普通高中课程标准实验教科书—英语(人教版).pdf

学习必备欢迎下载普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语（人教版）第九讲书面表达【命题趋向】最新下发的（考试大纲）要求高考书面表达要测试学生综合运用英语的能力，是高考必考内容且有加大测试力度的趋势。研究近两三年高考分析如下：1命题思路不断创新，与时俱进，引导学生关注社会现实，体现浓厚的时代气息。2文体类型丰富。近年高考主要考查了记叙文、说明文、议论文和应用文四种文体。尤其是自分省命题以来打破了应用文一统天下的局面，加重了对议论文和说明文的考查。体现语言交际功能。3命题形式多样，但相对稳定。题型主要为提供中文或英文提示的控制性作文如：看图作文，图表作文（表格作文），以及提纲作文，但近几年来有的省市出现了开放作文。（今后肯定会向这方面发展）这能使学生自由发挥的余地很大，有利于学生的想象力。作文主题多贴近生活，容易写的话题。. 【考点透视】1准确运用语法、词汇、拼写、标点，体现语法规范的能力。2使用某些句型、词组，清楚地表达自己的意思。3写出易懂的短文。语言表达得体，准确体现交际情景，符合语言交际习惯的能力。【例题解析】浙江卷（ 08）人们完成工作的方式通常有两种：独立完成和合作完成。两种方式各有特点。请你以“ Working Individually or Working in a Team”为题，按照以下要点写一篇英语短文：1 独立完成：自行安排、自己解决问题。2 合作完成：一起讨论、相互学习3 我喜欢的方式和理由注意：词数100-120，文章的题目和开头已给出（不计词数）。Working Individually or Working in a Team There are basically two ways to get work done. 参考范文：Working Individually or Working in a Team There are basically two ways to get work done. One is to work individually. In this way, people can decide for themselves when to start work and how to do it. What s more, they will be able to learn bow to solve problems on their own. People may also choose to work in a team, where they can learn from each other and help each other. Besides, they may work out better ways to get work done by discussion. Personally, I prefer to work in a team, which offers me a chance to learn how to get along with others and to share my experiences with them. As the work can be divided among several people, it can be done efficiently. Teamwork is always important. 安徽卷（ 08）书面表达（满分25 分）学习必备欢迎下载假定你是李华，David 是你的美国笔友。他对中国鼓励使用环保购物袋很感兴趣，来信向你询问此事。请你给他写封回信。主要内容如下：1感谢他的关注。2简要介绍相关情况。3谈谈你的感想。注意：1 词数 100 左右，信的格式已为你写好。2 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3 参考词汇：环抱购物袋-environment-friendly shopping bag; 关注 -concern. Dear David, _ Yours, Li Hua 参考范文：Dear David, I m glad that you ve noticed our efforts directed towards environmental protection. Thank you for your concern. As too much use of plastic bags has caused serious white pollution, our govenment encourages us to use environment-friendly shopping bags. These bags are made of a variety of material that can be easily treated when they become rubbish. Besides, they can be reused. More and more people in China have realized the advantages of such bags and started using them. I believe that the wide use of these shopping bags can greatly improve our environment. This is one of the many steps we are to make our country an even cleaner place. Yours, Li Hua 湖北卷（ 08）假设你是卜曼宜，你购买了一部某外国公司生产的手机，因有质量问题， 要求该公司更换。请根据下列要点，用英文写一封电子邮件。要点： 1. 问题：手机不响铃，不能发短信；该产品已售完，无法更换；型号新，无配件，无法维修。2. 要求：公司应尽快予以更换。注意： 1. 词数为 100 左右；2. 参考词汇：配件 spare part; 3. 电子邮件的开头和结尾已为你写好（不计入你所写词数）；4.已给出的电子邮件的开头和结尾不得抄入答题卡。Dear Sir, I am writing to you for the mobile phone of Dephone-S250 I bought on 20th Apr. 2008 at Tele Mall in Wuhan, P.R. China.Thank you for your consideration. 