高考英语时态与语态ppt课件.ppt

高考语法复习高考语法复习动词时态与语态动词时态与语态The Father and His SonFather: You know, Tom, when Lincoln _(be) your age, he _(be) a very good pupil. In fact, he _(be) the best pupil in his class.Tom: Yes, Father. I _ (know) that. But when he _(be) your age, he_ (be) President of the United States.waswaswaswaswasknowWho is the laziest?Father：Well, Tom, I _(ask) your teacherToday, and now I _(want )to ask you a question. Who _(be) the laziest person in your class?Tom: I _(not know), Father.Father: Oh, yes, you_(do)! Think! When the Other boys and girls_(read and write), who _(sit) in class and only _(watch) how the other people work?Tom: Our teacher, teacher.askedwantisdont knowdoare reading and writingsitswatches熟读深思熟读下列各句, 结合谓语动词的形式体会谓语动词发生的时间或所处的状态, 理解不同时态的用法与构成。1. I get up at 7：00 every morning. 我每天早上七点起床。(经常的动作)动词时态2. The sun rises in the east.太阳从东方升起。(客观真理)3. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。(格言或警句)4. We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。5. Theyre having a meeting now.他们现在在开会。(现在)6. Im studying at an evening school.我在上夜校。(现阶段)7. Shes always helping others.她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)8. I knew you would agree.我知道你会同意的。(在过去某个时候看来, 将要发生的事)9. I have seen the film already.我已经看过那部电影了。(暗示：我已知道电影的内容了)10. She has been a dancer for ten years.她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。(从十年前开始一直到现在)11. When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到达时, 小偷们已经跑了。(过去的过去)12. When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.当杰克到来时, 他才了解到玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。(过去的过去)13. The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years.中国人造纸有2000年了。(两千年前开始造纸, 现在依然在造纸)14. He will come if you invite him.如果你请他, 他会来的。(条件句中在一般现在时代替一般将来时)15. The plane takes off at 11：30.飞机十一点半起飞。(时刻表中的规定)16. Mike is coming home on Thursday.迈克星期四回来。(近期计划, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用)17. What are you going to do tomorrow?你打算明天做什么呢？(打算)18.Look at the clouds; its going to rain.你看天上的云, 快下雨了。(已有迹象表明)19.They are to be married in June.他们将在六月结婚。(正式安排)20.He is about to set off for Beijing.他马上要去北京。(即将)归纳总结归纳总结1. 时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式, 表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态。英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的。高考考试说明中规定要掌握的有以下10种时态： 时态时态名称名称构成构成(以以do为例为例)主要用法主要用法一般现一般现在时在时do/does经常性或习惯性动作，客经常性或习惯性动作，客观事实，现在的状态观事实，现在的状态一般过一般过去时去时did在过去某个时间里所发生在过去某个时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态的动作或存在的状态一般将一般将来时来时will/shall do 在将来某一时刻要发生的在将来某一时刻要发生的动作或存在的状态动作或存在的状态过去将过去将来时来时would do在过去某一时刻看来将要发生在过去某一时刻看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态的动作或存在的状态现在进现在进行时行时am/is/are doing表示现在或现阶段正在发生的表示现在或现阶段正在发生的动作动作过去进过去进行时行时was/were doing表示在过去某一时间内正在进表示在过去某一时间内正在进行的动作行的动作将来进将来进行时行时will/shall be doing表示将来某一时间正在进行的表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作动作现在完现在完成时成时have/has done表示说话之前已发生或完成的表示说话之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现动作或状态，其结果的影响现在依然存在；也可表示持续到在依然存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态现在的动作或状态过去完过去完成时成时had done表示在过去某一时间或某表示在过去某一时间或某个动作之前已经发生或完个动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即成的动作，即“过去的过过去的过去去”；表示从过去某时开；表示从过去某时开始一直延续到另一个过去始一直延续到另一个过去时间的动作或状态时间的动作或状态现在完现在完成进行成进行时时have/has been doing表示一个从过去就开始一表示一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并有可能继直延续到现在并有可能继续下去的动作续下去的动作2. 表示将来有多种方式表示将来有多种方式, 请注意比较：请注意比较： will/shall do表示单纯的将来或临时表示单纯的将来或临时的决定。的决定。 be going to do表示主观打算或已有表示主观打算或已有迹象表明将要发生某事。迹象表明将要发生某事。 be about to do表示即将，不与表示将表示即将，不与表示将来的时间连用。来的时间连用。 do/does(一般现在时一般现在时)在时刻表中规定要在时刻表中规定要发生某事或在时间、条件状语从句中。发生某事或在时间、条件状语从句中。 be to do按计划或正式安排将发生的事。按计划或正式安排将发生的事。