英汉翻译中的常用技巧.doc

精品文档，仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除句子的翻译英语和汉语两种语言在语法结构和遣词造句上都有所不同。英语单词形态变化相对丰富，集中体现在动词的形态变化上，形成以动词变化为主轴的句法结构模式，意义紧紧与句法形态相结合；汉语并不通过词本身的形态来表达，而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表达，缺乏形态变化体系。英语句子通常有严谨的主谓结构，这个结构常由名词性短语和动词性短语构成，形成句子的核心，谓语动词控制句子主要成分。汉语主要依赖语序这一重要语法手段，句子各部分之间的位置也比较固定。英语和汉语中的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的语序基本上相同，一般来说，两者的排列顺序都是：主语 动词 宾语（表语）。但与汉语相比，英语词序倒置的现象较多：So small can a computer be made that it can be carried anytime翻译时需将倒装语序调整Why should we be spending huge sums on trips to outer space?翻译时将疑问句中主语位置调整英语属于形合语言，而汉语属于意合语言。所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或成分之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系；所谓意合，指的是词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。英语注重句子形式，注重结构完整，以形显义；汉语注重逻辑顺序，没有英语所常用的那些关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，介词也很少。On earth, where fog or rain would interfere with transmission, lasers would have to be beamed through evacuated pipelines to prevent power loss地球上的雾或雨会干扰激光的传播，因此，为了防止能量的损失，激光必须从真空管道通过Nowadays it is understood that a diet which contains nothing harmful may result in serious disease if certain important elements are missing如今人们知道，如果食物中缺少了某些重要成分，即使其中不含任何有害物质，也会引起严重的疾病汉语常用短句、分句等，按照一定的时间和逻辑顺序，按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论这样的词序排列；而英语可以借助形态变化和丰富的连接词，根据句子的意思和结构的需要灵活排列，顺序有时与汉语大为不同。It is easy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight译文1：这很容易明白要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行译文2：要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易正因为“形合”与“意合”之间这种差异，所以在翻译时需要对句子中的很多成分、语序等作出必要的调整。They discovered something unexpected in their experiment译文：他们发现实验中出现了出乎预料的情况Every object, large or small, has a tendency to move toward every other object每一个物体，不论大小，都有向其它物体移动的倾向In addition to advantage in terms of cost, safety and ease of use, this kind of chip increase computer life by 30% - 40%除了成本低，使用安全、方便等优点外，这类芯片可是计算机使用寿命延长30% - 40%Throughout the world, oil consumption is growing rapidly全球的石油消耗正在迅速增长Some scientists believe that the whales brains are the largest and most complex of any of the earths inhabitants有些科学家认为， 在地球上的一切生物中，鲸类的大脑是最大最复杂的Right now, organs taken from a person who is recently dead must be transplanted to another person within a very short time目前，从刚死的人体内取出的器官必须在极短时间内移植到他人体内从句的翻译名词性从句名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句等。这些从句在句中承担主语、宾语、表语或同位语等成分，其功能相当于名词、名词性词组或短语。一般由关系代词（what, whatever, whoever）、关系连词（that, which）和关系副词（where, why, when）等引导。1. 主语从句一般而论，主语从句有两种：一种是主语从句位于主句之前；一种是位于之后。由以上连接词引导的句子一般位于句首，而又先行词“it”引导的特殊句子位于句尾。翻译时因具体情况不同，也需有所不同(1)顺序译法顺序译法是一般情况下说采取的翻译方式，无需改变句子结构。通常先译从句再译主句，如由what, whatever, whoever等引导的句型。而it引导的特殊句型可先译主句，再译从句Whether that UFO was a spaceship from outer space or just a flock of flying birds still remains a puzzle那个不明飞行物究竟是来自外层空间的宇宙飞船还是只是一群飞鸟，这还是个谜Last of all the lubricating oils of various grads are produced. What remains is heavy oil that is used as fuel.最后生成的是各种等级的润滑油。剩下的便是重油，可以用作燃料It is stated that there may be as many as 100,000 different sorts of proteins in a mans body据说人体内不同种类的蛋白质多达10万种(2)逆序译法逆序译法也还是英语从句中经常采用的一种翻译方法。在翻译以it为形式主语、形式宾语的从句时，语序往往需要颠倒过来处理。此外，如果主句为被动句时，也可以将其译为主动句。如：It is not surprising that among scientists there are differences of opinion科学家之间也存在意见分歧，这并不奇怪It does not matter, for this discussion, what the temperature of the tank is, or even what is in the tank这个箱子的温度是多少，甚至箱内有什么，对这场讨论都无关紧要It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash驾驶员在飞机坠毁之后，竟然还活着，简直不可思议(3)综合译法英语句型具有简单句和复合句。有时为了需要，我们也可以在简单句和复合句之间进行转换。