学习必备欢迎下载Sincerely yours, Bu Manyi 参考范文：Dear Sir ，I am writing to you for the mobile phone of Dephone-S250 I bought on 20th Apr.2008 at Tele Mall in Wuhan, P.R. China. Ten days after that, it didn t ring and send short messages. Then I took it to the seller, but was told that the model had been sold out and I had to wait at least three months for a new one. Later I went to the repairman. He said since it was a new model in China, it was impossible to fix it without the right spare parts. I was so desperate on hearing that. How can I wait that long? Therefore, I require that you send me a new one of the same model within a month. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely yours, Bu Manyi 江苏卷（ 08）实现有效的沟通，建立良好的人际关系，不仅要善于言表、更要学会倾听。请你根据下表中所提供的信息，写一篇题为“Being a Good Listener ”的英文演讲稿。为何倾听表示尊重，增进理解，建立良好的人际关系谁来倾听家长倾听孩子理解孩子，消除代沟，老师倾听学生了解学生，满足需求，同学相互倾听增进友谊，互帮互学，怎样倾听（请考生联系自己拟定内容，列举两至三点。）注意：对所给要点，逐一陈述，适当发挥，不要简单翻译。词数 150 左右。开头和结尾已经写好，不计入总词数。演讲稿中不得提及考生所在学校及本人姓名。Good afternoon, everyone! The topic of my speech today is “ Being a Good Listener”._ Thank you for your listening! 参考范文： Good afternoon, everyone! The topic of my speech today is “ Being a Good Listener”.Good listening can always show respect, promote understanding, and improve interpersonal relationship. Many people suggest that parents should listen more to their children, so they will understand them better, and find it easy to narrow the generation gap; teachers should listen more to their students, then they can meet their needs better, and place themselves in a good relationship with their students; students should listen more to their classmates, thus they will help and learn from each other, and a friendship is likely to be formed. What I want to stress is that each of us should listen more to others. Show your respect and never stop others till they finish their talk; show you are interested by a supportive silence or a 学习必备欢迎下载knowing smile; be open-minded to different opinions even though you don t like them. In a word, good listening can really enable us to get closer to each other. Thank you for your listening! 【本题写作思路】本书面表达较为新颖，有点出人意料。题目形式和前几年相同，属于半开放式作文。写作时要注意按照要求分为三段：为何倾听， 谁来倾听， 怎样倾听。 特别注意动词在文章当中应用：表示尊重（show respect），增进理解（promote understanding），建立关系（improve relationship），消除代沟（narrow the generation gap ），满足需求（meet their needs）等。在表达自己看法的同时，要使用自己熟悉的句型，按要求两至三点即可。如：listen more to others；show your respect；show you are interested 等。辽宁卷（ 07）假定你是李华，准备参加学校举办的主题为“ 健康成长 ” 的英语作文比赛。请按要求写一篇短文，主要内容包括：1. 乐观的人生态度；2. 努力学习；3. 参加体育锻炼。注意： 1.词数 100 左右； 2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3.开头已为你写好。参考词汇：态度恶劣attitude 参考范文：We all want to grow up happily and healthily, and for this goal we must do several things. Firstly, we should develop a good attitude to life. Life consists of not only sunshine but also hard times. We should be brave in front of difficulties. Secondly, we must study hard because knowledge is power. If we have the power. We can help to build our country and enjoy life better. In order to study well, we need to do sports so that we can keep fit. We can go running, play ball games or simply take a walk after a day s study. If we do those things well, we will be able to grow up happily and healthily. 