英语公司战略与风险管理.doc
Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语公司战略与风险管理英语公司战略与风险管理公司战略与风险管理一、战略分析教材将企业外部环境分为三大类:一般宏观环境、行业环境、经营环境与竞争优势环境,内部环境为内部资源、能力与核心竞争力。这与杭建平老师授课的课件分类与表述有所区别。PEST分析-PEST Model (网校的英语辅导教材和网上课程都将PEST模型写为PESTEL Model,多了两项要素,我感觉还是以中文教科书为准)PEST分析的四个关键要素(第一个单词全是形容词)1、政治和法律因素(political factors)-联系陈华亭老师的“四政”记忆:政局、政府、政党、政团,以及由此发生的三大类政治风险及应对措施,可考性强!2、经济因素(economical factors)3、社会和文化因素(social factors)4、技术因素(technological factors)在考试中无论中英文材料中出现税收(taxation)、法律(laws)、外贸法规(foreign trade regulations)归入政治和法律因素(political factors);出现通货膨胀(inflation)、商业周期(business cycle)、可支配收入(disposable income)归入经济因素(economical factors);人口统计(population demographics)、收入分配(income distribution)、工作生活态度(attitudes to work and leisure)归入社会和文化因素(social factors)。万能句型总结:这类题可用动词:包括(include, cover)、受影响(is/are influenced by)。 比如说:政治和法律因素包括法律、税收政策 -The political factors include laws, taxation policies and.行业生命周期(Industry Life Cycle Modeal)行业生命周期的四个阶段:1、起步期(Introduction)2、成长期 (Growth)3、成熟期 (Maturity)4、衰退期 (Decline)关键特征的主要指标:2012的教材描述是市场份额、需求增长率、产品品种、竞争者数量等,陈华亭的课建议学生按行业生命周期的那幅图进行联想记忆。但各类英文材料对这几个指标描述各异,个人准备还是以中文教材为基础进行延伸描述。以需求增长率为主线,再判断竞争是否激烈,然后再描述一下产品品种,也就差不多能拿一半以上的分了,答全了不太容易,各阶段的点太乱太杂,串不完整。做题时估计一般会让你判断企业所处的行业处于生命周期的哪一个阶段,这时先根据市场增长率来确定阶段,再套用句式。比如说“成熟期”:1. 先说增长率: The growth rate of the industry declines and stable gradually. 2. 由于增长率趋缓,竞争加剧: There exists intensive competition in the market. 3. 再说产品:Standardization of products with only small differentiations。程咬金的三板斧,希望能砍出点分数。波特的五力模型 (Porters five forces model)杭建平老师的课件中的“五力”英语表述与大部分英语材料有区别,罗毅老师的课件又是另一个版本,有N个版本,个人以网校的英语辅导教材为准(神那!为什么表述都不一样,评分老师怎么给分啊!)陈华亭老师认为去年考了SWOT,今年考“五力”的可能性大。1、行业新进入者的威胁 Theat of new entrants2、替代产品的威胁 Threat of substitute products3、购买商的议价能力 Bargaining power of customers4、供应商的议价能力 Bargaining power of suppliers5、同业竞争者的竞争强度 Competition / rivalry考试估计是给出材料让你以五力模型判断企业是否适合进入该行业,判断上应该很简单,但按照教材上所说的因素来分析,专业词汇记忆量不少,有能力的同学翻英语教材背一下,英语差的就先写上“五力”的英文,判断一下两个威胁“大”或“小”,两个议价能力“强”或“弱”,竞争强度“激烈“或”不激烈“。再抄一些题中的描述,估计也能得不少分了。”行业新进入者的威胁要注意“行业壁垒 barriers to entry“的描述。企业的资源1、有形资源 tangible resources 2、无形资源 intangible resources3、组织资源 structure resources能够建立企业核心竞争力的资源陈华亭老师总结的"竞缺末代酒"五种资源,这里杭建平老师的课件上标注的英语与其他教材也有不同。1、建立竞争优势 resources with competitive advantage2、稀缺资源 scarce resources3、不可被模仿的资源 costly-to-imitate resources4、不可替代的资源 nonsubstitutable resources5、持久的资源 ever-lasting resources价值链分析(Porter's Value Chain)五种基本活动1、进货后勤 inbound logistics2、生产经营 operations3、发货后勤 outbound logistics4、市场营销 marketing and sales5、服务 service四种辅助活动(首字记忆“奇才人人嫉”,自己瞎编的,帮助记忆)1、企业基础设施建设 firms infrastructure2、采购 procurement3、人力资源管理 human resources management4、技术开发 technology developmentSWOT分析这里表述都是复数形式,有的教材表述为单数形式,不管了1、优势 strengths2、劣势 weaknesses3、机会 opportunities4、威胁 threats二、战略选择公司战略(总体战略)Corporate Strategy在这里所有英语材料对战略分类侧重点都与战略的中文教材不同,重点都放在安索夫矩阵和波特的一般战略上,而对公司战略(总体战略)一笔带过。