初中英语人教版八年级下册ppt课件.ppt

五、五、 连词连词复习要点复习要点1.知识概要知识概要2.连词一览表连词一览表3.常用并列连词的用法常用并列连词的用法1） and 2） bothand 3） not onlybut also 4） as well as 5） nor 6） but 7） however, still, yet 8） while 9） or 10） either or/neither nor 11） so 12） then 13） for4.常用从属连词的用法常用从属连词的用法1）that 2） when, while, as 3） after/before 4）since 5） till/until 6）as soon as 7） because/since/as 8） so/such that 9）if10） unless=if not 11）though/although 12）asas/ than 14） as13） whether/if 14） so/such that3.常用近义连词的用法辨析常用近义连词的用法辨析（1） while, when, as （2）as, because, since , for （3）if, whether（4）sothat, such.that （5）eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also（6）although, but （7）because, so4.正误辨析正误辨析5.例题解析例题解析6.课时训练课时训练知识概要知识概要 用来连接词、短语、从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不用来连接词、短语、从句或句子的词叫连词。连词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。能单独使用。连词可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。连词一览表连词一览表作作 用用主主 要要 连连 词词并并列列连连词词表并列关系表并列关系and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor等等表选择关系表选择关系or, eitheror等等表转折关系表转折关系but, however, while (而而)，only (只不过只不过)等等表因果关系表因果关系for, so，therefore (因此因此)，then（那么）等（那么）等从从属属连连词词引导时间状语引导时间状语从句从句after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。等。引导条件状语引导条件状语从句从句if, unless等等引导原因状语引导原因状语从句从句because, as, since等等难点链接难点链接1.常用并列连词的用法常用并列连词的用法1）and连接语法作用相同的部分连接语法作用相同的部分.如：如： Let me know what you saw and heard in Europe.如果连接的两个名词是指同一个人而有两种身份时如果连接的两个名词是指同一个人而有两种身份时,第二个名词前不要加冠词或所有格第二个名词前不要加冠词或所有格. 如：如：Her husband is a singer and songwriter. 祈使句祈使句+and代替条件句代替条件句. 如：如：Work hard and you will pass the examination.由由and连接两个主语时谓语动词要用复数形式。如：连接两个主语时谓语动词要用复数形式。如：You and I are from China.但是，但是， and前面的主语之前有前面的主语之前有every, each, no, many a的时候用单数谓语动词的时候用单数谓语动词.如：如： Every train and bus was crowded with many people. 2） both+主语主语+and+主语主语+“复数谓语动词复数谓语动词”。如：。如： Both Tom and Jerry are going to the cinema. 3） not onlybut also如如果连接两个主语果连接两个主语,谓语动词临近原则谓语动词临近原则.如：如： Not only he but also his parents are very kind to me. 4） as well as后面后面的主语不作为成分的主语不作为成分.如：如： This study, as well as many other reports, shows that cancer can be cured. 后面如果接动词后面如果接动词一定要一定要用动名词用动名词.如：如： She sings as well as playing the piano. 5) nor是否是否定连接词定连接词, 后面接的句子应倒装后面接的句子应倒装. 如：如：I dont know, nor do I care. 6）but用来用来表示转折表示转折,如：如： He tried hard but he was unsuccessful.还可以用在还可以用在no one, none, nobody, nothing, all, every等词之后表示等词之后表示”除了除了以以外外”。如：。如： All the boys but one are here. 难点链接难点链接7）however, still, yet,含意相同相当于含意相同相当于”butanyway”.如：如：The car was old, yet it was in excellent condition. She has her weaknesses, yet(but) that doesnt mean she is not good for the job. He lied to me, I still believe him.8) while表示的是表示的是”相反的相反的”,也可以用也可以用but, however, on the other hand来代替来代替. While some people have nothing to eat, others eat too much.9) or连接句子或词组连接句子或词组,表示表示 “或者或者”之意。之意。 Which do you prefer, yellow, blue or red? Was he angry, or was he pretending?or, 也有也有“否则否则”的意思的意思. 如：如：Be quick, or you will be late.10) either or/neither nor和和not onlybut also并列主语时，谓语动词同并列主语时，谓语动词同样用就近原则样用就近原则. Either Mary or her parents are going by bus. There is neither electricity nor free suppers in the hotel.Not only you but also I am from china.11）so表示因此表示因此, 相当相当于于therefore.（adv.） 如：如：They cost a lot of money, so use them carefully. It is very cold. Therefore, we should stay here. 12） then （adv）然然后，而后，其次后，而后，其次 如：如：I dropped in at her house and then I went home. 13）for引导的句子不可以放在句首，之前必须由逗号，表示推论的理由引导的句子不可以放在句首，之前必须由逗号，表示推论的理由 They must be good friends, for they are always together.The day breaks, for the birds are singing. 难点链接难点链接2.常用从属连词的用法常用从属连词的用法1）that引导名词性从句引导名词性从句(主语主语/宾语宾语/表语从句表语从句),同位语从句，定语从句同位语从句，定语从句,如：如：That smoking can cause cancer is known to all.I was surprised to hear that he became the president.2） when, while, as when 在在-时刻或时期，可指时间点或时间段，从句动词是终止或持续动词。时刻或时期，可指时间点或时间段，从句动词是终止或持续动词。