大学英语B级考试词汇与结构辅导ppt课件.ppt
大学英语大学英语B B级考试级考试词汇与结构辅导词汇与结构辅导1题型与考点分析 词汇与结构题主要测试考生运用词汇,短语,及语法知识的能力 ,分选择题和填空题两部分。 通过近五年的真题分析,词汇部分的考点主要集中在: a. 词义辨析含固定词组的意义辨析 (占21%) b.词性转换 (21%) c.固定搭配/短语(8% ) d.形容词、副词比较级和最高级(5%)题型与考点分析 语法部分的考点主要集中在以下几个方面: a.虚拟语气(6%) b.非谓语动词(13.5%) c.时态和语态(11.5%) d.各类从句(9%) e.倒装句、强调句和感叹句(3%) f. 主谓一致(2%)词义辨析解题指导 词义辨析在B级考试中是一个必考项目,而且比重 不小。解答这类题型时,必须牢记一点:结合上下文语境,确定空白处所需的单词或短语的含义和词性,再从选项出发,辨析各选项的细微差别,从而选出最佳答案。固定搭配/短语解题指导这一块内容需要大家平时多注意积累和记忆,别无他法:真题汇编:2010年6月1.I am sorry,but I have a question to _ youA) treat B) influence C) ask D) change答案( C ) 本题考查动词与名词的搭配。注意双宾语结构ask sb. a question。 2.If you move,you must inform us _ the change of you address.A) with B) for C) in D) of答案(D) 本题考查介词与动词的搭配。Inform sb. of sth. 意为“告诉某人某事”。 3.Dont _ me to help you if you are not working hard)A) guess B) speak C) plan D) expect答案( D) 本题考查的是动词搭配。 “expect sb. to do”搭配使用,意为“期望某人做某事”。词性转换解题指导词性转换在填空题中可谓是江山半壁。做这类题可以采取以下步骤: 1. 判断所给词的词性和词义 2.通读整个句子,确定句中所需词的词性 a. 修饰形容词,动词和句子的需用副词 b. 修饰名词的一般用形容词 c. 系动词后一般用形容词作表语 d.句子的主语和宾语一般用名词或代词,谓语用动词形容词、副词比较级和最高级从五年的真题来看,这块内容在每次的考试都有出现,但题量不大 1题/年。考点主要集中在: a. 比较级+than(单音节词及少数双音节词在后加单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er,其他双音节词,其他双音节词及多音节词在前加及多音节词在前加more, most. ) b. 句型 “the +比较级, the+比较级 ” c.最高级(单音节词及少数双音节词在后加单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-est ;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加;其他双音节词及多音节词在前加most )不规则变化 good (well)-better-best bad (ill)-worse-worst many (much)-more-most little-less-least far-farther(更远)更远)/further(程度更深)(程度更深)-farthest/furthest old-older(比比年龄大年龄大)/elder(年长的,做定语年长的,做定语)-oldest/eldest虚拟语气考点梳理一、If 条件状语虚拟语气 a. 同现在事实相反的假设同现在事实相反的假设: 条件从句中的谓语动词用一般过去式谓语动词用一般过去式,(如果谓语动词是系动词,要用要用were),主句的谓语动词用谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+动词原形动词原形。例如: If I were you, I would go abroad. b.同过去事实相反的假设同过去事实相反的假设: 条件从句中的谓语动词用过去完成谓语动词用过去完成式,主句的谓语用式,主句的谓语用would (should, could, might) +have done, 例如:例如: If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.虚拟语气c.表示对将来的假想对将来的假想: 条件从句的谓语动词用用should +动词原动词原形,或形,或were to +动词原形动词原形,主句的谓语动词用would (should, could, might)+动词原形动词原形,例如: If you should succeed, everything would be all right.虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有 were, should, 或 had, 可将if 省略,再把 were, should 或 had 移到从句句首,实行倒装。例如: Were they here now, they could help us. = If they were here now, they could help us.虚拟语气二、主语从句中的虚拟语气二、主语从句中的虚拟语气1)“ It is +形容词形容词+ that” 结构中主语从句的谓语动词要结构中主语从句的谓语动词要用用 should 加动词原形,或将加动词原形,或将should 省略,直接用动词原省略,直接用动词原形形。这些形容词一般表示。这些形容词一般表示“应当,必须,惊奇,重要应当,必须,惊奇,重要”等等意思,主要有:意思,主要有:essential, important, necessary, vital, desirable, imperative, advisable, surprising, incredible , obligatory, better, preferable, 等,例如:等,例如: It is necessary that everyone keep a secret.