英语句子成分分析学案.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语句子成分分析学案英语句子成分分析学案 句子成分及结构一 句子成分现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：除 主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial) 和补语（complement）之外还有 表语（predicative）（同位语）。1. 主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true练习2. 改错1) Do exercise everyday is good for your health.2) All what he said isnt true.3) He came late made his teacher angry.4) On the desk is two books.2. 谓语：谓语由动词充当，说明主语所作的动作或具有的特征和状态。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语： He practices running every morning. He reads newspapers every day.2、复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. My sister is crying over there.I have been waiting for you all the time.I would stay at home all day.考点1. 在一般现在时中要注意动词第三人称单数当主语是复数时（不止一个人），后面用动词原形。当主语是一个人，并且不是I 和you，谓语要用第三人称单数，也就是在后面加-s,-es1. We/You(你们)/They _(go) to school every day.2. Tom and Mike _(go) to school every day. 3. His children _(go) to school every day.4. Tom _(go) to school every day.5. My brother _(go) to school every day.6. Your sister _(go) to school every day.7. Their son _(go) to school every day.8. He / She _(go) to school every day.考点2. 谓语中要有动词，因此形容词前面要加上系动词才能作谓语。如：Our school very beautiful and we like it very much.×改_-考点3. 在复合谓语中，情态动词和助动词,如：will, shall, would, should, can, may must, could, might,还有had to, had better, used to, would rather等，都没有人称和数的变化，后面用动词原形。修改下面句子:She might stayed at home. _ He must comes. _It raining heavily. _ They planting trees on the farm. _ 3. 表语：表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。1) Our English teacher is an American. 2) Is it yours? 3) The weather has turned cold. 4) The speech is exciting. 5) Three times seven is twenty one? 6) His job is to teach English.7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8) The machine must be under repairs. 9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.4. 宾语：宾语由名词性的词充当,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语,分别构成动宾结构和介宾结构,划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。1) They planed many trees yesterday. 2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5) I wanted to buy a car. 6) I enjoy listening to popular music.7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1) His father named him Dongming. 2) They painted their boat white. 3) Let the fresh air in. 4) You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5) We saw her entering the room.6) We found everything in the lab in good order.7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.8) I want your homework done on time.6. 定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。考点1.I have something important to tell you.There is nothing interesting in the book.考点2. 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点3.The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4. 介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5. 名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点6. 动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7. Else, 别的，其它的Who else do you know?Somebody else might have taken it away.考点8. enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1) I havent got enough money. I cant afford it.（形容词作定语）2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）3) You cant be careful enough. (副词作状语)3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）用 划出下列句中的定语，并指出是什么词性或结构充当的1. Tom is a handsome boy. 2. His boy needs Tom's pen. 3. The boy in blue is Tom.4. The boy needs a ball pen.5. The boy there needs a pen.6. The boy to write this letter needs a pen.7. There is nothing to do today. 8. The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother. 9. There are five boys left.10. The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.11. The boy you will know is Tom.12. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.13. He is reading an article about how to learn English. 14. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 15. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.16. There are thirty women teachers in our school.7. 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。可由以下形式表示：He writes carefully. He walks slowly.This material is environmentally friendly. He runs very slowly.Unfortunately, he lost all of his money. 考点1. 形容词、副词的选择He is _. (careful)He is a _man.(careful)He feels _. (happy)He went there _. (happy)The lecture is very _ (important)._(surprising), he came to the meeting on time.The thing is _ _.(极其重要)In the past, this street is _ _.( 真的很繁华).He used to go to school _.(late)He used to be _( late) for school.几个副词并列作状语时,其顺序较灵活,但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.I found a lost pen outside our school yesterday morning.考点2. 频度副词如often、always、usually等在be及助动词动词后,行为动词前。He is often late.He is always helping others.He often came late.考点3. 副词按意义分类在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步一. 方式副词suddenly      rapidly warmly   successfully surprisinglyquickly      carefully proudly       angrily 二. 