在翻译过程中，如果采取顺序法和逆序法都行不通，这时可以考虑综合法，把主句和从句处理成一个简单句的成分It seems possible that the earth might not be the unique planet with life译文：It is one of the advantages of automation that the output may be kept constant both in quality and in quantity自动化的优点之一就是可使产品的质量和数量都保持稳定(4)分译法英语中的一些固定用法，为了保持原有的句式结构，可以采取分译的处理方法，将其译为无主语的单独句It is expected that scientists will use it to examine the worlds weather system and to make chemical and biological studies预计，科学家会使用这台计算机来研究世界气候系统，同时也可进行化学和生物学研究It should be realized that magnetic forces and electric forces are not the same应该认识到，磁力和电力是不相同的It is estimated that one in every 800 hearts in the United States is under artificial control据估计，在美国，每800个人中就有一个人的心脏由人工设备控制Translation1. It cannot be denied that energy cannot be destroyed; it can only be changed into other forms2. What he emphasized over and over again was that, no matter how difficult it might be, they should never retreat even for an inch3. What is less well-known is that English is also the mother tongue in countries such as the Republic of Ireland, Jamaica and Guyana4. It is common knowledge that the moon itself doesnt give off light5. It was generally thought that the world was flat6. It turns out that he didnt steal her money7. It makes no difference whether he will come or not8. What happened on Sept 11, 2000 will be forever etched in our memory9. It never occurs to me that I have been looked down on by them10. This is a universally accepted principle of international law that the territory sovereignty doesnt admit of infringement12. My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable13. 接着就出现了我们去哪找食物的问题14. 在期末考试前把所学过的内容都复习一遍，这很有必要15. 必须指出，阅读在英语学习中有很大的作用16. 小偷是如何进入房间的，这点还不清楚17. 与其向他解释这事，不如自己动手，这会更简单18. 你有必要对他的损失作出补偿19. 这起案件的奇怪之处就在于，每个涉案的人似乎都是无辜的13. Then arose the question where we were to find food14. It is quite essential that you should look over all that you have learned15. It must be pointed out that reading plays a significant role in English learning16. It is not clear how the thief entered the room17. It is easier to do it yourself than to explain it to him18. It is necessary that you should make up for his loss19. What was special about the case was that everyone involved seemed innocent宾语从句一般来说，宾语从句包括以下三种：动词宾语从句、介词宾语从句和形容词宾语从句。这里主要关注前两种从句。动词宾语从句的翻译方法与主语从句的翻译方法大体相同，也可分为顺序、逆序和综合译法顺序译法Investigations into the origins of life on earth have shown that, given earth-like conditions, the formation of life is almost inevitable译文：地球上生命起源的研究证明，只要具有类似地球的条件，生命的形成就几乎是必然的Pure science considers how life has developed into the plants and animals we see on earth today译文：理论科学研究的是生命怎样演变成我们今天在地球上看到的植物和动物逆序译法But at that time no one could explain why the path of a planet must be an ellipse但是，为什么行星的轨道必须是椭圆的，当时谁也说不清楚Scientists do not know exactly what comets are or where they come from彗星是什么东西，它是如何形成的，科学家并不十分清楚综合译法He asked only that he be allowed to continue his work undisturbed他唯一的要求是让他在不受干扰的情况下继续工作He is trying to get a computer to learn what things look like by analyzing data about their uses译文：他试图通过对物品用途作出数据分析来让计算机识别物品外观We can find out how much air there is at different height above the earth我们可以测出地球上空不同高度的空气密度介词后作宾语的句子叫做介词宾语从句。这种从句往往用连接代词what，which，who或连接副词how，when，why，where，whether等引导。有时也可以和连词that连用，但必须是用于介词in，except之后。这种介词短语通常用作主句中的定语从句、状语从句和表语从句等。翻译时也基本可采用上述方法顺序译法一般来说，当英语中宾语从句和汉语中宾语的语序保持一致时，直接按语序翻译就可以了。在“名词 + 介词 + 从句”的介词结构宾语从句中，当名词是具有较强的动词意味时，往往可以把该名词译成动词，再按原来结构译出便可The rocket engine develops very high speed and flies to where there is no air火箭引擎能产生极快的速度，并能飞到没有空气的太空Any decision as to which changes are chemical and which are not is, to some extent, arbitrary断定说哪些变化是化学变化，哪些不是化学变化，多少有点武断We hope for an understanding of these concepts and then a familiarity with how a computer operates and what it can and cannot do我们希望大家了解这些概念，然后熟悉计算机的工作原理，以及它能做什么，不能做什么Scientists have paid particular attention to what kind of building stands up best in an earthquake科学家已经特别注意什么样的建筑物在地震中最坚固逆序译法逆序译法是常用的一种翻译方法。在“名词 + 介词 + 从句”的结构中，“介词 + 从句”这个成分往往用作定语，修饰他前面的名词，常译为“的”结构。