最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配最常用的几种时态与时间状语的搭配一般现在every , sometimes,at , on Sunday 现在进行now, 现在完成for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past years, always, recently 一般过去yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 过去进行this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while 过去完成before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 一般将来next, tomorrow, in 过去将来多用在间接引语中表示发生在谓语动作以后的动作一、对一般现在时的考查一、对一般现在时的考查1.考查其考查其基本概念基本概念：一般现在时表示一个：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常习惯性、经常性性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对等连用。但近几年，对一般现一般现在时的考查在时的考查常用常用过去时态或现在完成时态过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行对考生进行干扰干扰。1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which _the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）年辽宁卷） A.was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called2.考查一般现在时的考查一般现在时的替代用法替代用法：在以在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等等引导的条件状语从句和以引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句主句中的动词用中的动词用一般一般将来时将来时，从句从句中的动词通常用中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时一般现在时或现在完成时代替代替一般将来时一般将来时。 What would you do if it _ tomorrow? We have to carry it on ,since weve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）年全国卷） A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining二、对一般过去时的考查二、对一般过去时的考查一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。的命题方向。 I bought a new car three days ago.More than a dozen students in that school _ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷）年上海卷）A. sent B. were sent C. had sent D. had been sentnowbought三、对现在进行时的考查三、对现在进行时的考查由由上下文语境上下文语境表示时间。表示时间。1) Whats the terrible noise？ The neighbors _ for a party（2004年北京卷）年北京卷）A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare2)Because the shop _, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷年浙江卷34题）题）A.has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down3) Are you still busy?Yes, I _ my work, and it wont take long.Ajust finish B. am just finishing Chave just finished D. am just going to finish4) Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money.A.phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning5) Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology _ so rapidly.A.is changing B. has changedC. will have changed D. will change四、对过去进行时的考查四、对过去进行时的考查I was walking down the street when it began to rain.When it began to rainI was walkingnow1.把过去进行时放在把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达，表达谈话背景谈话背景；动作时间动作时间短的用一般过去时短的用一般过去时，表达，表达新的信息新的信息。You were out when I dropped in at your house.Oh, I _ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷）年福建卷）A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited2.把过去进行时放在把过去进行时放在某特定的语境某特定的语境中考查。中考查。Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. （2004年全国卷）年全国卷）A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done3.考查考查过去进行时过去进行时与与一般过去时一般过去时的比较。的比较。Shirley _a book about China last year but I dont know whether she has finished it.(98）A. has written B. wrote C. had written D. was writing五、对现在完成时的考查五、对现在完成时的考查1.现在完成时表示现在完成时表示过去的动作过去的动作对对现在的影响现在的影响或表示或表示经经验。验。2.现在完成进行时表示现在完成进行时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去能继续下去，常与，常与for或或since 等短语连用。等短语连用。I_(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _(begin) to teach English in a middle school. I _(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _(move) to Pinghu. I_ (teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then.graduatedbegantaughtmovedhave taught/have been teaching1993now19989 years5 years1) He was hoping to go abroad but his parents _ that they wont support him unless he can borrow money from the bank.(2005湖北湖北)A.were deciding B. have decided C. decided D. will decide2) Millions of pounds worth of damage _by a storm which swept across the north of England last night. （2005重庆）重庆） A.has been caused B. had been caused C. will be caused D. will have been caused 3)The window is dirty. I know. It _ for weeks.