When I got home, he was having supper. When I was young, I liked dancing. as 表示表示“边边-边边-”或或“与与-同时同时”表示动作同时发生伴随进行。动词相似表示动作同时发生伴随进行。动词相似,如终止性动词为从句，则主句也为终止性动词。如终止性动词为从句，则主句也为终止性动词。 They talked as they walked. while表示只是表示只是时间段，不是时间点，从句的动词只限于持续动词。时间段，不是时间点，从句的动词只限于持续动词。 While I slept, a thief broke in.when 可以表示主可以表示主句和从句先后发生句和从句先后发生. When he has finished his work, he takes a short rest. when 从句从句为终为终止动词不能用止动词不能用while 替换替换When。 he came yesterday, we were playing basketball.如从句动如从句动词为终词为终止性动词，主句也是终止性动词止性动词，主句也是终止性动词 when 和和as 可以互换。可以互换。He came just as I reached the door. 难点链接难点链接3） after/before After her husband died she had to take everything on herself. Take the medicine before you go to bed.4） since引导的从句是肯定句引导的从句是肯定句,一般主句都是完成时一般主句都是完成时. She has had another baby since we met. 5） till/until 其中其中until较为常用较为常用, till是口语是口语. Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. I wont go until he comes.6）as soon as Ill tell him the news as soon as I see him. 7） because/since/as表示直接原因的时候不能用表示直接原因的时候不能用since或或as.其他情况可以其他情况可以用用since既然既然，as 由于（语气弱）。由于（语气弱）。It was because he was ill that he didnt go to school.8） so/such that 结果状语从句结果状语从句(程度程度)She was so moved that tears came to her eyes.They took such care of her that not long after she was restored to health.难点链接难点链接9） if(假如假如,如果如果)不能用不能用whether. If you call him a fatty, he will get angry. 10） unless=if not You can not interview him unless you get the permission.11）though/although都作为都作为”虽然虽然,尽管尽管”可以互换可以互换,although用的更多一用的更多一些些. 后面不可以有后面不可以有but但可以有但可以有yet/still.Although he is much better, yet his father isnt satisfied.12）asas/ than（用于比较状语从句中）用于比较状语从句中）14） as可以引导状语从句可以引导状语从句As I remember, he used to work here ten years ago. As I see it, there is still much room for improvement in our work. 13） whether/if(是否是否) if 能引导宾语语从句能引导宾语语从句Please tell me whether it is true or not.I havent decided whether/if Ill go with you.在介词后在介词后,名词后名词后,不定式前和有不定式前和有or not的句子中用的句子中用whether. I am worried about whether she is happy. 14） so/such that（结果状语从句目的状语从句）结果状语从句目的状语从句）, in order to/that目目的状语从句的状语从句 They set out early so that they might arrive in time. 目的状语从句目的状语从句 Say slowly so that I can understand it. It was raining, so that we could not go out. 结果状语从句（原因）结果状语从句（原因）难点链接难点链接3.常用近义连词的用法辨析常用近义连词的用法辨析（1） while, when, as这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。这三个连词都可引导时间状语从句，但用法有所不同。1) 当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。当某事正在进行的时候，又发生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用来都可用来引导表示引导表示“背景背景”的时间状语从句。例如：的时间状语从句。例如：As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.2) 当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是当两个长动作同时进行的时候，最常用的是while。例如：。例如：While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.3) 当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是当两个动作都表示发展变化的情况时，最常用的是as。例如：。例如：As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.4) 当两个短动作当两个短动作同时发生时，或表示同时发生时，或表示“一边一边一边一边”时，最常用时，最常用as。例如：。例如：Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.She looked behind from time to time as she went.5) 当从当从句的动作句的动作先于主句的动作时，通常用先于主句的动作时，通常用when。例如：。例如：When he finished his work, he took a short rest.6) 当从句是当从句是瞬间瞬间动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用动作，主句是延续性动作时，通常用when。例如：。例如：When John arrived I was cooking lunch.（2）as, because, since , for这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。这四个词都可表原因，但用法有区别。1) 如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用如果原因构成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，。因此，because引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：引导的从句往往放在句末。例如：I stayed at home because it rained.-Why arent you going?-Because I dont want to.2) 如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用如果原因已被人们所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或或since。Since比比as稍微正式一点。稍微正式一点。As和和since 引导的从引导的从句一般放在句一般放在句子的开头句子的开头。例如：。