1、横向一体化 Horizontal integration2、纵向一体化 Vertical integration3、前向一体化 Backwards vertical integration4、后向一体化 Forwards vertical integration安索夫矩阵(企业成长矩阵)Ansoff's matrix (这包括教材中的密集型成长战略和多元化战略,要清楚理解教材的中文归类) 模拟考试系统有画矩阵功能,有让考生画矩阵的可能性,要多看几次5、市场渗透 Market penetration 旧的市场、旧的产品6、产品开发 Product development 旧的市场、新的产品7、市场开发 Market development 新的市场、旧的产品8、多元化 Diversification 新的市场、新的产品稳定型战略 Stability strategy (记忆:陈华亭老师说中国足球队很稳定,因为“暂无伟大的球员”)9、暂停战略 Suspending strategy10、无变战略 No-change strategy11、维持利润战略 Profit holding strategy收缩型战略 Retrenchment strategy (记忆:陈华亭老师说公司要关门,老板在房间在转来转去想,想不明白,“扭不清”)12、扭转战略 Turnaround strategy 13、剥离战略 Divestiture strategy14、清算战略 Liquidation strategy业务单位战略(竞争战略)- 一般战略(Porter's generic strategies)各种战略的优缺点和适用情形比较头疼,但出题可能性也颇大,让考生简述一般战略类型和选择哪一种战略,唉.,最后再背了,先背框架部分1、成本领先 Cost leadship2、差异化 Differentiation3、集中化 Focus战略发展方法 Strategy Development1、内部发展 Organic growth 这里英文是”有机增长“与教材的说法有不同。2、并购战略 Acquisition3、联合发展和战略联盟 Strategic alliance波士顿矩阵 BCG这个矩阵的排列与安索夫矩阵有点象,自己动手画一下类型 企业应采取的战略1、问号产品 Question mark 建设或收获 build or harvest2、明星产品 Stars 建设 build 3、金牛产品 Cash Cows 持有或在虚弱时收获 hold or harvest if weak4、瘦狗产品 Dogs 剥离或持有 divest or hold三、战略实施组织结构类型这块在中文考试中是重点,这么多优缺点,看到这块就想吐,吐啊吐啊也习惯了。1、创业型组织结构 Entrepreneurial structure2、职能制组织结构 Functional structure3、事业部制组织结构 Divisional structure4、战略业务单位组织结构 SBU(Strategic Business Unit)5、矩阵制组织结构 Matrix structure6、H型结构 Holding company structure7、多国企业的组织结构 (没找到英文表达,先空着)新产品的定价法1、撇脂定价法 Market skimming pricing (途观汽车就是撇脂定价法)2、渗透定价法 Market penetration pricing (小米手机就是渗透定价法)促销组合四要素(首字记忆“恭迎官人“,呵呵,联想一下古代欢场做促销,你懂的)1、广告促销 Advertising 2、营业推广 Sales promotion3、公关宣传 Public relations4、人员推销 Personal selling四、战略控制平衡记分卡 BSC 1、财务角度 Financial perspective2、顾客角度 Customer perspective3、内部流程角度 Internal business processes perspective4、创新与学习角度 Learning and innovation perspective 为什么翻译成中文要倒个个呢职业道德守则2010年英语考了职业道德,感觉难度比较大,专业名词多,动词的表达也要求规范,评分时老师也容易对照专业表达找得分点,学习真不容易 。个人准备粗浅地学点惯用表达,如果到时出职业道德题,就先用中文先作个草稿,做中译英了。要点:多用名词,少用动词;多用被动,少用主动。惯用动词:comply with 遵守perform 执行attain 取得maintain 保持 influence 影响avoid 避免keep 保持 apply 应用comprise 包含take 采取 ensure 保证threaten 威胁depend on 依靠,取决于be concerned about 担心enter into 进入,签订合同discover 发现include 包括respond to 应对 eliminate 消除reduce.to. 降低至evaluate 评估notify 通知 refuse 拒绝obtain 取得determine 决定 prevent 阻止 accept 接受resign from 辞职,解约require 要求charge 收费assign 分配intend 打算withdraw 退出 terminate 终止discuss 讨论exert 施加 decline 拒绝identify 识别 notify 通知 undertake 承担名词:CPAaudit engagement 审计业务assurance engagement 鉴证业务review engagement 审阅业务independence 独立性professional competence 专业胜任objectivity 客观confidentiality 保密safeguards 防范措施professional judgment 专业判断ethical requirements 道德要求self-interest 自身利益self-review 自我评价advocacy 过度推介familiarity 密切关系intimidation 外在压力client 客户assurance team 鉴证业务项目组assurance client 鉴证业务客户contingent fee 或有收费 the subject