英国文学维多利亚时期全集ppt课件.ppt

Part V The Victorian Age(1832-1901)Chapter I A Survey of the Victorian Periodv(1) Definition: the Victorian Periodvroughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1837 to 1901. vone of the most Glorious period in the English history 18371837年，年，1818岁的女王维多利亚登基岁的女王维多利亚登基. . 新女王在继位之前的日记中写道：既然上帝把我置于新女王在继位之前的日记中写道：既然上帝把我置于这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。我尚这个国家的王位上，我将尽力履行自己的职责。我尚年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无年轻，可能在许多方面缺乏经验，但我肯定，几乎无人像我这样怀着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。人像我这样怀着为国为民的良好意愿和真切希望。 女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在其一生中模范地履女王充分实现了自己的诺言：她在其一生中模范地履行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是行了立宪君主的职责，因此深受国民的爱戴；她还是那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻良母，也是优秀那个时代道德风尚的典范，她是贤妻良母，也是优秀的一家主妇。她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又的一家主妇。她自己生活严谨，工作刻苦，对别人又充满责任感。在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩充满责任感。在许多国人眼中，她就是那个时代的缩影，她漫长的影，她漫长的6363年在位时期则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰年在位时期则是国家繁荣昌盛的顶峰. . 在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出在英国所有国王中，她享有盛誉，这不是因为她做出了什么轰动的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅了什么轰动的事业，而是因为她什么都不做，而仅仅恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那个时代的表率。恪守立宪君主的本分，做她那个时代的表率。 v(2) Background: developed rapidly both politically & economically (capitalism first took shape, agricultural to industrial society vThe Early Victorian Period (1832-1848) vrapid economic development + serious social problems. vYet beneath the great prosperity & richness, there existed widespread poverty & wretchedness among the working class. vThe worsening living & working conditions, the mass unemployment & the new Poor Law of 1834 finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement (1836-1848). vThe Mid-Victorian Period (1848-1970)vDuring the next twenty years, England settled down to a time of prosperity & relative stability. The middle-class life of the time was characterized by prosperity, respectability and material progress. 维多利亚时代中期，英国达到强盛的顶峰，当维多利亚时代中期，英国达到强盛的顶峰，当时它的工业生产能力比全世界的总和还要大，时它的工业生产能力比全世界的总和还要大， 维多利亚中期的英国为他们的无可匹敌的地位维多利亚中期的英国为他们的无可匹敌的地位洋洋得意，它这时是世界的贸易中心：北美和洋洋得意，它这时是世界的贸易中心：北美和俄国的平原是我们的玉米地；芝加哥和敖德萨俄国的平原是我们的玉米地；芝加哥和敖德萨是我们的粮仓；加拿大和波罗的海是我们的林是我们的粮仓；加拿大和波罗的海是我们的林场；澳大利亚、西亚有我们的牧羊地；阿根廷场；澳大利亚、西亚有我们的牧羊地；阿根廷和北美的西部草原有我们的牛群；秘鲁运来它和北美的西部草原有我们的牛群；秘鲁运来它的白银；南非和澳大利亚的黄金则流到伦敦；的白银；南非和澳大利亚的黄金则流到伦敦；印度人和中国人为我们种植茶叶；而我们的咖印度人和中国人为我们种植茶叶；而我们的咖啡、甘蔗和香料种植园则遍及印度群岛；西班啡、甘蔗和香料种植园则遍及印度群岛；西班牙和法国是我们的葡萄园；地中海是我们的果牙和法国是我们的葡萄园；地中海是我们的果园；长期以来早就生长在美国南部的我们的棉园；长期以来早就生长在美国南部的我们的棉花地，现在正在向地球的所有的温暖区域扩展。花地，现在正在向地球的所有的温暖区域扩展。 Victorian key words:vFamily, work, morality, money, justice, competitionvThe Late Victorian Period (1870-1901)vBut the last three decades of the century witnessed the decline of the British Empire and the decay of the Victorian values.vThe rapid development of science & technology, new inventions & discoveries in geology, astronomy, biology & anthropology drastically shook peoples religious convictions and beliefs. vDarwins The Origin of Species (1859) & The Descent of Man (1871) shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith. vOn the other hand, Utilitarianism实用主义实用主义 was widely accepted & practiced. (Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness.)Chapter II the Victorian Literaturevmagnitude众多众多 & diversity: Great writers and great works aboundedvIt was many-sided, complex, reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in peoples life and thought. vVictorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality & spirit of the age. The high-spirited vitality, the down-to-earth earnestness, the good-natured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented 空前的空前的. vIn almost every genre it paved the way for the coming century, where its spirits, values & experiments are to witness their harvest. Victorian NovelVictorian PoetryThe Nineties/ AestheticismChapter III Victorian Novelsvthe novel became the dominant genrevPlot is unfolded against a social backgroundv“linear causation”: cause-effect sequence vTainted by the spirit of puritanism of the Victorian Age/ Moral purposevthey were all concerned about the fate of the common peoplevWhile sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th-century realistic novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society. vThey were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship & Utilitarianism & the widespread misery, poverty & injustice. vTheir truthful depiction of peoples life & bitter & strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems & in the actual improvement of the society.vRomantic fiction: picturesque, heroic than real daily lifevRealistic fiction: accurate reflection of real life. