跨文化商务沟通整理.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date跨文化商务沟通整理1.What is high-context communicatiom It is a kind of communication style in which the meaning rely heavily on hidden, implicit, contextual cues such as nonverbal behavior, social context, and the nature of interpersonal relationships. The focus is on th跨文化商务沟通期末考试的复习内容一、单选题（10题×2分=20分）1、 _A_ is called interracial communication。A. The communication between African Americans and European Americans.B. The communication between two peopleC. Communication we have with ourselves D. Interactions among people from different nations.2、 The nail that sticks up gets hammered down is a proverb revealing_.A. individualism B. collectivism C. self-centered D. independence 3、 The colour red means prosperity(繁荣、兴旺） in_D_ .A. American B. England C. Spain D. China 4、 “Yellow dog” refers to _C_ in England.A. someone who is happy B. Someone who is braveC. Someone who is coward（卑鄙的） D. Someone who is sad.5、 A：Thank you so much for what you have done for me and I really appreciate your kindness. B:_C_ (If you were B, which of the following you would choose as a polite and proper answer)A. Its my duty to do so. B. No, its nothing. C. Its my pleasure. D. Its what I Should do.6、 _C_ is not one of the countries with high-context communication.A. China B. Mexico C. Canada D. Japan7、 _D_ belongs to low uncertainty avoidance.(不确定性回避）A. People develop many rules to control social behaviors.B. People tend to worry abort the future.C. People have a high level of anxiety.D. People believe in accepting dissent among cultural members .8、 _C_ tends to be feminine（娇柔倾向） country.A. Japan B. England C. Denmark D. Germany9、 Owl（猫头鹰） is the symbol of misfortune（不幸） in_D_ 。A. American B. England C. Spain D. China10、 _D_ adopts monochromic（单向计时制） time system.A. Chill B. Brazil C. Argentina D. England.1._C_ is called intrapersonal communication.A. The communication between African Americans and European Americans。B. The communication between two people。C. Communication we have with ourselves。D. Interactions among people from different nations.2. “The nail that sticks up gets hammered down” is a proverb from_A_ A.Japan B.American C.Germany D.England 3. “A red rag to a bull”（火冒三丈） may stem from_D_ .A.American B.England C.Spain D.China 4. The color yellow means young in_A_ .A. American B.Japan C.Spain D.China5. _B_is not one of the countries with low-context communication.A. American B.Mexico C.Canada D.Germany6. _A_ belongs to high uncertainty avoidance.A. People develop many rules to control social behaviors.B. People are willing to accept change and takes risks.C. People have a high tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity.D. People believe in accepting dissent among cultural members.7. _A_ tends to be masculine（阳刚倾向） country.A. Japan B.Hollan C.Denmark D.Thailand8. _C_ adopts polychronic（多项计时制） time system.A.Canada B.Germany C.Argentina D.England9. Cow is worshiped in_A_ .A.India B.America C.Germany D.Japan10. The word “Hippie” is from _D_ .A. England B.Japan C.Canada D.America 二、True or False.判断正误（10题*2分=20分）1. Japanese culture prefers directness and face-caving behaviors.2. Its normal to point the soles of your shoes or feet towards the other person when you sit in Indonesia.3. Americans highly value positive nonverbal displays and typically regard someone who smiles as more intelligent than someone who does not.4. All people of the same nationality will hare the same culture.5. Culture can be seen as shared knowledge what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.1. Encoding is the process of putting ideas into symbols.2. Although cultures do change. most changes affects only the surface structure of the culture.3. Culture is a static (静态的）entity while communication is a dynamic process. 4. Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team.5. Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children.6. Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.7. Ones actions are totally independent of his or her culture.8. All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.9. In informal situations, a large number of compliments（恭维） are used to make people feel comfortable.10. “Dragon” means the same to the westerner as “龙”to the Chinese. 三、名词解释（5题*3分=15分）1、 intercultural communication 6、power distance. 2、 Collectivism 7、nonverbal communication 3、 values 8、individualism4、 masculinity 9、femininity5、 polychromic time system 10、Monochromic time system具体解释：1. Intercultural communication:face-to-face interactions among people of diverse cultures.2. Collectivism:A society low individualism would likely endorse,harmony.social order,conformity in group relationships,deference to group norms,family relationship and loyalty to consensus view.points3.values:values can be defined as broad preferences concerning appropriate courses of action or outcomes. As such, values reflect a person's sense of right and wrong or what "ought" to be.,” Equal rights for all", "Excellence deserves admiration", and "People should be treated with respect and dignity" are representative of values. Values tend to influence attitudes and behavior.4.Masculinity（阳刚倾向):refers to a kind of values that the society advocates the dominance of the masculine characteristics such as decisiveness, assertiveness, and competitiveness, traits that reflect traditional manly values of control over events.5.Polychromic time system（多向计时制):Polychromic time system is a kind of viewpoint and attitude toward time, which means that several things are being done at the same time.6.Power distance:can therefore be defined as the extent to which the less powerful. Members of insititutions and organizations within a country except and accept that power is distributed unequally.7.Nonverbal communication:（非语言交际） is communication through means other than language-for example,facial expression personal space, eye contact, use of time,and conversational silence.8.Individualism:this dimension measure the degree to which a society values independent initiative to collective effort. 9.Femininity:(娇柔倾向）feminine orienlations focus on nurturing relationships and human interactions. They display limited emphasis on competitive dominance.10.monochromic time system: monochromic time system is a king of viewpoint and attitude toward time, which means that things should be done one at a time, and time is segmented into precise, small units.四、简答题（5题*5分=25分）1、 What is noise in communication?2、 What are the characteristics of culture?3、 How much do you know about Japanese people? And how can you communicate well with them?4、 What is high-context communication?5、 What is the Chinese dream? 