兰大化学专业英语ppt课件.ppt

1化合物的英文命名Nomenclature of compounds2 一 无机物的命名 (Inorganic compounds)1 元素与单质的命名 “元素”和“单质”的英文意思都是“element”，有时为了区别，在强调“单质”时可用“free element”。因此，单质的英文名称与元素的英文名称是一样的。下面给出的既是元素的名称，同时又是单质的名称。3S-block Element IA H Hydrogen Li Lithium Na Sodium K Potassium Rb Rubidium Cs Cesium Fr FranciumIIA Be BerylliumMg MagnesiumCa CalciumSr StrontiumBa BariumRa Radium4 P-block ElementVIA VIIA 0 He HeliumO Oxygen F Fluorine Ne NeonS Sulfur Cl Chlorine Ar ArgonSe Selenium Br Bromine Kr KryptonTe Tellurium I Iodine Xe XenonPo Polonium At Astatine Rn Radon IIIA IV A V A B Boron C Carbon N Nitrogen Al Aluminium Si Silicon P Phosphorus Ga Gallium Ge Germanium As Arsenic In Indium Sn Tin Sb Antimony Tl Thallium Pb Lead Bi Bismuth 5Common Transition Elememt Fe : iron Mn : manganese Cu: copper Zn: zinc Hg: mercury Ag: silver Au: gold62化合物的命名化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读，这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-,(2)di -,(3)tri- ,(4)tetra ,(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-, (8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时，这些前缀都尽可能被省去。7Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts1. Single valence ions Cations name = Elementfor example: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium82.Multivalence ionsCations name = Element(N)For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II)9对于有变价的金属元素，除了可用前缀来表示以外，更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态，或用后缀-ous-ous表示低价，-ic-ic表示高价。如 FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxide10Naming nonmetal ions (anions)1. Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O= Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN- Cyanide S= Sulfide H- Hydride 112. Polyatomic oxyanions (1). Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate 12(2). Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite )Anions name = Central elements root -ite for example: ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phosphite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite 13(3). Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite )Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite for example: ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite 14(4). Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate )Anions name = Per-central Elements root -atefor example: ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate 15Naming compounds1. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxidefor example: FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide162. Nonmetal oxideNonmetal oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide 17非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water，ammonia以外，其它的非金属氢化物都用系统名称，命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 （1）对于卤族和氧族氢化物，在化学式中写在前面，因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例： HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride （2）对于其它族的非金属氢化物，在化学式中写在后面，可加后缀-ane，氮族还可加-ine 举例： PH3: phosphine或phosphane AsH3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane18 无氧酸 命名规则：hydro-词根-icacid 举例： HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid193. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxidefor example: Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide 204.盐盐(Salts)(1). 正盐正盐(Normal salt) ：根据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion for example: HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganate21(2) 酸式盐酸式盐：(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法，酸根中的读做hydrogen，氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Cation + hydrogen + anion for example: NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 或 Sodium bicarbonate 22(3).Basic saltsBasic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anionfor example: Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateCa(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphate23(4).