或 It is necessary that everyone should keep a secret. 虚拟语气2)“ It is +动词的过去分词动词的过去分词+that从句从句”,谓语动词要谓语动词要用用 should 加动词原形,或将加动词原形,或将should 省略,直接用省略,直接用动词原形动词原形。这些动词一般表示。这些动词一般表示“要求,命令,建议要求,命令,建议等等”有:有:require, demand, request, desire, suggest, recommend, order, decide, propose等,等,例如:例如: It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane.虚拟语气3)“ It is +名词名词+that从句从句”,从句中的谓语动词要用,从句中的谓语动词要用 should 加动词原形,或将加动词原形,或将should 省略,直接用动省略,直接用动词原形词原形。这些名词有,。这些名词有,a pity, a shame, no wonder等,例如:等,例如: It is a pity that you should fail in the examination.虚拟语气三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气:三、宾语从句中的虚拟语气:1) 在表示命令、建议、要求命令、建议、要求,请求请求等一类动词后面的宾宾语从句中语从句中,谓语动词用虚拟语气,谓语中的动词用“should+动词原形动词原形”或将should省略,直接用动词原形。这些动词常见的有:order, demand, desire, request, demand, require, insist, propose, suggest recommend, advise, move, ask, maintain, urge等,例如: The doctor suggested that she not smoke.虚拟语气 2)动词wish后的宾语从句后的宾语从句,表示与事实相反的情况或不太可能实现的愿望,如果表示与现在事实相反,从句的谓语动词用一般过去式;如果与过去事实相反,从句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果与将来事实相反,从句的谓语动词用“would (could)+动词原形” 例如: She wished she had not said it.虚拟语气四、同位语从句或表语从句中的虚拟语气四、同位语从句或表语从句中的虚拟语气 在表示“建议,计划,命令,要求”等含义的名词后面的同位语或表语从句中要求用虚拟语气,从句中的谓语动词用should+动词原形或省略should 直接用动词原形,这些名词主要有:demand ,desire, requirement, advice, order, decision, suggestion, necessity, preference, plan, motion, idea, proposal, request, command, importance, recommendation等,例如: His suggestion is that you should attend the meeting.虚拟语气五、其他需要使用虚拟语气的句式五、其他需要使用虚拟语气的句式1)would rather 后可以用动词原形用动词原形表示与现在或将来事实相反,用“have done”表表示与过去事实相反,例如: I would rather go shopping tomorrow than today. Would rather后接从句后接从句时,如果表示与将来事实相反对愿望,从句中用动词过去式用动词过去式;表示与现在事实相反的愿望,用动词的过去式;表示与过去事实相与过去事实相反反的愿望,用动词的过去完成式过去完成式 虚拟语气2)“ It is high/about time +that从句”结构中,从句中的谓语动词一般用动词的一般过去式一般过去式。例如: It is high time that we began to work.3) as if, as though,引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中, 以及if only引引导的句子,其动词形式与wish宾语从句中的形式相同,例如: She loves the students as if they were her children.虚拟语气4) 在“in case, lest, for fear ”引导的状语从句中表示“以防,以免以防,以免”,从句的谓语动词用“should+动词原形动词原形”。 You took the raincoat in case it should rain.5) 含蓄虚拟结构: 含蓄虚拟条件句通常用supposing, but for, but that, given,without, otherwise等词等词引出引出,例如: But for his help, I would not have completed the task. 虚拟语气虚拟语气真题汇编1If the engineer (come) _ here yesterday the problem would have been solved. (2010/6)答案had come此题考查的是虚拟语气的用法。2. The adviser recommended that Mary (start)_ the training program as soon as possible. (2009/6) 答案:(should)start 考查动词recommend后宾语从句的宾语从句应为虚拟语气句。 