（2004全国卷）全国卷）A.hasnt cleaned B. didnt clean C. wasnt cleaned D. hasnt been cleaned注：由终止性动词注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等等构成的完成时不能与构成的完成时不能与for或或since引导的时间状语连用引导的时间状语连用。但这些。但这些终止性动词的否定式终止性动词的否定式可可以与以与for或或since短语连用短语连用。Eg. I havent met him for two years. 3.考查考查现在完成时现在完成时与与一般过去式一般过去式的区别：的区别：一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。在有影响。 Where _the recorder? I cant see it anywhere.（98NMET） I _ it right here. But now its gone.A. did you put; have put B. have you put; put C. had you put; was putting D. were you putting; putThe CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.1977now六、对现在完成进行时的考查六、对现在完成进行时的考查构成构成: have / has been+ doing概念概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。到现在，并且还可能继续下去。现在完成进行时现在完成进行时与与现在完成时现在完成时的区别如下：的区别如下：1.现在完成时与现在完成进行时现在完成时与现在完成进行时 I have written an article. I have been writing an article. 2.有些延续性动词，如有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。I have lived here for ten years. = I have been living here for ten years.Notes：表表短暂动作的动词短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go等）等）一般不能用现在完成进行时一般不能用现在完成进行时。强调：已完成性强调：已完成性强调：持续性，强调：持续性，未完成性未完成性1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy_going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet.（2004年北京卷）年北京卷）A.had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider2) - Hi, Tracy, you look tired. “- I am tired. I _ the living room all day. A. painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted 七、对过去完成时态的考查七、对过去完成时态的考查过去完成时，经常过去完成时，经常以以“过去过去”为背景为背景，要想表达比这，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去过去的过去”，常用此时，常用此时态。态。Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!had sold gotNow过去的过去过去的过去 George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding?No, I _. Did they have a big wedding? （2004年湖北卷）年湖北卷）A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadnt been invited D. didnt invite常见考点有：常见考点有：把过去完成时放在含有把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。中考查。1) When the old man _ to walk back to his house, the sun _ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷）年湖北卷）A. started; had already hidden B. had started; had already hidden C. had started; was hiding D. was starting; hid把过去完成时放在把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点过去时间点或或by the time + 从句（一般过去时）从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。的句子里考查。By the end of last year, another new gymnasium _ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）年上海春）A. would be completed B. was being completed C. has been completed D. had been completed1.-Do you work here? -No, I dont really work here. I _ until the new secretary comes.A.just help outB. have just helped outC. am just helping outD. will just help out举一反三破定势举一反三破定势造成思维定式的干扰因素：造成思维定式的干扰因素：comes从现主将从现主将误选误选just完成时标志完成时标志误选误选B题眼题眼：I dont really work here暂时性工作暂时性工作正确选项正确选项 CJust 的多义：刚正只不过引起祈使句的多义：刚正只不过引起祈使句2. I _in London for many years，but Ive never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (重庆卷重庆卷).A. lived B. was livingC. have lived D. had lived造成思维定势的干扰因素：造成思维定势的干扰因素：for many years完成时标志完成时标志误选误选C/D解题关键：解题关键：For many years 与现在无联系与现在无联系一般过去时一般过去时A被被 动动 语语 态态熟读深思朗读下列被动句, 体会被动语态的用法; 观察谓语部分, 思考各种时态被动语态的构成。1.The G8 is made up of political leaders. (BSDM4, P 22)被动语态2.The Group of Eight, or G8, was formed by eight of the worlds wealthiest nations in 1998. (M4, P 22)3.The news is being celebrated by crowds in the streets. (M4, P 23)4. At 12: 45 UK time today, the name of the host city for the 2012 Olympic Games was being announced by IOC in Singapore.(M4, P 23)5. Reforms have been demanded by people from all over the world.(M4， P 22)6. Londons name had been announced twice before. (M4, P 23)7. It is going to be remembered as a historical meeting this year, as the topic of Africa will be discussed in detail. (M4, P22)8. They want the leaders to cancel the debt of Africas poorest countries so that the problems there can be prevented from getting any worse. (M4, P 22)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁, 或者需要突出或强调动作的承受者时, 就用被动语态。