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) vthe greatest representive of English critical realismvBorn at Portsmouth, his father was put into the prison for debt when he was only 12vWorked in underground shoe-blacking then lawyers office as a junior clerkvIn 1835, became a reporter, later an editor, managerHis Major Works vUpon his death, Dickens left to the world 15 novels & a number of short stories. vThey offer a most complete & realistic picture of English society of his age & remain the highest achievement in the 19th-century English novel. vIn nearly all his novels, behind the gloomy pictures of oppression & poverty, behind the loud humor & buffoonery 滑稽滑稽, is his gentleness, his simple faith in mankind. Important Works & CharactersvThe first periodyouthful optimist vThe Pickwick Papers (the supreme epic of English life): Mr. Pickwick , Sam Weller vOliver Twist (a description of the lower-depth)vNicholas Nickleby : Mr. SqueersvThe Old Curiosity Shop: Trent, Nellv2) The second periodexcitement & irritationvMartin Chuzzlewit: Chuzzlewit. Mr. Pecksniff vA Christmas CarolvDombey and Son : Dombey . Edith, CarkervDavid Copperfield (Dickenss own favourite) : Mr. Murderstone, Clara Peggotty, Steerforth , Dora, Uriah HeepvThe Third PeriodHis loss of hope for English bourgeois societyvBleak House: Lord ChancellorvHard Times: Mr. GradgrindvLittle Dorrit: William DorritvA Tale of Two Cities: Dr. Manetter, Lucie, Defoarge, Charles Darnay, Sidney Carton, Mademe DefargevGreat Expectations(1) Period of youthful optimist vOliver Twist (1837-1838)vThe Old Curiosity Shop (1840-1841);(2) Period of excitement & irritationvDombey & Son (1846-1848); David Copperfield (1849-1850)(3) Period of steadily intensifying pessimism vBleak House (1852-1853); Hard Times (1854); A Tale of Two Cities (1859); Great Expectations (1860-1861); vlively Character Sketches & Exaggeration certain peculiarities by the use of exaggerationvBroad Humor & Penetrating Satire vthe main plot is often interwoven with more than one sub-plot so that a broader view of life may be introduced vThe Power of Exposure:Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problemDistinct Features of His NovelsDistinct Features of His Novels(1) Character Sketches勾画 & ExaggerationvIn his novels are found about 19 hundred figures, some of whom are really such typical characters under typical circumstances, that they become representative of a whole group of similar persons.vAs a master of characterization, Dickens was skillful in drawing vivid sketches by exaggerating some peculiarities特性, & in giving them exactly the actions & words that fit them: that is, right words & right actions for the right person.v(2) Broad Humor & Penetrating Satire vDickens is well known as a humorist as well as a satirist. He sometimes employs humor to enliven使生动 a scene or lighten a character by making it (him or her) eccentric古怪, or laughable. Sometimes he uses satire to ridicule奚落 human follies罪恶 or vices恶性, with the purpose of laughing them out of existence or bring about reform.v(3) Complicated & Fascinating PlotvDickens seems to love complicated novel constructions with minor plots beside the major one, or two parallel major plots within one novel. He is also skillful at creating suspense & mystery to make the story fascinating.v(4) The Power of ExposurevAs the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality & justice. Each of his novels reveals a specific social problem.NovelTextTextTextTextPlotCharacterSettingNarrativeLanguageThemeDavid Copperfield (1849-1850)David is sent by his stepfather Mr. Murderstone to work in a warehouse and board with the Micawber family, whose host is like Dickens father, improvident and optimistic. He marries his employers daughter Dora, a pretty but empty-headed woman. She soon dies and David becomes a famous writer later and he finally weds Agnes, the woman he has loved all his life. vWilkins Micawber was modeled on Dickens father, John Dickens, who also ended up in a debtors prison (the Kings Bench Prison) after failing to meet the demands of his creditors. vHe is continually in debt and looking for “something to turn up”. vThe impecunious身无分文的身无分文的 and loveable Micawber allows Dickens to vent some feelings about his father. vAppearance:va stoutish, middle-aged person, in a brown surtout and black tights and shoes, with no more hair upon his head (which was a large one, and very shining) than there is upon an egg, and with a very extensive face. vHis clothes were shabby, but he had an imposing shirt-collar on. He carried a jaunty sort of a stick, with a large pair of rusty tassels to it; and a quizzing-glass hung outside his coat, - for ornament, I afterwards found, as he very seldom looked through it, and couldnt see anything when he did. vLanguage:vWelcome poverty!. Welcome misery, welcome houselessness, welcome hunger, rags, tempest, and beggary! Mutual confidence will sustain us to the end! vBoy, as I have frequently had occasion to observe: When the stomach is empty, the spirits are low! vRemember my motto Nil Desperandum! -Never despair! vHis long-suffering wife, Emma, stood by him through thick and thin, despite the fact that her deceased father had to bail him out on many occasions, and his