【本题写作思路】根据提示要覆盖所有的内容要点(1. 乐观的人生态度；2. 努力学习； 3. 参加体育锻炼。 ) 运用几个特殊句型或语法结构（强调句，倒装、定语从句）。考生可使用几个常见的词组（in my opinion 、I have no doubt that .、be in agreement with sth 、insist on (doing) sth、be opposed to (doing) sth、have an objection to (doing) sth ）。以及常用的过渡词（递进: then(然后)，besides( 还有 )，furthermore( 而且 )，moreover(此外 ) 转折 : however(然而 )，but(但是 )，on the country(相反 )，after all( 毕竟 )总结 : finally( 最后 )， at last(最后 )， in brief( 总之 )，firstly 、secondly in a word 、on one hand、at the same time、what s more），做好上下文的衔接另外还要恰当地运用常见的语法结构： 复杂句、 并列句倒装句强调句型It is that (who) 非谓语动词。虚拟语气固定句型结构too to so that such a that not only but also neither nor such as not until so that either or 看图写作：芳芳是个好学生。请根据下面5 幅图用英语写一篇短文，词数120 以上 . 学习必备欢迎下载【本题写作思路】如果单从画面看，所得的信息无非是：一天夜里，风刮得很大。芳芳两点钟起床，赶到学校，把窗户关好后回家。如果你就按上述所看到的信息去写，肯定拿不到高分。这是篇记叙文，记叙了芳芳做好事的前后经过。 但记叙离不开人。 所以要根据 “ 芳芳是个好学生” 这个信息对人物展开合理的想象：Fang Fang is a good student. She lives near her school. This term she was elected monitor of her class. She is a very responsible for her class work. 给下面的叙述奠定了基础。第一步：就事论事The wind was blowing heavily. （图一）Fang Fang got up right away. It was 2 o clock.（图二）After a while she got up to the school. （图三）She closed the windows of her classroom. （图四）She left the classroom and went home. （图五）第二步：合理想象One night, it was blowing outside. The wind struck the window so heavily that the noise woke up Fang Fang. （图一）The wind blowing in through the open window made her feel a bit cold. She knew a heavy rain would soon arrive. She thought of her classroom again. She wondered whether the students on duty had closed the windows properly. She got up and put on her clothes. It was then 2 o clock.（图二）She decided to go out right away, and get to the school before the storm came. She opened the door, and rushed out into the dark. On the way, he strong wind made it difficult for her to go forward quickly. in spite of this, she ran as fast as possible, and after a while she got to the school. （图三）She hurried right to her classroom and opened the door. Oh, dear! All the windows were open, and the strong wind filled the classroom with great noise. it was not 学习必备欢迎下载at all easy for her to shut up all the windows. （图四）She turned off the light and was leaving the classroom when she turned around to make sure all things were done well. Just then it began to rain heavily. when she got home, it was already half past three. （图五）第三步：整理成文根据合理的想象和字数限制合成一篇短文One night, the wind was blowing outside and struck the window so heavily that the noise woke up Fang Fang. The wind blowing in through the open window made her feel a bit cold. She knew a heavy rain would soon arrive when she wondered whether the students on duty had closed the windows properly. It was then 2 o clock but she to go out right away, and get to the school before the storm came. She opened the door, and rushed out into the dark. On the way, the strong wind made it difficult for her to go forward quickly. In spite of this, she ran as fast as possible, and after a while she got to the school. She hurried right to her classroom and opened the door. Oh, dear! All the windows were open, and she shut up all the windows one by one. She turned off the light and was leaving the classroom when it began to rain heavily. When she got home, it was already half past three. 