英语语法基本基础知识——时态.doc

Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date英语语法基本基础知识时态英语语法基本基础知识时态英语的时态问题英语的时态可以分为： “时”(time) 和 “体”(aspect)（又称为态）。时是指动作发生的时间，体是指动作发生时的状态。时间与体就象是坐标里的横轴和纵轴，它们的结合交织出了瞬息万变的时空，也构成了英语动词的时态问题。时间分为：过去，现在，将来，过去将来体分为：一般（在某个时间点），进行（延续某个时间段），完成（完成某个时间段）完成进行 （延续某个完成的时间段）如此以来，英语中就有16种时态变化，现在就用动词为write例，看看它们的形式。注意：里面的斜体字部分，由于时态过于复杂，几乎没有人真正去应用它们，可以忽略不记。时间体现在过去将来过去将来一般Write(s)WroteShall writeWill Should writeWould 进行AmIs writingareWas writingwereShall Be writingwillShould Be writingWould 完成Have writtenhasHad writtenShall Have writtenwillShouldHave writtenwould完成进行HaveBeen writhinghasHad been writingShall Have been writhingwillShouldHave beenWritingwould下面就常用的12种时态，（其中还有三种相对用的较少的，请注意）。具体分析一下。一 一般现在时表示现在的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态，常用于以下的情况1、经常重复发生的动作或存在的状态，多与often, always, usually, sometimes, everyday, 等时间状语连用。He takes a walk after supper everydayMy mother and father work at the same company.2、表示性格，特征，能力。Mr. Smith hates fish and never eats any.3、表示客观真理或者普遍事实。The sun rises in the east.二 一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或者状态，常和表示过去某个时间“点”的时间状语(yesterday, last week, 3 years ago, in 1987)连用She bought a car last week.He came to help me at that time.三 一般将来时表示将来的时间“点”上发生的动作或者状态。The train will arrive soon.We shall know the news tomorrow.四 过去将来时 过去某个时间“点”上将要发生的动作或状态。I asked her where she would spend her holiday.I told my father that I should go home next Monday.五现在进行时表示现在的时间“段”上正在延续进行的动作或者状态。Im doing some washing.What are you doing?六 过去进行时在过去某一个时间“段”正在延续进行的动作。I was working in my office at eight oclock yesterday evening.He was making a phone call when I saw him.七 将来进行时在将来某个时间“段”正在发生的动作，一般表示一种猜测和未来的计划，一般不太常用。What will you be doing at 3 oclock tomorrow afternoon?（明天下午三点你将在做什么哪）八 现在完成时表示动作在一个时间“段”的完成，而且这个时间段是从过去某一点延续到现在的。经常跟时间状语 since 1987， for 10 hours , by the last year相连。My brother has been ill for 3 days.I have not seen her since 1991.九 过去完成时在过去的某个时间“段”里动作的完成，从过去的一点再到过去的另一点。或者称为过去的过去。He said that he had written her a letter.Helen rang me up after I had gone to sleep.十 将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成的动作，一般不太常用。Ill have done all the work by next day.十一。现在完成进行时表示从过去某一个时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，它强调在这个已经完成的时间“段”，动作持续的进行，常有感情色彩。I have been looking for you everywhere for the whole morning.我找了你整整一天了。（有抱怨的感情色彩）十二。过去完成进行时正个时间段都是发生在过去的，是过去的一点延续到过去的另一点，并且强调动作的持续进行，带感情色彩，但一般不常用。He told me he had been teaching for more than 20 years.最后提醒一下：某些与时态规律不太一致的规则。表示一般将来的意思的，除了一般将来时态外，还可以用以下的几种形式表达。过去将来同样可以运用。1、 一般现在时am (is ,are) + to do The girls are to go to school next week.2、现在完成时am (is ,are) + doing We are going to visit the Museum of Chinese History tomorrow.  在这里，我们重点讲一下以下常用时态：一、一般现在时一般现在时主要用来表示：1. 表示一种永久性的、不涉及特定的时间的一般性陈述和客观存在。e.g. I) He smokes too much.II) It seldom snows here.2. 用于说明自然规律、客观真理、科学事实，格言、谚语等也属于词类等。e.g. I) The earth moves round the sun.II) Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于雄辩。3. 动作动词的一般现在时可以表示现阶段重复发生的一系列事件。这时常和sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a month等表示频度的副词（短语）连用。e.g. I) Teenagers often spend hours shopping, especially on weekends.II) We always care for each other and care for each other.4. 如果动作动词所指的是一个在讲话时开始并结束的单一行为，则意味着该事件很少或没有持续性，通常只用于行为语、特殊感叹句或对快速体育运动等的实况报导。e.g. I) Here comes the winner.II) I declare the meeting open. 我宣布会议开始。5. 表示将来时间。在由when，if，after，before，as soon as，even if，in case，though，till，until，unless，so long as等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，一般现在时可以用来表示将来时间。e.g. I) Youd better take an umbrella in case (万一) it rains.II) So long as (只要) you work hard, youll surely succeed.6. 