地点、方向副词here         there      outside     inside     away         straight   upstairs     backwards 三. 时间副词now           then       soon          still      tomorrow  在明天   yesterday  在昨天 already       yet仍last week/ last month 在上周, next week/next month四. 频度副词always          usually  frequently  频繁地   often    never sometimes       seldom   很少,不常 rarely 罕有地   hardly五. 程度副词very      quite     too         pretty 相当rather 稍微     extremely极端地 almost几乎     nearly几乎练习：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 8. 同位语同位语是在名词或代词之后并列名词或代词对前者加以说明的成分，近乎于后置定语。如：We students should study hard. / (students是we的同位语，都是指同一批学生）We all are students. / (all是we的同位语，都指同样的我们）Its good to us students. 1 The young man, _ ,works in the office.A. me brother B. my brother C. my brothers D. me 2. Our English teacher, _ often helps us with study.A. Mrs. Wang B. Mrs. Wangs C. Mrs. Wang's . D. of him 3. _, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.A. Them B. He C. They D. Theirs二 简单句的五种基本结构基本句型 一： （主谓）这类句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，都不带宾语，但可以带状语，常见的不及物动词有： act, come, go, work, last, fall, cry, disappear, appear, smile, rise, ring，live, look, listen, laugh, hurry, talk, sleep, retire, graduate, die, care, agree, ,jump, fail, wait, succeed, stay, sit, lie, shine, happen, take place, rain, snow, ect. 如: It is raining now. We've worked for 5 hours. The meeting lasted half an hour. Time flies. 基本句型 二： （主谓宾）此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如，She likes English.We planted a lot of trees on the farm yesterday.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种1. My brother hasn't done his homework. 2. People all over the world speak English. 3. Jim cannot dress himself. 4. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy. 5. He did not know what to say. 基本句型 三： （主系表）系动词主要是be. 但还有一些动词在有些时候也可作系动词，有人称之为半系动词。常见的半系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语He is a student. Your idea sounds great. 分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并写出该句的系动词。1) His advice proved right. 2) The shop stays open till 8 oclock. 3) The machine went wrong. 4) All these efforts seem in vain. 5) These words sound reasonable. 6) The room soon became crowded. 7) The days are getting longer and longer. 8) He fell ill yesterday. 9) Trees turn green in spring. 10) What you said sounds great. 基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，如：give给，pass递，bring带，show显示。这两个宾语通常一个指人，为间接宾语；一个指物，为直接宾语。间接宾语一般位于直接宾语之前。一般的顺序为：动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。如：He give me a cup of tea. 强调间接宾语顺序为：动词 + 直接宾语 +介词+ 间接宾语。如：Show this house to Mr. Smith.常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）allow, bring, deny, do(带来）, give, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, write等（需借助for 的）bring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(演奏)，save, sing, spare等He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She gave John a book= She bought a book for me.分析下列句子成分，并在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1. She ordered herself a new dress. 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary. 4. He denies her nothing. 5. I showed him my pictures. 6. I gave my car a wash. 7. I told him that the bus was late. 8. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语做出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系，它们一起构成复合宾语。The war made him a soldier. New methods make the job easy. I often find him at work. The teacher asked the students to close the windows. I saw a cat running across the road.分析下列句子划分成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种, 并指出是什么充当句子的宾语补足语1. They appointed him manager. 2. They painted the door green. 3. He pushed the door open. 4. They found the house deserted. 5. What makes him think so? 6. We saw him out. 7. He asked me to come back soon. 8. I saw them getting on the bus. 6. There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。考点1. Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，肯定有  there must be / there must have been.过去一直有  there used to be   似乎有  there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有  there happen / happens / happened to be 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。Eg. There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain. There came a shout for "help". There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk. There stands a tree on the hill.考点2. There be 与have 的区别There be 某地有某物，某时有某事 have 表示某人拥有某物。且记：没有 there has a book on the desk. There has a meeting this evening.这样的表达方法练习：翻译下来句子1. 我有许多好朋友。2. 今天晚上将有一场电影。3. 公园内有许多人。4. 树上有许多小鸟。5. 一条狗有四条腿和一个尾巴。练习1. 分析下列句子成分，在后面括号内标明属于五种基本句型中的哪一种。1) Tees turn green when spring comes.2) The old man was feeling very tired.3) His job is to train swimmers.4) Where he was buried remained unknown.5) What he said proved true.6) We must keep quiet.7) The shop stayed open until eleven.8) She appeared younger than she really was.9) His face went red.10) He fell ill last week.11) The cake I ate yesterday taste delicious.-