circumstances forces her to pawn抵押抵押 all her family heirlooms传家宝传家宝. The maxims she lives by were: I will never desert Mr. Micawber!vHis name has become synonymous with someone who lives in hopeful expectation. This has formed the basis for the Micawber Principle, based upon his observation:Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure nineteen six, result happiness. Annual income twenty pounds, annual expenditure twenty pounds ought and six, result misery. vEternally optimistic, certain something will turn up to pay his huge debts.Mr. Micawber is a half-critical, half-affectionate portrait of Dickens own improvident father.vMicawber He is always impoverished but optimistic, a kindhearted, but ineffective, incurable optimistAssignment: A Tale of Two Cities (1859)vhistorical novel by Charles Dickens. The plot centres on the years leading up to the French Revolution and culminates in the Jacobin Reign of Terror. vPlot:The book tells, first and foremost, the story of Charles Darnay and Sydney Carton, who look similar but are very different in their personalities. Darnay is a romantic French aristocrat; Carton is a cynical English barrister. Both fall deeply in love with the same woman, Lucie Manette. vThe authors primary source was The French Revolution: A History by Thomas Carlyle, whose view that history follows a cycle of destruction and resurrection was an important influence, illustrated especially well in the life and death of Sydney Carton. vThe two cities referred to in the title are London and Paris. Throughout the novel, pairs of people, places, etc. are compared and contrasted.vSydney Carton quickminded but depressed English barrister and alcoholic; a key character in the theme of redemption vLucie Manette young Frenchwoman loved by both Carton and Charles Darnay vCharles Darnay respectable young Frenchman who detests the aristocrats, though he is one himself,vDickens tale on the French Revolution is balanced: he describes the horrors and atrocities committed by both sides. vThe novel concludes with the death of Sydney Carton. If he had any chance to express his final thoughts, they would be full of prophecy: many of the revolutionaries, including Monsieur Defarge, would be sent to the guillotine themselves, and a future child of Charles and Lucie Darnay would be named after Carton ThemesvThemes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.vA Tale of Two Cities is a moral novel strongly concerned with themes of resurrection, redemption, revolution, sacrifice, shame, social injustice and violence.vResurrection, therefore, becomes the predominant theme of the final part of the novel. Darnay is rescued at the last moment and recalled to life; Carton chooses death and resurrection to a life better than that which he has ever known: it was the peacefullest mans face ever beheld there . he looked sublime and prophetic.vDickens, in conclusion, foresees a new and improved social order, rising from the ashes of the destruction which preceded it.v【约【约11:25】 耶稣对她说，复活在我，生命耶稣对她说，复活在我，生命也在我。信我的人，虽然死了，也必复活。也在我。信我的人，虽然死了，也必复活。vJesus said unto her, I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live:v【约【约11:26】 凡活着信我的人，必永远不死。凡活着信我的人，必永远不死。你信这话吗？你信这话吗？vAnd whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die. Believest thou this?v【约【约15:12】 你们要彼此相爱，像我爱你们你们要彼此相爱，像我爱你们一样，这就是我的命令。一样，这就是我的命令。vThis is my commandment, That ye love one another, as I have loved you.v【约【约15:13】 人为朋友舍命，人的爱心没有人为朋友舍命，人的爱心没有比这个大的。比这个大的。vGreater love hath no man than this, that a man lay down his life for his friends.The Ever-Present Possibility of Resurrection vThe narrative suggests that Sydney Cartons death secures a new, peaceful life for Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay, and even Carton himself. vBy delivering himself to the guillotine, Carton ascends to the plane of heroism, becoming a Christ-like figure whose death serves to save the lives of others. vMoreover, the final pages of the novel suggest that, like Christ, Carton will be resurrectedCarton is reborn in the hearts of those he has died to save. vSimilarly, the text implies that the death of the old regime in France prepares the way for the beautiful and renewed Paris that Carton supposedly envisions from the guillotine.vAlthough Carton spends most of the novel in a life of indolence and apathy, the supreme selflessness of his final act speaks to a human capacity for change. vAlthough the novel dedicates much time to describing the atrocities暴行暴行 committed both by the aristocracy and by the outraged peasants, it ultimately expresses the belief that this violence will give way to a new and better society.The Necessity of Sacrifice vsacrifice is necessary to achieve happiness. vDickens examines this second theme, again, on both a national and personal level. For example, the revolutionaries prove that a new, egalitarian French republic can come about only with a heavy and terrible costpersonal loves and loyalties must be sacrificed for the good of the nation vMost important, Cartons