一般现在时可以用来表示一个按规定、计划、或安排要发生的情况。但这只限于少数动词，如begin, come, go, leave, sail, start, arrive, return, end, stop, depart, open, close等。 e.g. I) The plane takes off at 11 a.m.II) School begins the day after tomorrow.III) Is there a film on tonight?7. 在I hope, I bet等后面的that-分句中可用一般现在时表示将来概念。e.g. I) I bet Houston Rocket beats Miami Heats this afternoon.II) I hope the storm passes quickly.8. 在see (to it), make sure, make certain等后面的that-分句中可用一般现在时表示将来概念。e.g. I) Please see (to it) that windows are closed before you leave.II) Be sure that you dont work too hard.9. 用于讲故事，叙述文、新闻报导或图片说明等中，以增加描述的生动性和真实感。 e.g. He sits down, shivers (颤抖) a little. The clock outside strikes twelve.二、一般将来时一般将来时主要用来表示：1. 将要发生的动作或情况。 e.g. I) When shall we have an oral test (口试)?II) He will start to work in June.2. 习惯动作或未来的倾向。e.g. I) Wherever he goes, he will take an umbrella with him.II) Only in this way will we succeed. 只有这样我们才能成功。3. 表示将要发生的动作，除了一般将来时外，还有一些其他结构和时态。a) be going + 不定式 (表示打算、准备做的事或即将发生或肯定要发生的事) e.g. I) Look at those clouds! Its going to rain. 看那些乌云，天快下雨了。II) I am going to leave for Paris with my classmates next week.b) be about + 不定式 (表示正要、刚要发生的事情)e.g. I) The train is about to leave.II) We are just in time. The curtain is about to go up. 我们来得很及时，电影刚好拉开序幕。c) be + 不定式 (表示按日程将要发生的动作)e.g. I) There is to be a test in the fifth week.II) I am to meet my friend at the railway station this afternoon.d) 动词现在时 (见现在进行时2)e) 一般现在时 (见一般现在时5、6、7、8)f) 动词将来进行时，可用来表示不含意图的将来概念。e.g. I) Machines will be doing many jobs that people do today.II) We will be staying in Beijing for three days.三、一般过去时一般过去时主要用来表示：1. 表示事件或状态必定发生在过去，从其完成到现在之间有一段间隔。过去时间可以由状语表示，如yesterday，an hour ago，in 1972，last year等。e.g. I) In 1972, Fathers Day became a national holiday in the United States.II) Jane was here a moment ago.2. 动作动词的一般过去时可以表示在过去一段时间里重复发生的一系列事件。这时常和sometimes, often, usually, frequently, every day/week/month/year, daily, monthly, once a year, twice a day, five times a month等表示频度的副词（短语）连用。e.g. I) Ken never smoked.II) I went to the cinema three times last week.3. 在时间和条件状语从句中，一般过去时可以替代过去将来时。 e.g. I) Father promised to buy me a MP3 if he got a pay raise.II) I couldnt watch that exciting game before my homework was finished.谓 语 动 词 的 时 态（二） 四、现在完成时1. 现在完成时只要用来表示：a) 开始于过去而延续至今的动作（有可能继续延续下去）或重复性的事件。e.g. I) Advertising has become a very specialized activity in modern times. 广告在现代社会中已成为一项非常专业化的活动。II) She has lived here since 1997.b) 动作的结果到现在时刻仍然存在，常与recently, just, already, yet, before, in the past few years, up to now, so far, this year, for, since等时间状语连用。e.g. I) So far we have learned a lot about different tenses.II) In the past few decades (十年) great changes have taken place in Hangzhou.2. 现在完成时和一般过去时的比较：a) 意义上的区别两种时态的动作都发生在过去，现在完成时强调动作现在的结果；过去时着眼过去的动作或状态本身。试比较：e.g. I) I have read this book. (说明我了解书的内容。)II) I read this book yesterday. (叙述昨天做的一件事，与现在无关。)b) 时间状语的区别与一般过去时相关的状语yesterday (morning), a month ago, earlier this month, last week/month/year/ Monday, the other day (前几天), at that time, in 1979, etc.与现在完成时相关的状语since Monday, so far, ever, never, up to now/ present, yet, for three days, etc.与两者都相关的状语Today, recently, this week/month/year/June, this morning/afternoon/evening, recently, before, once, already, etc.c) 特殊用法i) 在“This/ It is the first (second, third, last, etc.) time ”后用现在完成时。e.g. It is the first time that I have traveled by train.ii) 在“It is/ has been a long time since ”后用过去时。e.g. It has been 10 years since I graduated from my university.iii) 在“This is + 最高级形容词 + 名词”后的从句中用现在完成时。  