书面表达的解题方法及技巧：一、写作初：1.先看题目，再审体裁。作文体裁有记叙文、说明文、故事、应用文（如书信、日记、便条、通知）等，仔细阅读题目要求，确定体裁。2.确定时态，判断人称。记叙文、日记过去时。说明文、信现在时、过去时、将来时等。通知将来时。有 “ 假如你是 ” 用第一人称，看图作文如果没有“I ”，用第三人称。二、写作时：1.想出关键词或句子。高考评分分为内容和语言两项，目前基本两项结合。语言分错写、影响表达，有错但不影响意义的表达等几个方面评分，内容漏一点扣一分。所以，写出关键词，就不会漏内容，更不会离题。2.确定句型，扩展句子(1)虽然对初学写作的同学不提倡用结构较复杂的句子进行表达，但我们应该理顺思路：“ 什么时间、在哪里、谁（与谁）进行什么活动” ，而英语顺序刚好相反。(2)恰当正确地运用“ 单词介词短语” 或“ 单句非谓语结构” 来表达多层意思，从而避免相同主语的单句重叠和堆砌，以及选用谓语动词而出现的时态和语态方面的错误，能收到很好的表达效果。(3)写句子时先找出主干，确立框架，补出支干成份。首先，写出句子的主干，在脑海中形成一个基本框架；然后，依据这一框架，补出支干成份。这就好比美术中进行素描一样，首先勾框，然后细描。举例如下：“ 他不久就意识到饥饿只是他所访问的非洲国家的问题之一。” 先找出主句的主干：他不久就意识到 He soon realized that. 并确立宾语从句的基本框架：饥饿只是 问题之一 (从汉语角度来讲主框架是：主系表结构)。Hunger was only one of the problems. 学习必备欢迎下载然后补出支干成份：He soon realized that hunger was only one of the problems in the African countries which he visited. 3.巧用连接词，自然过渡根据其内在联系或谈论的先后顺序将内容要点进行适当调整，使体裁的格式同题目要求一致。为了使句与句之间过渡自然，适当加一些表示并列、递进、因果、转折等的过渡词。4.灵活处理难句，避难就易碰到难句要学会转弯，用另一种方式，简单明了，正确、宁精勿杂。5.按部就班，顾全大局。不要 “ 添枝加叶 ” ，不要随意发挥延伸。6.把握字数，书写规范，注意标点符号，不用缩写词（如sth, sb） 。7.格式：注意日记、信、通知、便条的格式三、写作后：10、反复认真检查，修改错误。(1)要紧扣主题，看要点、内容是否遗漏。(2)体裁、格式合要求否。(3)字数。(4)拼写、时态、语态、语气、主谓一致、非谓语动词、冠词。四、注意事项：(1)每个句子之间不要长于两行。用你感到舒适的句子。如果你不知道你用的句子结构是否合适，最好别用，把它变成单句。(2)选用自己比较熟悉的词和句型；用你懂的单词，不要自以为是，似是而非的词不要用。(3)时间安排要合理紧凑：审题3 分钟；打草稿、修改15 分钟；誊写5 分钟；检查2 分钟。看图完成短文解题方法与技巧：1. 认真审图，列出要点看图作文的关键，在于看懂图画内容，理解画面意思，因此考生须仔细观察每幅图画所描绘的情景，深刻理解作者通过图画所传达的信息，列出写作的要点。历年NMET书面表达大都具备 6 个左右的描述要点。然后再根据以上所列要点扩点成句，扩句时考生要注意图画所给的时间背景，正确使用人称、时态和语态。最后组句成文。2. 层次分明，行文流畅组句成文时考生要注意适当地使用一些过渡词(如 and， then， but， however， besides ， thus，soon， first，second ，finally 等)以便使图与图之间内容过渡自然，脉络清晰，层次分明。组句成文时还要求行文的文理通顺，意思连贯与流畅。因此，我们在做书面表达题时，可以把作状语用的副词 (尤其是时间副词)、副词短语或副词从句提至句首，使得上句的尾部与下句的首部相互呼应，以收到连贯的效果。3. 使用简单句和有把握句式考生在进行书面表达时应多使用简单句，少量地使用并列句和复合句。如NMET1997的书面表达参考答案中，整篇文章只用了一个由as 引导的复合句。其它皆为简单句。而在NMET1998的书面表达参考答案中，整篇文章用了一个由how 引导的感叹句和一个由before引导的复合句。其它皆为简单句。而在NMET1999的书面表达参考答案中，整篇文章仅用了一个由 where 引导的复合句，其它皆为简单句。因此，考生在做NMET 看图作文时可采用以下五种基本句型：学习必备欢迎下载A：主语 +系动词 +表语The work seemed difficult to us. B：主语谓语(vi.)其它Great changes have taken place in my hometown. C：主语 +谓语 +宾语 +其它He likes English. D.主语 +谓语 +直接宾语 +间接宾语 +其它He gave me a new dictionary. E.主语 +谓语 +宾语 +宾语补足语I find it important to study English. 4.文章结尾要精彩在文章结尾时适时、适当地使用一些表示情感因素的句式可使文章结尾很精彩，显得自然、得体。5. 字迹清楚 ,书写工整书面表达属主观性试题，阅卷的主观印象直接关系到得分。主观印象之一就是书写水平。因此，考生在做看图作文时，要做到书写认真，字迹清楚，排除空心句号、乱涂乱写的陋习。字体以斜体行书为好，不可写一种似圆体又不是圆体的怪体。注意单词拼写要正确，文章在试卷中的位置要适中，最好分上、下两部分。不难想象，这样一份字迹清晰，卷面整洁，标点得当的试卷在高考阅卷中是会得高分的。总之，做好看图作文，要做到：要点明确，行文流畅，多用简单句，结尾精彩，书写工整。【专题训练与高考预测】1. 加拿大高中生Tom 在互联网上登出启示。希望结识一位中国朋友，以便学习中国的语言、文化。假设你是李华，请在看到这则启示后，用英文给Tom 发一封电子邮件，主要内容包括：1、 你怎样得知David 愿望2、 你愿意成为他的朋友3、 你打算如何帮助他4、 你盼望他的回复5、 本文要求你回电子邮件给Tom ，因为你看到了Tom 征友，愿意成为他的朋友。