matter of the assurance engagement 鉴证对象litigation 诉讼third party 第三方 the engagement partner 项目合伙人dismissal 解约accounting treatment 会计处理acceptable level 可接受水平the fundamental principles 基本原则conflict 冲突 consent 同意confidentiality agreement 保密协议 responsibility 责任term 条款 threat (to) 威胁referral fee 介绍费commission 佣金 nature 性质supervisory procedure 督导程序management 管理层those charged of governance 治理层independence of mind 实质上的独立independence in appearance 形式上的独立 professional skepticism 专业怀疑public interest entity 公众利益实体listed company 上市公司immediate family member 主要近亲属close family member 其它近亲属loan 贷款 guarantee 担保assurance report 鉴证报告assurance engagement 鉴证业务约定书重要短语:with respect to / in respect to 关于.on behalf of. 代表based on the fact that. 基于的事实be independent of 不依赖in compliance with 按照审计复习得崩溃,以及这坑爹的论坛排坛功能,咬着牙继续结合中文记忆要点了解一些基础表达,中英文一起背!1、财务报务层次重大错报风险的总体应对措施。Overall responses to address(应对)the risks of material misstatement(重大错报风险)at the financial statement level· 向项目组强调保持职业怀疑的重要性。Emphasizing to audit staff the need to maintain professional skepticism· 指派更有经验或具有特殊技能的人员,或利用专家的工作。Assigning additional or more experienced staff to the audit team or replying on the work of the experts.· 提供更多的督导。Providing more supervision on the audit.· 在选择拟实施的进一步审计程序时融入更多的不可预见的因素。Incorporating(融入) more unpredictability into the audit procedures.· 对拟实施审计程序性质、时间或范围作出总体修改。Making general change to the nature, timing and extent(性质、时间、范围) of audit procedures.2、增加审计程序不可预见性的方法(没找到英文材料,看中文教材吧,可能考中文,结合教材P252页表格)3、总体应对措施对拟实施进一步审计程序的总体审计方案的影响。· 当评估的财务报表层次风险属于高风险水平时,拟实施的进一步审计程序 的总体方案往往更倾向于实质性方案。When the assessed(评估的) risk of material misstatement at the financial statement level is high, the substantive procedures(实质性程序)are preferred.4、进一步审计程序的含义、类型和考虑因素。· 进一步审计程序是指注册会计师针对评估的各类交易、账户余额和披露认定层次重大错报风险实施的审计程序 ,包括控制测试和实质性程序。Further audit procedures means the procedures carried out for the risks of material misstatement to each transaction class, account balance and disclosure at the assertion level, which include tests of controls and substantive procedures.· 类型:询问、观察、检查、函证、重新计算、重新执行和分析程序。Inquiry, observation, inspection, confirmation, recalculation, reperformance and analytical procedures.在设计 进一步审计程序时,注册会计师应当考虑下列因素:*风险的重要性The significance of the risk.*重大错报发生的可能性The likelihood of material misstatement.*涉及各类交易、账户余额和披露的特征The characteristics of the transaction classes, account balance and disclosures.*被审计单位采用的特定控制的性质The nature of specific control in the client.*注册会计师是否拟获取审计证据,以确定内部控制在防止或发现并纠正重大错报方面的有效性Whether the auditor expects to test the operating effectiveness of internal control to prevent or detect and correct material misstatement.5、控制测试控制测试是指用于评价内部控制在防止或发现并纠正认定层重大错报方面的运行有效性审计程序。Tests of control are audit procedures performed to evaluate the operating effectiveness of internal control to prevent, or detect and correct material misstatement at the assertion level. 