e.g. He is the most interesting person I have ever met.五、将来完成时将来完成时由shall (will) have加过去分词构成，主要表示将来某时已经发生的事情。如果句子中有“by + 将来的某一时间”或when, before等时间状语时，可以用将来完成时。e.g. I) I shall have finished my homework before lunch.II) By the end of next month, he will have lived here fore three years.III) When we get there, they will probably have left.IV) Hurry up, or the train will have left by the time we get to the station.六、过去完成时1. 过去完成时的用法过去完成时主要表示先于过去某一时间的事件或状态，即“过去的过去”。这一事件或状态可以在过去某一时间以前已经完成，也可能从“过去的过去”某一时间一直延续到过去某一时间（甚至还可能延续下去，但与现在时间无关）。a) 过去完成时常和after, before, by, till, when, until等引入的状语连用。   e.g. I) I began collecting stamps in February and by November I had collected more than 2000.II) When I woke up it had already stopped raining.III) She didnt go to bed until she had finished her homework.b) 在很多情况下没有明显的时间状语，时间由上下文表示出来。e.g.I) He went to see his boss and told him what had happened.II) They returned earlier than we had expected.c) 过去完成时的几种特殊用法i) 和before连用，表示“还没就”。e.g. I) She cried before I had realized what was happening. 我还没有意识到发生什么事情她就哭了起来。II) They set out before I had told them the address.ii) “It/This/That was the first/second/third time that ” 结构中的从句，要求用过去完成时态。e.g. I) It was the first time they had tried foreign food.II) It was the first time that he had finished his composition in 30 minutes.iii) 在“no sooner than ”和“hardly/scarcely when ”的结构中，主句中用过去完成时，从句中用一般过去时。e.g. I) I had hardly closed my eyes when the telephone rang.II) No sooner had we begun than we were told to stop.iv) 与expect, hope, intend, mean, plan, suppose, think, want等动词连用时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。e.g. I) I had planned to visit you, but I just couldnt find time.II) He had hoped to help you, but he was ill.2. 过去完成时和一般过去时的比较：过去完成时表示过去某一时刻，或某个动作前发生的事，即过去的过去，它着眼于显示过去发生的几个动作的先后。一般过去时只叙述过去某时刻或某时刻后发生的动作，但不强调时间顺序。e.g. I) When he got home, his wife had already prepared the dinner. (他回家前饭已做好。)II) When he got home, he saw a letter on his desk. (他回家后看到桌上有一封信。)七、现在进行时现在进行时主要用来表示：1. 现在或现在这一阶段正在进行的动作。e.g. I) They are making preparations for it.II) He is showing a foreign guest round the city.2. 一个在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。但这只限于少数动词，如go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, work, sleep, stay, do, play等。e.g. I) We are leaving on Friday.II) I am seeing the doctor today.3. 有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性动作或状态，通常是为了表示一种感情（如赞叹、厌烦等）。e.g. I) He is constantly complaining about his teacher. 他老是抱怨他的老师。II) How are you feeling today?III) He is always boasting. 他老爱说大话。be间或可以用在进行时态，表示一时的表现。e.g. I) The boy is being difficult. 这男孩正在闹别扭。(可能他平时很听话的。)II) Frank is being a good boy today. 弗兰克今天很乖。（可能他平时并不乖。）八、过去进行时过去进行体和现在进行体的用法相仿，只是时间向过去推移而已。过去进行时表示过去某时或某断时期正在进行的动作。 e.g. I) What were you doing when I called?II) What were you doing last night at 10 oclock?九、将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某时或某时期正在进行的动作。e.g. I) I dont know what my wife will be doing when I return home.II) When I prepare for the college entrance examination (高考), my sister will be taking her vacation (度假) at the seaside.十、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时可以用来表示：1. 表示现在某时刻之前一直在进行着的动作，这个动作可能已经完成，也可能仍在进行。e.g. I) How long has it been raining?II) I have been working on my paper for five years.2. 有些延续动词如live, study, teach, work等的现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别不大，都表示延续一段时间的动作，现在完成时更强调动作的延续性。e.g. I) I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.II) How long have you taught English here? = How long have you been teaching English here?但是，多数延续性动词的现在完成时与现在完成进行时表达的意义有所不同。