Dear Tom, I am Li Hua .I am glad to read your notice on the Internet and I know you want to make friends with a Chinese in order to learn the Chinese language and culture .I would like to be your friend .Now I would like to introduce myself to you .I was born in Xi an city in 1990 .I am studying in Changan No.1High School and I am fluent in English and Chinese. I think I can help you to know about China by sending e-mails . Whats more ,we can have chats on the Internet in Chinese and I will send e-mail to tell you the customs ,the festivals ,the food of the Chinese .If It is convenient to you ,please come to China for a visit .I will show you 学习必备欢迎下载around many places of interest .I hope we can keep in touch with each other . I am looking forward to your reply. Yours Li Hua 【本题写作思路】1.确定体裁：本文为说明文。2.格式：书信体。3.要点：（1）在网上得知Tom.要找中国朋友， 以便学习中国语言，文化。（2）自我介绍 （3）表示愿意成为他的朋友（4）介绍如何帮助他学习汉语-have a chat with ;send e -mail ;show around the places of interest （5）期盼回复4.语言的使用：使用婉转的语气和客套形式。be glad to read the notice ;I am looking forward to your reply /I am waiting for your answer . 5.短语，句型的选择：make friends with/get a Chinese friend ;be fluent in ;have chats with ;learn Chinese and culture .would like to introduce oneself .keep in touch with /stay in touch with 6.段落层次：得知网络启示和介绍为第一段。帮助学习汉语等2最近 ,你的父母打算让你出国留学,你与父母的意见相悖,感到烦恼 .现在你准备在网上将你与父母的意见发表出来,寻求帮助 .请你根据下面的提示,写出 100词左右的短文.文章开头已给出 . 父母的看法自己的看法1.拥有学习外语的好环境; 2.可以尽早学会独立生活; 3.学习先进技术,有前途 . 自己现有的外语水平不高; 担心遇到无法处理的问题; 对家庭来说留学费用太高. My parents have been wanting me to study abroad, - 2参考范文 : My parents have been wanting me to study abroad, but I don t agree with them.I think my English is too limited to communicate with foreigners. And I m not fully developed physically and mentally. So it would be hard for me to deal with the problems I ll face. Besides, the cost will be too much for my family. However, my parents think that it s natural to master a foreign language in an English-speaking country. Worse still, studying abroad at an early age will enable me to be independent. Then it would be easier for me to lean advanced knowledge and technology, which would prepare me for a brighter future. I really don t know whether I should obey my parents or not. I need advice! 【本题写作思路】本书面表达要求写一篇短文寻求帮助,因此必须先把题目所包含的内容梳理清楚,这里需要注意的是要在结尾寻求帮助。然后再根据表格内容写出所需要的词汇：limited, communicate, hard, deal with, cost, too much, independent, advanced knowledge, bright future紧接着再进行组织写出提纲,可以第一段陈述自己的观点,第二段陈述父母的观点,最后提出寻求帮助。当然也可以先写父母的观点再陈述自己的观点。学习必备欢迎下载3今年南京市做出决定，允许居民在春节期间定点燃放烟花爆竹。这一决定受到了大多数人的欢迎，也遭到了部分人的反对。最近，你班就春节期间该不该燃放烟花爆竹进行了一场子讨论。请根据以下信息，给一家英文报纸写一篇短文，客观介绍你们的讨论情况，并就如何安全燃放烟花爆竹提出你的看法。60%赞成40%反对1增加节目气氛1造成人身伤害2传统的中国文化习俗2污染环境需要用的词汇：燃放烟花爆竹set off fireworks 要求： 1.短文须包括所给要点; 2.短文的开头已为你写好. 3.字数 100 左右 . The government of Nanjing lifted the ban on fireworks during the 2006 Spring Festival. Recently._ 3参考范文：The government of Nanjing lifted the ban on fireworks during the 2006 Spring Festival. Recently, our class has held a meeting to discuss whether or not fireworks should be banned. At the meeting, about 60% of us support the government s decision, saying fireworks, as an old traditional Chinese x culture, is