容词，意为“两者都不”，置于单数名词前Neither girl has been there before. - 两个女孩以前都没去过那。代词，意为“两者都不，双方均不”。Neither of the girls has been there before.I like neither. -连词， 常用短语：neither . nor .表示“既不 .，也不.。”Neither he nor I _ interested in it. (be) - _原则I will believe neither you nor _. (he)副词，作“也不”，放在句首，表示前面否定的内容也适用于后面的人或物， 形容词或副词提前，需用倒装句。注意：neither作主语时，通常被视为单数，但有复数意义。v neither. nor .；either . or .；not only ., but also .连接两个并列结构,句型中使用就近原则，both . and .句型中，谓语动词用复数形式。-I don't like this dress.-Neither do I. - 我也不喜欢。(I don't like this dress, either) I havent been to an amusement park.Me, neither.(对应：Me, too.) =I haven't been to an amusement park, either.(not. either = neither) =Neither have I.If you can't solve it, neither can he. (He can't solve it, either.)I am not interested in it, neither is he. (He is not interested in it, either.)练：If you don't help me, neither _ others. 4、neither, nor, so引导的倒装句：1) 句式：v Neither/Nor/So + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 + 主语. 表示“.也/也不”。Neither do I. = Nor do I. -我也不。So do I. -我也是。v So + 主语 + 助动词/be动词/情态动词. 表“确实如此”，用于同意上文中的对方的观点。- It is a nice day.- So it is. -它确实是个好天气。三、综合练习一、单项选择1、 He_ to Canada, so you cant see him recently.A have been to B have gone to C has been to D has gone to2、I have been to America, so_ he.A did B have C has D does3、London has ever hosted the modern Olympics Paris .A. So does B. So has C. Nor does D. Neither has4、Neither of the two boys _ from the USA.A. come B. dont come C. comes D. doesnt come5、I have not been to America, _ has he.A so B neither C and D but6、Her grandfather _ for two years. A. diedB. has diedC. has been deadD. has been died7、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _what's happened to him .（呼和浩特）. knew . have known . must know .will know8、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ?. already .never .ever . still9、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago10、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two years . is writing .was writing .wrote .has written11、Our country _ a lot so far .Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; good. has changed ; better . changed ; better12、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying13、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . Knew14、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . have seen . saw .see15、These farmers have been to the United States .Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone 16、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish17、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . joined . has joined . was in . has been in18、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . were . have been . have become . have made19、How long have you _ here ?About two months . been . gone . come . arrived20、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . has begun . had begun. has been on . began21、 Miss Green isn't in the office . she_ to the library .has gone . went .will go . has been22、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . have been in . have been to. have gone to . have been历年中考重现：1I_  a letter from him since he left（天津市）  Adidn't receive Bhaven't got Cdidn't have Dhaven't heard 2Where have you _ these days？ I have_ to Dazhu with my friends（重庆市） Abeen；gone Bbeen；been Cgone；been Dgone；gone 3How long have you _ this book？（哈尔滨市） Abought Bborrowed Chad Dlent 4Where's Peter？ He _ to Nanjing（沈阳市） Ais going Bhas been Chas gone Dwent 5You've never seen such a wonderful film before，_ ？（河北省） Ahaven't you Bhave you Cdo you Ddon't you 6We have lived here _ five years ago（河南省） Awhen Bsince Cbefore Dafter 7How do you like Beijing，Mr Black？ Oh，I _ such a beautiful city（江西省） Adon't visit Bdidn't visit Chaven't visited Dhadn't visited 8The old people _ lonely at all since we began to visit them once a week（广州市） Adon't feel Bhasn't felt Chaven't felt Ddidn't feel 9My grandfather_  in the small town all his lifeHe always says he likes the town（四川省） Alived Bhave lived Chas lived Dis living 10Miss Brown _ to the Great Wall twice（贵阳市） Ahave been Bhas been Chave gone Dhas gone 11His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _ he came to Yunnan（昆明市） Aafter Bbefore Csince Dfor 12Have you ever_  to Haikou？ Yes，I_  there with my family last August（海南省） Agone；went Bbeen；went  Cbeen；went to Dbeen；was in 13His sister _ her hometown for three years She'll return next year（合肥市） Aleft Bhas left  Chas been away Dhas been away from 二、用所给的正确形式填空1. He _ ever _ (be) to the History Museum several times.2. - _ you ever _ (be) to the zoo? - Yes. I _(go) there last summer. I _ (see) many kinds of animals there.3. - Where is Mr. Wang? - He (go) to the library. He wants to borrow some library books.4. Rodgers (plant) those trees. He _ (do) it the day before yesterday.5. We (learn) English for more than two years.三、翻译下列句子。1. 我从来没有去过游乐场。你呢？我也没有。I have _ to an amusement park. _ you? _ I.2. 以前我从来没读过这么好笑的故事。I _ never _ a funny story like _.3. 你曾经和你的同桌争吵过吗？_ you ever _ your deskmate? 4. 你为什么想去讲英语的国家工作？_ do you want to _ in an _ country?-