复盐复盐(Mixed salts)：同正盐的读法。Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anionfor example: NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateK N a C O3: p o t a s s u i m s o d i u m c a r b o n a t eNaNH4HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphate 245)5)水合盐水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK(SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water255. Acids(1). Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)Acid = Central elements root -ic + acidfor example: H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydrochloric acid26(2). Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)Acid = Central elements root -ous + acidfor example: H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid 27含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子，价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀，不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-ous高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例： HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ion HClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ion HClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ion H2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid HNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion28 命名时先命名阳离子部分，最后命名阴离子部分，阴离子配体以字母顺序列出，中心阳离子价态一般以罗马数字在名称后标出。 KBF4 potassium tetrafluoroborate(III) K4Fe(CN)6 potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Co(H2O)2(NH3)2(CO2)NO3 Diammine diaquacarbonatocobalt(III)nitrate络合物的命名（Naming coordination complex）29Naming coordination complex1. Ligands(1). Negative ions as ligands Ligand = Elements root -ofor example: CN- Cyano NO2- Nitro F- Fluoro NO3- Nitrato Cl- Chloro CO3= Carbonato Br- Bromo CH3COO- Acetato O= Oxo H- Hydrido OH- Hydroxo -O2CCO2- Oxalato 30(2). Neutral molecules as ligandLigand = Radical namefor example: NH3 Ammine CO Carbonyl H2O Aqua CH3NH2 Methylamine H2NCCNH2 Ethylenediamine312. Complex ions(1). Neutral complex or complex ions with positive charge Complex ion = n-Ligand-metal ion(N)for example: Ag(NH3)2+ Diamminesilver(I) Cu(NH3)42+ Tetraamminecopper(II) Co(NH3)3(NO2)3 Triamminetrinitrocobalt(III)32ionsmoleculesCN-cyanoH2OaquaOH-hydroxoNH3ammineCH3COO-acetatoCOcarbonylNO3-nitratoCH3NH2methylamineNO2-nitroF-fluoroCl-chloroBr-bromoCO32-carbonato常见配体的名称33(2).Complex ions with negative chargeComplex ion =n-Ligand-metals root-ate(N)for example: Fe(CN)64- Hexafluoroferrate(II) BF4- Tetrafluoroborate(III) AlF63- Hexafluoroaluminate(III) AuCl4- Tetrachloroaurate(III)343.Naming complexComplex = Cation + anionfor example: LiAlH4 Lithium tetrahydroaluminate(III) Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chloride K4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II) Cu(NH3)4SO4 Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate Ni(CO)4 Tetracarbonylnickel(0)35ExerciseH2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClONaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6 36ExerciseH2SO4 HCl HNO3 HNO2HCN Na2S CuSO4 Fe(NO3)3 HClO4 KCN NH4Cl NaClONaOH Mn(OH)2 Fe2O3 P2O5H2O2 K2Cr2O7 Cu2(OH)2CO3CaHPO4 PtCl42- Ag(NH3)2Cl K4Fe(CN)6 37AnswerH2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfideCuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfateFe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric nitrateHClO4 perchloric acidKCN potassium cyanideNH4Cl ammonium chloride38NaClO sodium hypochloriteNaOH sodium hydroxideMn(OH)2 Manganese(II) hydroxide Fe2O3 iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide H2O2 hydrogen peroxideK2Cr2O7 potassium dichromate Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateCaHPO4 calcium hydrogen phosphatePtCl42- tetrachloroplatinum(II)Ag(NH3)2Cl Diamminesilver(I) chlorideK4Fe(CN)6 Potassium hexacyanoferrate(II)Answer39二 有机物的命名1 烷烃（alkanes）1.1 直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外，其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾（-ane）来命名，10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷 methane 乙烷 ethane 丙烷 propane 丁烷 butane 戊烷 pentane 己烷 hexane 庚烷 heptane 辛烷 octane 壬烷 nonane 癸烷 decane 十一烷 undecane 十二烷 dodecane 40 Alkane = Number prefix-anefor example:CH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane 41 1119Alkane = Number prefix-decanefor example: 11-alkane Undecane 12-alkane Dodecane 13-alkane Tridecane 14-alkane Tetradecane 15-alkane Pentadecane 16-alkane Hexadecane 17-alkane Heptadecane 42 18-alkane Octadecane 19-alkane Nonadecane 20-alkane Icosane2129 Alkane = Number prefix-cosane for example: 21-alkane Henicosane 22-alkane Docosane 23-alkane Tricosane 24-alkane Tetracosane 25-alkane Pentacosane43 30-Alkane Triacontane 3139Alkane = Number prefix-triacontane for example: 31-Alkane Hentriacontane 32-Alkane Dotriacontane 33-Alkane Tritriacontane 34-Alkane Tetratriacontane 35-Alkane pentatriacontane 36-Alkane Hexatriacontane44 4090Alkane = Number prefix-contanefor example: 40 Alkane Tetracontane 50 Alkane Pentacontane 60 Alkane Hexacontane 70 Alkane Heptacontane 80 Alkane Octacontane 90 Alkane Nonacontane 100 Alkane Hectane45 1.2 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时，可把它们视为直链烷烃，但分別是某些氢（hydrogen）原子被称为烷基（alkyl groups）的原子取代。命名烷基时，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。 如： CH3- Methyl CH3-(CH2)9-CH2- Undecyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3 3- Methylpentane 46Univalent radicals Radical = Alk -ylfor example: CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- Butyl47Saturated branched-chain hydrocarbonbranched-chain hydrocarbon = n-Radical+alkanefor example: CCCCCCCCCCC C C C C C CCCCC2-Methylbutane4-Ethyl-2,5-dimethylheptane2,2-Dimethylpropane48Univalent branched radicalsRadical = Alk -ylfor example:CCCCCCCCC2-Methylpropyl3-Methylbutyl1234CCCCsec-Butyl CCCCCtert-Butyl49Polyside chain hydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropylfor example:CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC12345674-Ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane12345674-Ethyl-3-methyl-4-propyl-heptane50 对取代的烷基也可以在相应的烃名前加“异”（iso-）、“仲”(sec-)、“叔”（tert-）、“新”（neo-）等字命名。下面是一些符合条件的烷基，其系统命名和普通命名如下： (CH3)2CH-CH- 2-Methylpropyl Isobutyl CH3-CH2-CH(CH3)- 1-Methylpropyl sec-Butyl (CH3)3C- 1,1-Dimethylethyl tert-Butyl CH3-CH2-C(CH3)2- 1,1-Dimethylpropyl tert-pentyl (CH3)3C-CH2- 2,2-Dimethylpropyl Neopentyl1.3 一些可采用普通命名的支链烷烃： (CH3)2CH-CH3 Isobutane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3 Isopentane (CH3)4C Neopentane (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 Isohexane51 1.4 复杂的烷烃 结构较复杂的烷烃不能用普通命名法命名，只能采用系统命名法。选最长的碳链为主链，按相应的直链烷烃命名，从一端向另一端编号，支链作为取代基放在母体名称前，编号时使支链的编号尽可能小且支链的排列按基团的字母顺序。 如: 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylheptane52 复杂的烷烃命名时须注意分子中有两个等长碳链时，按以下原则进行比较：1）带支链数目较多者为主链，例如： 2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-propylheptane2）支链定位号较小者为主链 4-Isobutyl-2,5-dimethylheptane532 烯烃和炔烃（alkenes and alkynes） 2.1 命名 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”（ane）改为“烯”（ene）或“炔”（yne），名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时，可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如： CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-Pentene CH2=C=CH2 1,2-Propadiene Ethyne 1,3-ButadiyneHCCHHCCCCH54Naming unsaturated hydrocarbon 2.1 Unbranched acyclic