例如：As he wasnt ready, we left without him.Since I have no money, I cant buy any food.3) for用用来补来补充说明一种理由，因此，充说明一种理由，因此，for引导的从句几乎可以引导的从句几乎可以放在括号里。放在括号里。For引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：引导的句子不放在句子的开头。例如：I decided to stop and have lunch，for I was feeling quite hungry.难点链接难点链接难点链接难点链接（3）if, whetherif和和whether都可作都可作“是否是否”讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：讲，在引导宾与从句是一般可互换。例如：I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.I dont know whether (if) he likes that film.在下列情况下，只能用在下列情况下，只能用whether,不能用不能用if：1) 在不定式前。例如：在不定式前。例如：I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.2）用）用or并列两项以上时。例如：并列两项以上时。例如：I dont now whether he comes or not.（4）sothat, such.that1) sothat中的中的so是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词，而such.that中中的的such是个形容词是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：，后接名词或名词短语。例如：Im so tired that I cant walk any farther.It was such a warm day that he went swimming.2) 如果在如果在名词之前名词之前有有many, much, little, few时，用时，用so,不用不用such。例如：。例如：He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.难点链接难点链接（5）eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，这三个连词词组都可连接两个并列成分。当它们连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：谓语动词要随相邻的主语变化。例如：Either you or he is wrong.Neither he nor his children like fish.Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.（6）although, but这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说这两个连词不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Although he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”这个句子应改为：这个句子应改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.（7）because, so这两个连词同这两个连词同样不样不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说“Because John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 这个句子应改为这个句子应改为Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.正误辨析正误辨析1.误误 Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now. 正正 Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert just now. 析析 在英语中在英语中both一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同于于汉语，如：汉语，如：Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为在英语中应被理解为我们俩不都我们俩不都对。对。而而Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为才能被理解为我们俩无一正确我们俩无一正确。2.误误 He or his parents has some tickets for the film. 正正 He or his parents have some tickets for the film. 析析 由由or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。3.误误 You should study hard, and you wont pass the exam. 正正 You should study hard, or you wont pass the exam. 析析 or作为连词，这里的意思为作为连词，这里的意思为否则否则。又如：。又如：Hurry up, or youll be late for school.4.误误 Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others. 正正 Though he is poor, he is ready to help others. 正正 He is poor, but he is ready to help others. 析析 虽然虽然但是但是是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了虽然虽然则不要则不要用用但是但是，用了，用了但是但是则不能再用则不能再用虽然虽然，二者只可用其一。，二者只可用其一。正误辨析正误辨析5.误误 Either you or I are on duty. 正正 Either you or I am on duty. 析析 eitheror 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither nor, not onlybut also等。等。6.误误 Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now. 正正Tom is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now. 析析 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。7.误误 My father likes swimming and to collect stamps. 正正 My father likes swimming and collecting stamps. 析析 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。8.误误 My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework. 正正 My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework. 析析 两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。正误辨析正误辨析9.误误 My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive. 正正 My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive. 析析 宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。10.误误 We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai. 正正 We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai. 