Noticing in SLA-英语论文.docx

Noticing in SLA Abstract: This article focuses on the role of “noticing” and “noticing the gap” in second language acquisition. It is argued that this notion has gained wide support on the basis of intuition and assumption rather than on the findings of appropriate and exhaustive empirical research. The aim of this paper is twofold: a) to consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b) to assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition. This paper concludes that 1) empirical research has yet to validate the role of noticing in language acquisition, 2) an alternative view offered by Truscott (1998), which suggests that noticing is merely tied to the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge, is worthy of investigation, and 3) future research into the relationship between training learners to notice linguistic forms and the acquisition of metalinguistic knowledge may enhance our understanding of noticing in second language acquisition. Key words: noticing; metalinguistic knowledge; linguistic forms 摘要：本文着重研究了“注意”和“注意差距” 的作用，指出这一概念受到广泛重视是出于直觉和假设,而不是基于广泛的实证研究.本文旨在:1)探讨“注意”这一概念的理论构建；2）评估“注意”强化语言习得假设的有效性。本文得出结论如下：1)通过实证研究，证明了“注意”在语言习得中的作用；2）特拉斯科特在1998年提出的新观点是值得研究的，他认为“注意”只同元语言知识的习得有联系；3）如果能对学习者所受的注意语言形式训练和元语言知识的习得之间的关系作进一步研究，会帮助我们更好的理解二语习得中的“注意”。 关键词：注意；元语言知识；语言形式 Contents 1. INTRODUCTION12. THE THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTS THAT UNDERLIE THE ROLE OF NOTICING12 .1 Consciousness raising and noticing12.2 Noticing and language acquisition13. INFLUENCES ON NOTICING13.1 Task demands23.2 Frequency23.3 Perceptual salience24. CONCLUSION2REFERENCES 3ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 4ii Noticing in SLA 1. Introduction The significance of the role of conscious and unconscious processes and the notion of interface in second language (L2) development has been the focus of much debate in the general field of cognitive psychology. One proposal is that put forward by Burka (1996), who offers a hypothesis related to conscious learning that focuses on what Skehan argues is “the crucial concept of noticing” (Deleuze, 1986，p.48) . The purpose of this paper is to a) consider the theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing, and b) assess the validity of the assumption that noticing enhances language acquisition. 2. The theoretical constructs that underlie the role of noticing 2.1 Consciousness raising and noticing The term “consciousness raising” refers to the drawing of learners' attention to the formal properties of language (Fee and Fox., 1988). However, a key difference between noticing and consciousness raising is that noticing has supposed implications for language processing and the actual acquisition of linguistic features. 2.2 Noticing and language acquisition Geertz (1973) identifies three aspects of consciousness involved in language learning: awareness, intention and knowledge. Johnstone (1993) states that a) whether a learner deliberately attends to a linguistic form in the input or it is noticed purely unintentionally, if it is noticed it becomes intake. To help clarify Schmidts hypothesis and the place of noticing in L2 acquisition the following model, proposed by Ellis, is useful.3. Influences on noticingJones (1978), in harmony with Schmidt's discussion of memory processing above, comments that it is inside short-term memory that noticing must in reality take place, since the “spotlight consciousness” (Magistrale, 1992, p.142) provided by short-term memory is triggered by different influences on noticing. Schmidt (1990) claims that the following factors influence noticing in the input:3.1 Task demands Instruction provides structured, differentiated input that assists noticing by focusing attention on and enhancing awareness of language features (Pikarsky and Christensen, 1976). 3.2 Frequency A language feature may become frequent due to repeated instruction or by way of teacher talk. As such, when the item does appear more frequently in the input, the likelihood 3.3 Perceptual salience The more prominent a language form at input, the greater the chance it will be noticed (Skehan, 1998). It stands to reason, therefore, that the less salient a form, the less likely it is to 4. ConclusionIt can be seen that there are various views regarding the role of conscious and unconscious processes in L2 acquisition. An important contribution to this debate has been Schmidt's “noticing hypothesis” and its claims about how input becomes intake, and this References Burka, Lauren P. A Hypertext History of Multi-User Dimensions. Retrieved August 18, 2009, from lpb/muddex/essay.Deleuze, Giles. Foucault. (Sean Hand, Trans. & Ed.). Minneapolis: U M P, 1986.Fee, Elizabeth & Daniel M. Fox. (Eds.). AIDS: The Burdens of History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.Geertz, Clifford. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. 1973.Johnstone, Sue. Feminism and Pornography: Policing the Boundary between Art and Popular Culture. Doctoral Dissertation. Rutgers University, New Jersey, 1993.Jones, James. Daydreaming. In Lorence Smith (Ed.), Fictions. New York: Yale UP, 1978: 127-35.Magistrale, Tony. Wild Child: Jim Morrisons Poetic Journeys. Journal of Popular Culture, 1992, 3: 133-44.Pikarsky, M. & Christensen, D. Urban Transportation Policy and Management. Boston: D.C. Heath, 1976.盖淑华. 英语专业学生词汇附带习得实证研究. 外语教学与研究, 2003, 4: 282-286. 梁正溜. 英语教学. 上海: 外语教育出版社, 1999. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisor BBBB for her invaluable guidance, enthusiasm and support throughout the course of this work. I am also very grateful to CCCC for his helpful comments and insightful suggestions during the research and writing of this thesis. I would also like to thank DDDD for taking the time to be my external examiner. Many other people have helped and contributed their time to the research of this thesis. My thanks to EEEE, and FFFF for their invaluable comments and suggestions. I would also like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude toward everyone in the English Department of AAA University, especially GGGG, HHHH, for their valuable suggestions and help in these two years of study as well as their friendship. Thanks to all the other friends I have made at AAA University for making my stay at AAA an enjoyable period of time. I will always be indebted to my family, especially my parents IIII and JJJJ. I would like to thank them for their support and confidence in me. My gratitude goes to everyone at home. This thesis would not have been possible without all their kindness and encouragement. 1.爱不释手fondle admiringly.2.