6、 What are the components of communication?7、 What are the ingredients of culture?8、 What is low-context communication?9、 How much do you know about German People? And how can you communicate will with them?10、 What is American Dream?1. What is noise in communication?The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes. Noise can be of many forms:external noise can be the sights,sounds, and other stimuil that draw youe attention away from the message.Have a radio on while reading is external noise.internal noise refers to your thoughts anf feelings that can interfere with the message.2.What are the characteristics of culture?Six characteristics of culture are of special importance to intercultural commumication:(1)culture is learned (2)culture is transmissible.(3)culture is dynamic. (4)culture is selective.(5)the facets of culture are interrelated.(6）culture is ethnocentric.3.how much do you know about Japanese people. And how can you communicate well with them?Japanese people are very polite and they are very patient in business, they don't like talkative persons and they never refuse others directly. Based on the knowledge, i will try to confirm to their characteristics. i will not talk too much and too quickly when communicating with them, i will be polite and patient and try to get the implied meaning from the other party, if necessary i will ask them in a very directly and politely.4.What is high-context communication？It is a kind of communication style in which the meaning rely heavily on hidden, implicit, contextual cues such as nonverbal behavior, social context, and the nature of interpersonal relationships. The focus is on the meaning between lines, and the receiver is required to catch the implied meaning of the speaker.5.What is the Chinese Dream?Chinese Dream is a term popularized After 2013 within Chinese socialist thought that describes a set of personal and national ideals in the Peoples Republic of China and the Communist Party of China. It is used by journalists, government officials, and activists to describe the role of the individual in Chinese society as well as the goals of the “Chinese nation”, The dream is described as “national rejuvenation, improvement of peoples livelihoods, prosperity, construction of a better society and a strengthened military.6.what are the components of communication?They are: source, encoding, message,channel, noise, receiver, decoding,receiver/response,feedback context.7.what are the ingredients of culture?Cultures may be classified by three large categories of elements: artifacts(man-made things), concepts(such beliefs and ideas in people's mind) and behaviors (human being's activities and actions)8.what is low-context communication?It is a kind of communication style in which the meaning of the message is expected to be explicit, direct, and unambiguous. The speaker is required to express the meaning as clear as possible.what is power distance？This dimension measures a society's emphasis on human inequalities. A culture high in power distance would value hierarchical status and authority. in contrast, countries that scored low on power distance don't take it serious, and superiors and subordinates feel relatively comfortable with shared decision making and Decentralization.what are the components of communication?They are: source, encoding, message,channel, noise, receiver, decoding,receiver/response,feedback context.Answer the following questions according to your knowledge.What is noise in communication?What are the characteristics of culture?How much do you know about Japanese people? And how can you communicate well with them?What is high-context communication?What is the Chinese Dream?赞扬人的外貌 You have a beautiful smile. Your hairstyle looks nice.性格 You have a good sense of humor. You have got a great personality.家庭成员 Your wife is beautiful. Your kid is cute.能力 You have done a good job. You did a good presentation.财物 Your car is nice.五、案例分析（2题*10分=20分）Case 1: Yang Ruifang worked as a secretary in an Australian company in Melbourne. She became friendly with one of the Australian secretaries, a woman named Cathy Lane.The two usually ate lunch together and Yang Ruifang often asked Cathy for advice on problems she she faced adjusting to Australian society.Cathy gave her a tot of advice and helped her move from one apartment to another.Cathy went with Yang Ruifang to the immigration Bureau several times to help sort out some problem.Yang Ruifang visited Cathy several times at home but did not incite Cathy to her apartment,becauseshe shared it with four other people if they did not see ouch other over the weekend,they usually talked on the telephone. As Yang Ruifang was also preparing to take on English test, she was able to get a lot of help with English in this way.However, something seemed to be going wrong Cathy seemed to be getting impatient, even a Little cold , She started going out by herself at lunchtime instead of eating with Yang, and seemed reluctant to answer questions. Yang Ruifang was puzzled. She couldn't imagine the problem was. Analysis：the definition of friendship is different between Chinese and Western countries culture, in China, we think that we should do things all as one wishes and stay together everydayeating together, shopping together and so on. We always say“A friend indeed is a friend in need”.In this case, ruifang treat his secretary like this way makes her secretary feel uncomfortable. In western countries, no matter how intimate their friendship is, they should make an appointment in advance, and they should have their own private space.Case 2：Linhua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China.They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them.They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part, and no one wanted to pay for Linhua.Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the .Analysis:In China, people usually invite guests to have a meal at home to express their hospitality, and even have a meal outside, they also always pay the overall bills. However, in America, they always pay the bill for themselves when they have a meal outside to express the equality.Case 2:One cold winter day in a Chinese city, Wang Lin on his way to the library met an American professor who knew very little about China.After greeting him,Wang said:“Its rather cold.Youd better put on more clothes.”But the professor didnt appear happy on hearing this. Analysis:Americans and most western countries people dislike to be told how to do the things. They intend to be independent. However, in China, people are accustomed to care about others. In this case, Wang lins suggestion express a regard to others, but to Americans, its not they want to accept.Analysis:In the West,it is very Common for family members to praise each other ,and they will fell very happy and comfortable to do so.However,Chinese people seldom praise their family members in public.They tend to be very humble,and are used to depreciating their family M