此外，在以上的这个结构中，也有很多介词与其前面的名词有固定搭配关系，翻译时可以采取逆序译法To get some idea of how a picture can be broken in this manner, look closely at a newspaper picture要弄懂图像是怎样以这种方式分解的概念，请仔细看看新闻插图There seems to be no end to what petroleum can do for man看来，石油可造福于人类的用途是无穷无尽的There is a limit to what light waves can show光波所能显示的，有一定的限度And with unlimited energy, there will be no limit to what man can do in science, industry and the arts由于能量取之不尽，人们在科学、工业和艺术方面的作为也会是无止境的综合译法The question then arises of how this inertial mass compares with the gravitational mass从而出现了惯性质量如何与引力质量相比这一问题To be a competent astronaut, you must know everything about how the spaceship works要做一名称职的宇航员，就必须了解飞船运行的全部情况A whale differs from a shark in that the former is a mammal whereas the latter is a fish译文：Natural gas is a mixture of molecules(分子) much like those of gasoline, except that they are lighter译文：He will never know what it feels like to yearn and to hope译文：表语从句表语从句总是位于系动词之后，对主语起解释的作用。通常也是采用顺序、逆序和转换译法翻译The question is whether it is worth discussing译文：Man must early have realized that one outstanding difference between himself and the other animals was that he walked on two legs, the others on four译文：One of the important properties(特性) of plastic is that it does not rust at all译文：This is why synthetic fiber(合成纤维) is easy to wash译文：Our position has always been that such intervention(干涉) is totally unjustified译文：But the really scary part is that the computer virus Love Bug is a relative lightweight, from a technical perspective译文：同位语从句同位语从句对先行词在内容上起到更进一步解释和说明的作用。和定语从句有一定的共同点。同样可以采用以上的翻译方法。顺序译法一般情况下，可以直接按照原句的顺序译出即可。但通常增加“这”、“这样一个”、“就是”、“即”等词，或是用破折号和冒号表示。But his findings gave some support to the idea that fusion may be possible without extreme heat可是，他的发现却支持了这样的想法：聚变可以在没有极高的温度下产生We dont believe in the pessimistic estimation that at the present rate of use, the known oil deposit in the world would be used up in from 10 to 15 years我们不相信这一悲观估计，即以目前的使用速度，全球已知的石油储量会在10至15年内耗尽逆序译法逆序和以上其它从句的翻译相同，就是将从句译成独立分句置于句首，然后译同位语和整个主句There can be no question about the fact that computerization does get office work running more efficiently译文： The suspicion that smoking has something to do with lung cancer rests on several kinds of evidence译文：同位语从句在语法形式上看似不同于定语从句，但在所表达的意义上看来，却与定语从句非常接近，修饰先行词，此时可以译成“的”这种定语式的句式。如：Even the most precisely conducted experiments offer no hope that the results can be obtained without any error即便是最精确的实验也没有希望获得毫无误差的实验结果The investigators expressed the opinion that poor maintenance was partly responsible for the accident调查人员谈了维修不当时造成这次事故的部分原因的看法The problem that there is a shortage of food in the disaster area will be solved before long译文：同位语和其它从句一样，可以转换成其它从句形式。一般来说，为了符合表达的需要，很多同位语从句可以转换成定语从句、宾语从句和表语从句等Until fairly recently the scientific community agreed that one characteristic separating man from all other animals was the fact that human beings made and used tools直到最近，科学界还一直认为，人类不同于其它动物的一个特点就是人类能制造并使用工具（转译为表语从句）Some workers enthusiastically espoused(支持、赞成)the benefits to be gained from software while others tremble with fear that a computer is taking over their jobs有些工作人员极力主张从办公软件中受益，而另一些人则担心电脑会接管他们的工作The theory that diseases are caused by bacteria was advanced by Pasteur, a French chemist译文：Translation 1. We are trying to find _(这个问题的最好解决方法)2. He believes that men _(比女性享有优先权) in job market3. As one of the most popular media, television _(对孩子的健康有很大的影响)4. He makes an effort _(与同学保持联系)5. Men should _(充分利用) natural resources6. This book _(能使游客了解) the countrys history and culture.7. He _(把他所有的成就归因于) the education he received from his mother.8. Measures are being taken to _(防止类似的事件发生)9. _(没有通知他这个消息) could result in great danger10. It _(使我有机会) to develop my skills in singing and dancing11. She said she felt a deep _(对她伤害过的人负有责任)【精品文档】第 15 页