百闻不如一见（眼见为实） Seeing is believing.3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst. 4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不眠之夜 white night 6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses 7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord. 9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul 10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new 11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 12.大开眼界 open one's eyes; broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace.14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little 15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits. 16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more 17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide. 18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth. 19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn. 20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones 21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold can't be pure and man can't be perfect. 22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home. 23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth 24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence 25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green 26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché 27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity. 28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope. 29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success 30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth 31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened 32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of one's dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most. 34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes. 35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself 36.拿手好戏 masterpiece 37.赔了夫人又折兵 throw good money after bad 38.抛砖引玉 a modest spur to induce others to come forward with valuable contributions; throw a sprat to catch a whale 39.破釜沉舟 cut off all means of retreat；burn ones own way of retreat and be determined to fight to the end40.抢得先机 take the preemptive opportunities 41.巧妇难为无米之炊 If you have no hand you can't make a fist. One can't make bricks without straw.42.千里之行始于足下 a thousand-li journey begins with the first step-the highest eminence is to be gained step by step 43.前事不忘后事之师 Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future. 44.前人栽树后人乘凉 One generation plants the trees in whose shade another generation rests.One sows and another reaps. 45.前怕狼后怕虎 fear the wolf in front and the tiger behind hesitate in doing something 46.强龙难压地头蛇 Even a dragon (from the outside) finds it hard to control a snake in its old haunt - Powerful outsiders can hardly afford to neglect local bullies. 47.强强联手 win-win co-operation 48.瑞雪兆丰年 A timely snow promises a good harvest. 49.人之初性本善 Man's nature at birth is good. 50.人逢喜事精神爽 Joy puts heart into a man. 51.人海战术 huge-crowd strategy 52.世上无难事只要肯攀登 Where there is a will, there is a way. 53.世外桃源 a fictitious land of peace away from the turmoil of the world; 54.死而后已 until my heart stops beating 55.岁岁平安 Peace all year round. 56.上有天堂下有苏杭 Just as there is paradise in heaven, while there are Suzhou and Hangzhou on earth 57.塞翁失马焉知非福 Misfortune may be an actual blessing. 58.三十而立 A man should be independent at the age of thirty.At thirty, a man should be able to think for himself. 59.升级换代 updating and upgrading (of products)60.四十不惑 Life begins at forty. 61.谁言寸草心报得三春晖 Such kindness of warm sun, can't be repaid by grass. 62.水涨船高 When the river rises, the boat floats high. 63.时不我待Time and tide wait for no man. 64.杀鸡用牛刀break a butterfly on the wheel 65.实事求是seek truth from facts; be practical and realistic; be true to facts 66.说曹操,曹操到Talk of the devil and he comes. 67.实话实说speak the plain truth; call a spade a spade; tell it as it is 68.实践是检验真理的唯一标准Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth. 69.山不在高，有仙则名'No matter how high the mountain is, its name will spread far and wide if there is a fairy; ' 70.韬光养晦hide one's capacities and bide one's time 71.糖衣炮弹sugar-coated bullets 72.天有不测风云Anything unexpected may happen. a bolt from the blue 73.团结就是力量Unity is strength. 74.“跳进黄河洗不清” eve if one jumped into the Yellow River, one can not wash oneself clean-there's nothing one can do to clear one's name.75.歪风邪气unhealthy practices and evil phenomena 76.物以类聚，人以群分Birds of a feather flock together. 77.往事如风'The past has vanished (from memory) like wind.; What in past, is pas 78.望子成龙hold high hopes for one's child 79.屋漏又逢连阴雨Misfortunes never come singly. When it rains it pours. 80.文韬武略military expertise; military strategy 81.唯利是图draw water to one's mill 82.无源之水,无本之木water without a source, and a tree without roots 83.无中生有make create something out of nothing 84.无风不起浪There are no waves without wind. There's no smoke without fire.85.徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 86.新官上任三把火a new broom sweeps clean 87.虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 88. 蓄势而发accumulate strength for a take-off 89.心想事成May all your wish come true 90.心照不宣have a tacit understanding; give tacit consent; tacit understanding 91.先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched. 92.先下手为强catch the ball before the bound 93.像热锅上的蚂蚁like an ant on a hot pan 94.现身说法warn people by taking oneself as an example 95.息事宁人pour oil on troubled waters 96.喜忧参半mingled hope and fear 97.循序渐进step by step 98.一路平安，一路顺风speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest 99.严以律己,宽以待人be strict with oneself and lenient towards others 100鱼米之乡101.有情人终成眷属'Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well.' 102.有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go. Money talks. 103. 有识之士people of vision 104.有勇无谋use brawn rather than brain 105.有缘千里来相会Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination. 106.与时俱进advance with times.107.以人为本people oriented; people foremost.108.因材施教teach students according to their aptitude.109.欲穷千里目，更上一层楼'to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther; Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight.' a land of milk and honey 110.欲速则不达Haste does not bring success. 111. 优胜劣汰survival of the fittest.112.英雄所见略同Great minds think alike. 113.冤家宜解不宜结Better make friends than make enemies. 114.冤假错案'cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases' 115.一言既出，驷马难追A real man never goes back on his words. 116.招财进宝Money and treasures will be plentiful.117.债台高筑become debt-ridden.118.致命要害Achilles' heel.119. 众矢之的target of public criticism 120.知己知彼,百战不殆Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat. 121. 纸上谈兵be an armchair strategist 122.左右为难between the devil and the deep blue sea.123.纸包不住火Truth will come to light sooner or later.