中西翻译简史第十一讲西方翻译史ppt课件.pptx

中西翻译简史A Concise History of Translation in China and the WestA Concise History of Translation in China and the WestLecture Lecture 1111Translation History in the West Translation History in the West 2:2: from 18from 18thth Century to 1970s Century to 1970sBackground translatability and translatability and untranslatabilityuntranslatability more more philosophical and less philosophical and less empirical: empirical: origin of translation studiesBackground reasons:the rise of philology as a university disciplinet h e l i t e r a r y m o v e m e n t o f RomanticismBackground translator “as a creative genius in his own right, in touch with the genius of his original and enriching the literature and language into which he is translating.”NovalisHis original name was Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg.German poet, author, mystic, and philosopher of Early German Romanticism(1772 1801)Novalis the first one to systemize the emerging romantic theory of translationA new triadic division of translationNovalisn grammatical grammatical translations:translations:translations in the ordinary sense of the word”n transformative translationstransformative translationsauthentic body forth the sublimest poetic spirit”n mythic translations mythic translations translations in the noblest style, which “reveal the pure and perfect character of the individual work of artSchlegelAugust Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767 1845)German poet, translator and criticTranslated Shakespeare into German;Translated Bhagavad Gita(薄伽梵薄伽梵歌歌) from Sanskrit into German SchlegelAugust Wilhelm von Schlegel (1767 1845)“to get away from the notion of literal precision so commonly associated with fidelity” truth must be the translators highest, indeed virtually his only, mandate. GoetheJohann Wolfgang Johann Wolfgang von von Goethe Goethe (1749 1832) German writer, poet, scientist, scholar and statesmanGoetheI honour meter and rhyme, for that is what makes poetry, but the part that is really, deeply, and basically effective, the part that is truly formative and beneficial, is the part of the poet that remains when he is translated into prose. This residue is the pure, complete substance, which a dazzling external form can simulate, when it is lacking, or conceal, when it is present.Friedrich SchleiermacherFriedrich Daniel Ernst Friedrich Daniel Ernst Schleiermacher Schleiermacher ( (1768 1834) German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar founder of modern Hermeneutics On Different Methods of Translating“(1813)Friedrich Schleiermacher generalized generalized translationtranslationtranslation exists everywhere where we have to interpret a discourseFriedrich Schleiermacher restricted restricted translationtranslationtranslation between languagesFriedrich Schleiermacher translator translator vs. interpretervs. interpreterInterpreting: business matters, oral; Translation: science and art, written.Friedrich Schleiermacher the objective the objective vs. vs. the subjectivethe subjectiveEverywhere the author appears as the mere servant of an objective content, there is interpreting-oral or writtenEverywhere he tries to express himself, there is translationFriedrich Schleiermacher two methods to do two methods to do translationtranslation the translator leaves the author in peace, as much as possible, and moves the reader towards him; or he leaves the reader in peace, as much as possible, and moves the author towards him. Friedrich SchleiermacherSchleiermachers stanceSchleiermachers stanceIf the target-language readers are to understand, they must grasp the spirit of the language native to the author, they must be able to gaze upon the authors inimitable patterns of thinking and meaning; Friedrich SchleiermacherSchleiermachers stanceSchleiermachers stancebut the only tools that the translator can offer them in pursuit of these goals are their own language, which nowhere quite corresponds to the authors, and his own person, his own inconsistently clear understanding of, and vacillating admiration for, the author.Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Karl Ferdinand von HumboldtFerdinand von Humboldt(1767 1835) W. von HumboldtW. von Humboldt Prussian philosopher, linguist, government functionary, diplomat, founder of the Humboldt University of Berlin the “Magna Carta”（宪章） of translation theory in GermanyW. von HumboldtW. von Humboldta translator is the difficulty and even the i m p o s s i b i l i t y o f establishing equivalence between two languages.Untranslatability: not totally equivalentW. von HumboldtW. von HumboldtQuestioning fidelityThe more the translator strives to force the text into a mathematically calculated accuracy in establishing equivalence, the more he diverges from this intended fidelity.W. von HumboldtW. von Humboldtaims and uses of translation1）to make known the original to those who lack the relevant linguistic knowledge; 2）to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the text; 3）to enter into the spirit of the work once one has mastered the words of same.Translation in the 20th CenturyWalter BenjaminWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix Walter Bendix SchnfliesSchnflies Benjamin Benjamin (18921940)(18921940) German Jewish philosopher; cultural criticThe Task of the TranslatorWalter BenjaminWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix Walter Bendix SchnfliesSchnflies Benjamin Benjamin (18921940)(18921940)Translation participates in the “afterlife” of a work a history of reception more than transmit message, recreate the value Walter BenjaminWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix Walter Bendix SchnfliesSchnflies Benjamin Benjamin (18921940)(18921940)the linguistic differences “pure language”pure language: a sense of how the “mutually exclusive” differences among languages coexist with complementary intentions to communicate and to refer, intentions that are derailed by the differences. Walter BenjaminWalter BenjaminWalter Bendix Walter Bendix SchnfliesSchnflies Benjamin Benjamin (18921940)(18921940)translation offers a Utopian vision of linguistic “harmony”.Transformation of current standard language.Rudolf Pannwitz: translator must broaden and deepen his own language with the foreign one”.Ezra PoundEzra PoundEzra Weston Loomis Pound (1885 1972) American poet and critic, translator Imagism Translating