e.g. He has been writing this morning and has written four letters.十一、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时的主要用法与现在完成进行时的用法相仿，只是时间推移到了过去。e.g. I) They had been waiting for half an hour before the bus came.II) The fire had been burning for over a week.十二、将来完成进行时将来完成进行时将来某时刻前一直进行的动作。e.g. I) By next year he will have been teaching English for 30 years.II) In an hour you will have been surfing the net (上网) for 5 hours today.1) After searching for half an hour, she realized that her glasses_on the table all the time. DA) were lain B) had been lainC) are lying D) had been lying2) By the time you get to Beijing tomorrow, I_for Shanghai. AA) shall have left B) will leaveC) am leaving D)have already left3) I bought a new house last year, but I_my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. BA) didn't sell B) have not soldC) had not sold D) don't sell4) Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they_better health. BA) could have enjoyed B) have enjoyedC) have been enjoyed D)are enjoying5) I decided to go to the library as soon as I_.CA) finish what I didB) finished what I didC) finished what I was doingD)would finish what I was doing6)Julia hadn't reached the restaurant when Jim_there. AA)got B) has got C) had got D) had been7) Even though they_for twenty years, the two neighbors are not on good terms. DA) have been lived side by sideB) had been living side by sideC) have been side by side livingD) have been living side by side8) When the final grades were posted, Max_that he had passed the physics exam after all. BA) discovers B) discoveredC) had discovered D) has discovered9)I_you the book as soon as possible, I promise you. BA) would send B) will sendC) sent D) send10) We_down when she_plates of food for us. DA) had hardly sat, had boughtB) hardly sat, boughtC) hardly sat, had boughtD) had hardly sat, bought11) When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone._? DA)where have you been B) where have you been toC) where did you go D) where were you12) As my mother_here before, I went to meet her at the railway station. AA)had never been B) has never beenC) had been never D) never was 13) Our team_every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play. BA) was winning B) has wonC) had won D) wins14) He_for three years. BA)has joined the armyB) has been in the armyC) has been serving in the armyD) joined the army15) The growth of part time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. DA) have allowed B) allowC) allowing D) allows16) The car_at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at about ten o'clock tonight. CA) would go B) wentC) will be going D) goes17) The company_a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. CA) is promised B) is promisingC) has been promising D) promised18) No sooner had he sat down than the telephone_. CA) rings B) was ringingC) rang D) hand rung19) I hope the time is not far off that they shall_for the betterment of the working class. BA) make to fight B) be made to fightC) be fought D) fought20) Mr. James_a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement. CA) is driving B) drove C) has driven D) drives21) I_a radio talk on Shakespeare when my uncle came home and started shouting at the top of his voice. CA) was hearing B) heardC) was listening to D) listened to22) He_novels, whenever his wife goes shopping. BA) is reading B) readsC) has read D) has been reading23)I am not sure whether tomorrow he_the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately. CA) attend B) attendsC)wi