被动语态由“be+过去分词” 构成，时态、人称和数的变化是通过be来体现的。以do为例, 请完成下表：归纳总结时态时态被动语态的构成被动语态的构成1 一般现在时一般现在时am/is/are+ done2 一般过去时一般过去时was/were+ done3 现在进行时现在进行时am/is/are being+ done4 过去进行时过去进行时was/were being+ done5 现在完成时现在完成时have been+ done6 过去完成时过去完成时had been+ done7 一般将来时一般将来时be going to/will be+ done8 含情态动词含情态动词情态动词情态动词+be+ done1. 只有及物动词才有被动语态。但cost， have， own， lack， agree with， suffer from， belong to等及物动词或及物的短语动词也没有被动语态。2. 像happen， take place等不及物动词是没有被动语态的。3.带有介词的短语动词的被动语态, 不要漏掉介词。如：The children will be looked after well here.这些孩子在这里将受到很好的照顾。4. 以下情况常用主动形式表示被动含义： 系动词feel，look，seem, appear， taste，sound，smell，prove，remain等用主动形式表示被动意义, 主语通常是事物。如：The material feels very soft.这种料子摸起来很柔软。 write，read, clean，sell，wash, cook，open，close，lock等的否定式或与well, badly, easily等副词连用, 主语由内在品质或性能使谓语得以实现或不能实现时。如：The book sells well.那本书很畅销。The window wont open.这扇窗开不了。 cook，bake，make，print， pack，build，work out等动词用于进行时态时。如：The fish is cooking.鱼正在煮。 在语法填空中, 动词的时态是必考内容。10空中通常有一空是考查时态的, 其中, 最有可能考的是一般过去时或者是主要是第三人称单数的一般现在时态, 以及现在进行时、过去进行时和一般将来时。 被动语态是可能要考的内容, 特别是一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态。若掌握好被动语态, 在写作中适当运用, 可使句子更加多样化, 有时甚至会更加自然、生动。时态语态与高考有一空是考查非谓语动词的。因此，解题方法如下：首先要判断括号中所给动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；若是谓语动词，一是根据主语与谓语动词的关系判断用主动语态还是被动语态；二是根据具体的语境来判断用哪一种时态；三是要注意主谓一致，最后才能确定所填动词的形式。在确定谓语动词的时态时, 我们可从三个方面来进行判断：1. 看句子中的时间状语或时间状语从句；2. 在没有时间状语或时间状语从句时,要看上下文的谓语动词的形式；3. 看是否是特殊的句型。如： was/were about to do.when.did It is/has been +时间段+since 从句(一般过去时) It had been +时间段+since 从句(过去完成时) It will be +时间段+since 从句(一般现在时) It/This/That is the first time that. have/has done. It/This/That was the first time that. had done. Hardly had +主语+done.when.did. No sooner had +主语+ done. than. did.这样的句型还有很多, 平时要注意积累。几种时态的替代问题几种时态的替代问题A：一般现在时代替将来时：一般现在时代替将来时 ： 除了在时间、条件、让步状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时外，表示现在已安排好的未来事项，行程等活动也用一般现在时来代替将来时。如： The museum opens at ten tomorrow.博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。) B：一般现在时代替完成时：一般现在时代替完成时： 句型 “It is since”代替“It has been since ” It is (= has been) five years since we last met C：一般现在时代替进行时：一般现在时代替进行时： 在全部倒装句中都用一般现在时代替现在进行时。如： Look, here comes Mr. Li. 请根据以上技巧, 完成以下历年高考试题。1.The sun was setting when my car _ (break) down near a remote village.broke2.This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural course. Being too anxious to help an event develop often _ (result) in the contrary to our intention.results3. People stepped on your feet or _ (push) you with their elbows, hurrying ahead to get to a bargain. Her mother was excited. “Your father has at last decided to stop smoking, ” Jane _ (inform).pushedwas informed4.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back and then I noticed a man sitting at the front. He _ (pretend) that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.was pretending1. If you dont like the drink you _(order)， just leave it and try a different one.灵活运用ordered2. Ill go to the library as soon as I finish what I _ (do).am doing3. The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant _ (give) in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.was giving4. It is the most instructive lecture that I _(attend) since I came to this school.have attended5.In the last few years thousands of films _(produce) all over the world.have been produced6. Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they _ (receive) from China.had received7. By the time Jack returned home from England, his son _(graduate) from college.had graduated8. Tom _(work) in the library every night over the last three months. has been working9. Tommy is planning to buy a car. I know. By next month, he _(save) enough for a used one.will have saved10.