《博士研究生英语综合教程》练习答案及课文翻译.docx

博士研究生英语综合教程答案及参考译文KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. C II. Definition1. A priority 2. Momentum 3. An implication 4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with tion or sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. AIV. TranslationA. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atoman anti-matter atomwas successfully developed in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-matter. They are the “destruction” phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA. Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB. Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities 2. illusory 3. discourage 4. scrutiny VI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITINGSTRATEGYDEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions of power) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other, especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch that arises from an inability of the software to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later. 4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible international influence or operation. II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts, proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it is a common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collective or a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. C 6. D7. D 8. BII. Definition1. A refrain 2. A spark 3. A jingle 4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there, and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another. These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each others influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the Standard Models description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces those that describe gravity are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus.V. GroupingA. Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB. Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC. Antonyms:gravityantigravity 1. novelty 2. revelatory 3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING STRATEGY EXEMPLIFICATION AND ILLUSTRATION(Omitted)Text 3Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio 2. A vista 3. Cryptography 4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into 2. column 3. unbridled 4. twilight 5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1.phenomenoncriteriondatummedium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2.A 3. A 4. B 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. B V. TranslationA. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperity and development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.” Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen the competitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping: A. Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirking our supportB. Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C. Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have” column1. resounding 2. second-guessing 3. downsized 4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING STRATEGY COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B 2. B 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. D 7. D 8. A 9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint 2. Algorithm 3. A prerequisite 4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a persons principles or standards of behaviour; ones judgement of what is important in life.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet 2. smell 3. hands and brains 4. battle front 5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z/s/ /s/z/s/s/iz/z/s/z/iz/z/s/z/z/z/s/s/z/z/s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with es2.B 3. D 4. A 5. D 6. A 7. CV. TranslationA. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way to produce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity. Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, points out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping: A. The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB. Academic science: a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery, comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitarian sympathyC. Industrial science: intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD. Post-academic science: a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work of teams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING STRATEGY CAUSE AND EFFECT (Omitted)Text 5Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. C 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch 2. landscape 3. unblinking 4. yawn 5. wringsIII. Mosaic1. physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. DIV. TranslationA. (Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The former gives us convenience; and the latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry; and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death. Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists. If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs. Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit. I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered the gravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA. Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB. Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientific hypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC. Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable 2. transform 3. poetic 4. extension 5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING STRATEGY DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacher Schools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; university Colors:brown; purple; violet; black; yellow Prepositions: along; toward; upon; without; into Verbs:listen; read; write; hear; look II. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A. academic achievementB. attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C. sex D. height E. place of origin F. value of life G. major 2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A. speedB. sizeC. use D. fuel E. comfort F. history G. water, land, or air III. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6.A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon 2. Validity 3. A premise 4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) / / illusiondis-=not-ment=noun ending 2) / /sciencepseudo-=false 3) / /conscious-ness=noun ending 4) / /question-able=adjective ending 5) / /extenuate-ation=noun ending 6) / /indict-ment=noun ending 7) / /rebut-al=noun ending 8) / /perpetrate-ion=noun ending 9) / /problem-ic=adjective ending 10) / /dissolute-ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can a closed view of the world pretend to scientific validity and then it is a false validity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2)Inverted order is used to emphasize.3.C 4. B 5. A 6. CIV. TranslationA. (Refer to the relevant