析析 用用bothand作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。11.误误 Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance. 正正 Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance. 析析 由由not only but also连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。12.误误 The teacher as well as his students are coming. 正正 The teacher as well as his students is coming. 析析 由由as well as 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与连接两个主语时，谓语动词与as well as 后面的名词无后面的名词无关，而与前面的名词相一致。关，而与前面的名词相一致。13.误误 Tom does not swim nor play football. 正正 Tom does not swim or play football. 析析 nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用用or, 但要注意句子的含意，如：但要注意句子的含意，如：This animal does not like a cow or a horse. 这个动物既不像牛也不像马。这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This animal does not like a cow but a horse. 这个动物不像牛而像马。这个动物不像牛而像马。正误辨析正误辨析14. 误误 For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home. 正正 The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom. 析析 由由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because, as, since与与for 4个表示原因的连词中个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系，是最强的一个，而是因果关系，是最强的一个，而for是最弱的一个。是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词叫做并列连词15.误误 My brother will pass the English exam is no question. 正正 That my brother will pass the English exam is no question. 析析 主语从句的引导词主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。提并论。16.误误 This map will show you how will you get to the hotel. 正正 This map will show you how you will get to the hotel. 析析 名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：tell, ask, show17.误误 While the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. 正正 When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. 析析 while是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：While I am doing my homework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的而这里的when是是正当某某时正当某某时刻刻，就在这一时间点上就在这一时间点上，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。正误辨析正误辨析18. 误误 While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. 正正 When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. 析析 这里用这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。19.误误 While I heard the bad news I felt sad. 正正 When I heard the bad news, I felt sad. 析析 while不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。20.误误 After school some students play football, or others go to the library. 正正 After school some students play football, while others go to the library. 析析 while在此处意为在此处意为而，然而而，然而。21.误误 She sang when she walked along the dark street. 正正 She sang as she walked along the dark street. 析析 as用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。22.误误 I finished my homework until twelve oclock last night. 正正 I didnt finished my homework until twelve oclock last night. 正正 I did my homework until twelve oclock last night. 析析 until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。开则是长时间的。正误辨析正误辨析23. 误误 I have studied English when I was twelve. 正正 I have studied English since I was twelve. 析析 since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。24.误误 Because he didnt study hard, so he didnt pass the exam. 正正 He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard. 析析 because 与与 so在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。25.误误 He was such excited that he could not speak. 正正 He was so excited that he could not speak. 析析 so与与such的用法可以分为四种情况，用于单数可数名词之前，其格式的用法可以分为四种情况，用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是是such+不定冠词不定冠词+形容词形容词+单数可数名词，如：单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it. 也可以用也可以用so, 其格式是其格式是so+形容词形容词+不定冠词不定冠词+单数可数名词，单数可数名词，如：如：It was so beautiful a book that every child likes it. 在不可数名词前或在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用可数名词复数前这时只能用such, 如：如：It is such good weather that we