当存在下列情况之一时,注册会计师应当实施控制测试:Tests of control are performed when:* 在评估认定层次重大错报风险时,预期控制的运行是有效的。The auditor's risk assessment of material misstatement at the assertion level is based the assumption that control are operating effectively.* 仅实施实质性程序并不能够提供认定层次充分、适当的审计证据。When substantive procedures alone are insufficient to obtain sufficient and appropriate evidence(获取充分、适当的证据)at the assertion level.控制测试采用的审证程序的类型通常包括询问、观察、检查和重新执行。Tests of the operating effectiveness of controls include inquiries, inspection, observation and reperformance.6、实质性程序 Substantive procedures实质性程序是指用于发现认定层次重大错报的审计程序。包括对各类交易、账户余额和披露的细节测试以及实质性分析程序。Substantive procedures are audit procedures designed to detect material misstatement at the assertion level. They consist of tests of details(细节测试) of transactions classes, account balances and disclosures, and substantive analytical procedures(实质性分析程序).7、利用内部审计需满足的条件注册会计师可以利用内部审计师的工作成果,但需满足如下条件:The external auditors would normally be able to use the work of the internal auditors provided that:l内部审计师具有独立性。They are independent.l内部审计师具有胜任能力。They are competent.l有效的沟通.Effective communicationl内部审计师应保持应有的职业关注。They have exercised due professional care(应有的职业关注).9、对舞弊和法律法规的考虑Consideration of fraud, laws and regulationsl治理层、管理层的责任和注册会计师的责任:Responsibility of those charged with governance and management and auditorsn被审计单位治理层和管理层对防止或发现舞弊负有主要责任。Those charged with governance and management is responsible for preventing or detecting fraud.n注册会计师对发现舞弊方面的责任可以从两个方面界定:There are two aspects to define the responsibility of auditors on fraud:u在按照审计准则的规定执行审计工作时,注册会计师有责任对财务报表整体是否不存在由于舞弊或错误导致的重大错报获取合理保证。 An auditor is responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance that the financial statements on the whole are free from material misstatements arising from fraud or error when he is auditing in terms of auditing standards.u注册会计师应当在整个审计过程中保持职业怀疑态度,并应当意识到,对有效发现错误的审计程序未必适用于发现舞弊。 The auditor should maintain professional skepticism throughout the audit, and recognize the fact that effective audit procedures to detect errors may not be applied to detect fraud.l发现舞弊时对审计的影响 Effects of detecting fraud on auditingn如果发现某项错报,注册会计师应当考虑该项错报是否表明存在舞弊。 If a misstatement is detected, auditors shall consider whether the misstatement implicates a fraud.n注册会计师不应将审计中发现的舞弊视为孤立发生的事项。注册会计师还应当考虑发现的错报是否表明,在某一特定领域存在舞弊导致的更高的重大错报风险。 The fraud should not be regarded as an isolated event. Auditors should consider whether the misstatements indicate there exists the higher risk of material misstatements due to fraud in a specific area.n如果认为错报是舞弊或可能是舞弊导致的,即使错报金额对财务报表的影响并不重大,注册会计师仍应考虑错报涉及的人员在被审计单位中的职位。 