虚拟语气3.If I hadnt attended an important meeting yesterday, I _ to see you. (2008/6) A) will have come B) would have come C) have come D) had come 答案 B 考查If 引导的虚拟语气,从句用“had done”, 主句用“would have done”虚拟语气4.The doctor recommended that Mary (start)_ the health program as soon as possible. (2008/6) 答案 (should)start 考查虚拟语气 表示建议、请求、命令等动词之后的that从句中需要使用“should+动词原形”的形式,should可以省略。虚拟语气6 I would rather you (go) _with me tomorrow morning. (2007/6) 答案 went 考查虚拟语气“would rather+从句”,从句要用过去时。7.If I (be) _you,I wouldnt ask such a silly question. (2007/6) 答案 were 考查if虚拟语气,与现在事实相反 从句用过去时。 虚拟语气8 Look at the clock! Its time _ work.A) we started B) well start C) were starting D) we have started 本题考查虚拟语气的用法。“Its time / its about time / its high time”之后的从句要用一般过去时表示一种婉转的建议或提议。故正确答案是A。非谓语动词考点梳理 非谓语动词有-ing分词,不定式,-ed分词三种,不能单独作谓语。 非谓语动词考点主要集中在以下几点: I、介词后加动词,动词要加-ing.例如: She apologized for not being able to take part in the party. 非谓语动词考点梳理II、固定搭配(请大家平时注意积累。) a、以下动词后常用不定式作宾语:afford, agree ,arrange ,attempt, choose , dare, decide, determine, expect , happen, hesitate , intend ,learn, manage, neglect, offer, prepare , pretend, promise, propose , refuse, seem, swear, want , undertake等 等。 非谓语动词考点梳理II、固定搭配 b、以下动词后常用-ING分词作宾语:appreciate, admit , avoid, consider, delay ,dislike, endure, enjoy , escape, excuse, favor, feel like ,finish, imagine, mind ,miss ,postpone , resent, resist , suggest等等。非谓语动词考点梳理II、固定搭配c、以下动词后既可以用-ING分词也可用不定式作宾语/宾补,但有很大的差别: 1)remember,forget, regret后加-ing 分词表示事情已发生;后加不定式表示事情未发生。 2)stop to do 表示停下来做另一件事 stop doing 表示停止正在做的事 3)感官动词如see ,watch 等+sb. 后加-ing 分词表示正在做某事;后加不带to 的不定式则表示做了某事。非谓语动词考点梳理II、固定搭配 4) used to do 过去常常做 be used to doing 习惯做 be used to do 被用来做 d、使役动词后用不带to的不定式做宾补,改成被动后要还原 to. make sb. do sb. be made to do非谓语动词考点梳理II、固定搭配 e、其他固定搭配:have sth. done ,keep (sb.) doing , spend doing ,it is /was +形容词+to do , it is /was +名词+ doing , 特殊疑问词+to do , sth. needs doing ,be worth doing, Youd better do , would like to do ,cant help doing ,make oneself done 等等有很多,这就需要大家平时注意积累。非谓语动词考点梳理III.考查非谓语动词时态语态意义的变化,特别非谓语动词作定语和状语时。 非谓语动词时态意义语态意义: 1)不定式表示将来 主动to do; 被动 to be done ; 完成to have done 2)-ing分词表示进行 主动doing ;被动 being done; 完成 having done 3)-ed分词表示完成被动非谓语动词考点梳理例如: A bridge being built now 进行被动-正在修建的桥 A bridge to be built next year 将来被动-明年修建的桥 A bridge built two years ago 完成被动-两年前修建的桥非谓语动词考点梳理IV.非谓语动词作定语时的位置问题:非谓语动词作定语时的位置问题: (1)不定式作后置定语,(2)一般情况下单个分词作前置定语, 分词短语作后置定语。例如: I have an important meeting to attend. Our country is a developing country. The car ran along the road covered with snow.非谓语动词考点梳理真题汇编:2010年6月1.I feel its a great honor for me _ to this party.A) to invite B) invite C) having invited D) to be invited 答案( D) 本题考查不定式作主语的用法。It在feel之后的宾语从句中充当形式主语,而真正的主语则是后面的不定式;此外,根据句子逻辑,应为“被邀请”之意,因此需要使用不定式的被动形式,即to be invited.