Guido Guido CavalcantiCavalcantiEzra PoundEzra Pound Archaism in translating Guido Cavalcantis poetry: search for a stylistic equivalencepre-Elizabethan English poetry stylemedieval Tuscan“We are preserving one value of early Italian work.”Ezra PoundEzra Poundthe autonomy of translation(1)“interpretive”: linguistic peculiarities direct the reader across the page to foreign textual features(2) “original writing”: rewriting of the foreign text in the mask of originalityEzra PoundEzra Pound invigorate the English language by overcoming the “six centuries of derivative convention and loose usage that have obscured the exact significances of phrasesRoman Jakobson RussianAmerican linguist and literary theorist formalistRoman Osipovich Jakobson (18961982)Roman JakobsonSix functions of language:1. The Referential Function corresponds to the factor of context and describes a situation, object or mental state. The descriptive statements of the referential function can consist of both definite descriptions and deictic words, e.g. The autumn leaves have all fallen now.Roman Jakobson2. The Poetic Function focuses on the message for its own sake (the code itself, and how it is used) and is the operative function in poetry as well as slogans.Roman Jakobson3. The Emotive (alternatively called Expressive or Affective) Function relates to the Addresser (sender) and is best exemplified by interjections and other sound changes that do not alter the denotative meaning of an utterance but do add information about the Addressers (speakers) internal state, e.g. Wow, what a view!Roman Jakobson4. The Conative Function engages the Addressee (receiver) directly and is best illustrated by vocatives and imperatives, e.g. Tom! Come inside and eat!Roman Jakobson5. The Phatic Function is language for the sake of interaction and is therefore associated with the Contact/Channel factor. The Phatic Function can be observed in greetings and casual discussions of the weather, particularly with strangers. It also provides the keys to open, maintain, verify or close the communication channel: Hello?, Ok?, Hummm, Bye.Roman Jakobson6. The Metalingual (alternatively called Metalinguistic or Reflexive) Function is the use of language (what Jakobson calls Code) to discuss or describe itself.Roman Jakobsonthe signifier and the signifiedThe equivalence between the signifier and the signified is decided by the context.the source language and the target languageRoman Jakobson The structure and terminology of languages are more important than transmitting information.Eugene Eugene NidaNidaEugene A. Eugene A. NidaNida(1914 2011) American linguist Dynamic-equivalence (Functional Equivalence) Eugene Eugene NidaNidaTwo types of equivalence: formal and dynamic(1)formal equivalencefocuses attention on the messagemessage itself, in both form and content with aims to allow readers to understand as much of the SL context as possible.Eugene Eugene NidaNidaTwo types of equivalence: formal and dynamic(2)Dynamic equivalence(2)Dynamic equivalenceemphasizes more on the effecteffect the receiver receives the message with the aim to “relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture” Eugene Eugene NidaNidaApplication of Dynamic-equivalence: Bible TranslationThe target language wording will trigger the same impact in its hearers that the original wording had upon its hearers.We always want a hearer to understand the same meaning as did hearers of the source text.Eugene Eugene NidaNidaThe meaning of “The meaning of “meaning”: a bundlemeaning”: a bundle meanings of parts of words (morphemes); words themselves; how words connect to each other (syntax, grammar); words in communication contexts (pragmatics); Connotation.Eugene Eugene NidaNidaInefficiency of Dynamic Equivalence Inefficiency of Dynamic Equivalence Theory Theory overly narrow focus upon the response of hearers at the expense of other factors The effect may be caused by multiple reasons.Eugene Eugene NidaNidaFunctional equivalence (paraphrasing)The translator tries to make the target language function the same way the original language functioned for the original readers.Eugene Eugene NidaNidaFunctional equivalence (paraphrasing) A term can be omitted if no equivalence could be found. make books readable on unintended levelsGeorge SteinerGeorge SteinerFrancis George Francis George Steiner (1929-)Steiner (1929-)French-born American literary critic, essayist, philosopher, novelist, and educatorHermeneutic approachGeorge SteinerGeorge SteinerHermeneutic approachEtymology of “hermeneutics” old Greek Latin: “hermeneuein”, meaning to understand Middle ages: theology, the interpretation of the decrees of God and records of antiquity Renaissance: semantic explanations in rhetoric and poetics Romanticism: explanation of textsGeorge SteinerGeorge SteinerHermeneutic approach of translationUnderstanding is translation.George SteinerGeorge SteinerHermeneutic approach of translationis the investigation of what it means to understand a piece of oral or written speech, and the attempt to diagnose this process in terms of a general model of meaningIt gives the subject of translation a frankly philosophic aspect.George SteinerGeorge Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(1) initiative trust (2) aggression (or penetration) (3) incorporation(4) reciprocity or restitutionGeorge SteinerGeorge Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(1) initiative trust “All understanding, and the demonstrative statement of understanding which is translation, starts with an act of trust”, the translators comprehension and expression of the source ideas, as subjectivity is unavoidable.George SteinerGeorge Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(2) aggression (or penetration) “It is Heideggers contribution to have shown that understanding, recognition, interpretation are a compacted, unavoidable mode of attack.”“The translation invades, extracts, and brings home.”George SteinerGeorge Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(3) incorporation“But whatever the degree of “naturalization”, the act of importation can potentially dislocate or relocate the whole of the native structure.”George SteinerGeorge Steinerfour moves of four moves of translationtranslation(4) reciprocity or restitutionin order to restore balance to the morals of translation to compensate the loss of meaning and the violent transport.