If the misstatement arises or may arise from fraud, even if the amount of the misstatement have no significant influence over the financial statements, auditors still should consider the position of the person involved in the entity.10、审计报告的类型无保留意见审计报告Unmodified report非无保留意见的审计报告Modified report保留意见Qualified opinion否定意见Adverse opinion无法表示意见Declaimer of opinion财本成本管理2012年模拟卷8分英文题涉及公司估值方法及其优缺点(背啊背),会不会今年就如模拟卷一道小题考财管,一道大题考审计或战略?如果不知道这些专业名词可无从下手了,瞎写也得不了分。一、财务估价1、公司的资本成本 the cost of capital普通股的成本估计 cost of ordinary share capital1. 资本资产定价模型 the capital asset pricing model 2. 股利增长模型 the constant groth dividend discount model3. 债券收益加风险溢价法 the return of debts plus risk premium method债务成本的估计1. 到期收益率法 maturity yield rate method2. 可比公司法 comparable company method3. 风险调整法 risk-adjusted method4. 财务比率法 financial ratio method加权平均资本成本 weighted average cost of capital (WACC)1. 账面价值加权 book value weights2. 实际市场价值加权 market value weights3. 目标资本结构加权 target capital structure weights2、投资项目的资本成本1. 按照企业当前的资本成本计算 estimating the cost of capital by the current cost of capital2. 按类比法计算 estimating the cost of capital by comparable company method3、企业估值 企业估值的目的 the purpose of valuation1. 投资分析 for investment analysis2. 战略分析 for stategy analysis3. 以价值为基础的管理 for value-based management现金流量折现模型 discounted cash flow model1. 股利流利流量模型2. 股权现金流量模型 3. 实体现金流量模型 相对价值法1. 市盈率模型 P/E ratio method2. 市净率模型 P/B ratio method3. 收入乘数模型 income multiplier method二、长期筹资1、股利分配政策1. 剩余股利分配政策 residual dividend policy2. 固定或持续增长的股利政策 stable dividend policy(中英文有区别)3. 固定股利支付率政策 constant dividend payout ratio4. 低正常股利加额外股利政策 low regular plus specially designated dividends三、业绩评价 1、业绩的财务计量方法1. 盈利基础 profit-based performance measurement2. 剩余收益基础 residual income (RI)3. 经济增加值基础 economic value added (EVA)4. 市场增加值基础 market value added (MVA)Phrases for Writing Emails, Letters, Notes and MemosMore formalLess formalOpening salutationDearHiGive reason for writingI'm writing toJust a quick note to sayRefer to previous contactWith regard to your letterThanks for your emailFurther to our previous meetingIt was good to see you last weekMake a suggestionI would like to suggest thatHow aboutWhat aboutApologiseI would like to apologise forI'm afraid thatWe apologise for any inconvenience caused byI'm sorry thatGive good newsWe are delighted toGreat news!We are pleased toGive bad newsUnfortunately, The bad news isWe regret to tell you thatRequestI would be grateful if you couldCan youOffer helpIf you have any further queries/problems, please do not hesitate to contact meDo you want me toRemindMay I reminder you thatDon't forgetRefer to future contactI'm looking forward to working with you again in the future.See you soon.I'm looking forward to meeting you again.Closing salutationYours faithfully(when the letter begins Dear Sir/Madam)Best regards/wishesYours sincerely(when the letter begins Dear Mr/Ms/Mrs)All the bestQQ空间新浪微博腾讯微博人人网更多8-