alkeneAlkene = Number prefix-enefor example: C-C-C-C=C-C 2-Hexene C-C=C Propene C-C=C-C 2-Butene C-C-C-C=C 1-Pentene 55Poly-enen-Alkene =Alk-a-n-ene n=2 -adiene n=3 -atriene n=4 -atetraenefor example: C-C=C-C=C-C=C 1,3,5-Heptatriene C=C-C=C 1,3-Butadiene C-C=C-C=C 1,3-Pentadiene56CCCCC2-Methyl-2-buteneCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4-hexadieneCCCCCCCCCC3-Ethyl-4-Methyyl-1,5-heptadieneCCCCCCCCC2-Methyl-2,4,6-octatriene57Alkyne Alkyne = Alk-yne (-a-n-yne) n=2 -adiyne n=3 -atriyne for exanmple: CCCPropyneCCCCC2-PentyneCCEthyne (acetylene)CCCC1,3-Butadiyne58 2.2 烯炔的命名 烃类分子中同时含有双键和叁键时成为烯炔，命名时烯在前炔在后，双键的编号写在前面，叁键的定位号写在表示炔烃词尾之前。例如： 1,3-Hexadien-5-yne 3-Penten-1-yneHCCCHCHCHCH2CH3CHCHCCH59Unsaturated hydrocarbon with both double and triple bondsAlkenyne = Number prefix-en-yne Two ene + one yne -adien-?-yne Three ene+ one yne -atrien-?-yne One ene + two yne -en-?-diynefor example: CCCCCC1,3-Hexadien-5-yneCCCCC3-Penten-1-yneCC C CC C CC7-Octene-1,3-diyne601-penten-4-yne4-hexen-1-yne1-hexen-4-yne2-hepten-5-yne1,3-heptadien-6-yne61 系统命名中，应选含不饱和键最多且最长的直链。如分子中有两条直链具有相同数目的不饱和键时，取碳原子数较多者为主链。如碳原子数相同，则取含双键数目较多者为主链。例如: 3,4-Dipropyl-1,3-hexadien-5-yne 4-Vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne 5-Ethynyl-1,3,6-heptatriene622.3 不饱和烃基的命名 不饱和烃基的命名类似于饱和烃基，但需要标出不饱和键的位置。有些简单的不饱和烃基可用俗名。例如: CH3-CH=CH- 1-Propenyl CH2=CH-CH=CH- 1,3-Butadienyl CH2=CH- Vinyl Ethynyl CH2=CH-CH2- Allyl CH2=C(CH3)- Isopropenyl 2-Propynyl 2-Penten-4-ynyl CHCCHCCH2CHCCHCHCH2Alkene radical=Alken-ylAlkyne radical=Alkyn-yl63Alkene radical=Alken-ylAlkyne radical=Alkyn-ylfor example: CCC C CEthynyl2-PropynylCCCC1,3-ButadienylC C C1-PropenylC C C C C2-Penten-4-ynyl642.4 多价基的命名1) 两个自由价在同一个碳原子上称为“亚”，英文词尾为“-ylidene”.例如： CH2= Methylene CH3CH= Ethylidene (CH3)2C= Isopropylidene2) 两个自由价不在同一个碳原子上也称为“亚”，但需要标出定位号。例如： -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2- Hexamethylene3) 三个自由价在同一个碳原子上的称为次基，英文词尾为-ylidyne。例如： Ethylidyne MethylidyneCH3CCH65 Multivalent radicalsBivalent radical = univalent radical-idene (ene) Trivalent radical = univalent radical-idynefor example: CHMethylidyneCH3CHEthylideneCH3CEthylidyneCH2CVinylidene66.MethyleneCH2CH2EthyleneCH2CH2CH2TrimethyleneCH2CH2CH2CH2TetramethyleneCHCH2CH3PropyleneCH2673 环烃(cyclic hydrocarbons)3.1 脂肪环烃(alicyclic hydrocarbons)3.1.1 未取代的饱和单环烃命名时刻在相应的开链烃名前加“环”（cyclo）字。例如： Cyclopropane Cyclohexanecyclobutanecyclopentane68Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons Cyclic alkane = Cyclo- alkanefor example:CyclopropaneCyclopentaneCyclohexane69 3.1.2 含取代基的脂肪环烃 环上带有侧链时，如侧链的碳原子数不比环内的碳原子数多，侧链作为取代基。如侧链的碳原子数目等于或多于环内碳原子数，或侧链有不止一个脂环时，则将环作为取代基命名。例如： 1-Ethyl-3-methylcyclopentane 1-Cyclobutylpentane 1,2-Dicyclohexylethane CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3CH2CH270Univalent radicals of cyclic hydrocarbonCyclic radical = Cyclo-Rfor example:CyclopropylCyclopentadien-1-ylCyclohexen-1-yl2,4-3-2-CH32-Methyl-2,4-cyclohexadien-1-yl713.1.3 不饱和单环烃的命名 不饱和单环烃的命名是把相应的饱和单环烃的词尾ane改为ene（烯）、yne（炔）、adiene（二烯）、adiyne（二炔）、enyne（烯炔）等，并使不饱和键尽可能取最小编号。例如： 1,5-Cyclooctadien-3-yne 5-Methylene-1,3-cyclopentadieneCH272Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbonsCyclic alkene = Cyclo-alkenefor example:CyclopropeneCyclopentadieneCyclohexen-4-yne1-734 桥环烃(bridgedhydrocarbons)桥环烃的命名按以下步骤进行1）确定环数，将环状分子变为开链烃时所需要断开的次数就是该分子的环数。2）选择主环, 主环应包含尽量多的碳原子，且有两个碳原子作为主桥桥头。3）选择主桥, 主桥要包含尽量多的碳原子，且尽可能把主环对称的分开。4）桥环烃的编号 桥头原子定为1，然后沿最长链依次编号至另一桥头，再沿次长链编至1号碳原子，再编主桥和次桥内的碳原子直至编完。5）将相当于桥环烃所有环上碳原子总数的直链烃名放在后面。6)在最前面，标出环数，如双环Bicyclo,三环Tricyclo。然后在方括号内标明各个环中的除桥头原子以外的碳原子数目，最后标明主桥及次桥，并用上标来表明次桥的位置，标明次桥位置的上应尽可能小。74Bicyclic bridged hydrocarbon12345678Bicyclo3,2,1octane876543219Bicyclo4,3,2undecaneBicyclo2,2,0hexane75Polycyclic systemsC C C C CC C C C CC1234567891011