初中英语语法专项--被动语态.docx

被动语态一、语态概述英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。例如：Chinese is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。二、被动语态的构成被动语态由"助动词be及物动词的过去分词"构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：amisarespoken 一般过去时：waswerespoken一般将来时：willshall bespoken 现在进行时： is amare beingspoken现在完成时：havehas beenspoken过去完成时：had been + spoken三、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如：Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的) This bridge was founded in 1981.这座桥竣工于1981年。 (2)强调动 作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。  例如：.0 was broken by Mike.玻璃杯是迈克打破的。This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。Your homework must be finished on time.你们的家庭作业必须及时完成。四、主动语态变被动语态的方法 (1)把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 (2)把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词) (根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式)。3)把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：All the people laughed at him. He was laughed at by all people. They make the bikes in the factory.The bikes are made by them in the factory. He cut down a tree. A tree was cut down by him.五、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由"情态动词be过去分词"构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后"to"仍要保留。We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days.They should do it at once. It should be done at once. 被动语态八注意 1我们知道，主动语态变为被动语态时，通常将主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语；主动语态的主语变为由介词by引导的宾语；谓语动词变为被动语态“be +过去分词”形式，例如：Everyone likes the interesting film. (主动语态) The interesting film is liked by everyone. (被动语态) They used knives to cut things. (主动语态) Knives were used to cut things. (被动语态) 但是，并非所有由“be +过去分词”构成的形式就是被动语态。有时过去分词已经变为形容词，表示一种状态。试比较：My brother is very interested in English. 我哥哥对英语非常感兴趣。（状态）My brother was interested by what I told him. 我告诉他的话让我哥哥非常感兴趣。（动态）2在被动语态中谓语动词一定是及物动词，也就是说必须跟宾语的动词。如：We can make metals into different shapes. (主动语态) Metals can be made into different shapes. (被动语态) 在主动语态中make是及物动词，其动作的承受者即宾语是metals。 但是，并非所有的及物动词都有被动语态。比如，表示静态的动词（have、belong to）、宾语是反身代词或相互代词等。例如： He has a nice house. 他有一所漂亮的房子。We must help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。3主动语态中的主语在变为被动语态时通常变为由介词by的引出的宾语。如：They have already cut down the trees. The trees have already been cut down by them. 那些树木已经被他们砍光。 如果谓语动词是know，在变为被动语态时，原来的主语变为由to引出的宾语。如：Many people know him very well. He is well known to many people. 很多人都非常了解他。 注意：我们之所以用被动语态是因为我们不清楚动作的执行者、或没有必要指出动词的执行者等。因此很多被动语态没有由by引出的宾语。如：People may lose their lives and homes or they may be injured badly in a fire. 在大火中人们可能失去性命和家园，要不就是严重烧伤。It is used for protecting the fireman from smokimg. 它用来保护消防人员以避免吸进烟雾。 4在主动语态变为被动语态时，时态一般应保持一致。如：We will build more factories in my hometown. More factories will be built in my hometown. 我们家乡将要建起更多的工厂。    为此，我们必须记住以下某些时态的被动结构：do（es） is/am/are done           did was/were done have/has done have/has been done   will do will be done be doing be being done            5某些动词可以跟双宾语如give、pass、bring、write；buy、make等，在变为被动语态时如果直接宾语变为被动语态中的主语，则间接宾语通常由介词to、for引出。例如：My sister gave me a nice watch for my birthday. A nice watch was given to me by my sister for my birthday. 我过生日时收到了姐姐的一块手表。They have bought us many books. Many books have been bought for us by them. 很多书都是由他们给我们买的。6某些动词make、hear、see、watch等在主动语态中，其宾语补足语要求用不带to的不定式。但在变为被动语态时通常省略的不定式符号to必须恢复。如：He made us clean the classroom after school. We were made to clean the classroom after school. 我们被迫在放学后打扫教室。I saw him come into the room. He was seen to come into the room. 人们看见他进了屋子。7在主动语态中如果谓语动词是含有介词或副词的动词短语，变为被动语态时不能丢掉该介词或副词。如：They must take good care of the children. The children must be taken good care of. 孩子们必须小心照看。8英语中某些动词如sell、lock、draw、start等在否定句、进行时或用在某些形容词、副词前可以表示被动意义。如： This kind of books sells well. 这种书畅销。The door wont lock. 门锁锁不上。 被动语态专练选择最佳的答案填空：1. It_ that China has sent up another man-made satellite successfully. A. was report B. is reported C. reported D. is reporting2. _is known about the traffic accident, for it is still kept _a secret. A. Nothing, for B. Little, as C. A little, at D. Few, on3. May I use your car? Mine _ for a long time. A. has broken B. has break downC. has been broken D. is broken4. One more bridge _the Changjiang River in a few years time. A. will be built on B. will built above C. will be built across D. will be built over 5. The sign “NO PHOTOS” is often seen _. A. on a box B. at a museum C. in a street D. at a station6. Older people must _well. A. look afterB. take care of C. looked for D. be taken care of 7. Look! How big the eggs_ by the hen are!A. laid B. was laying C. lays D. were laid8. Do you know when the PLA _?A. foundB. was foundC. was founded D. founded9. Driving fast _ him his life. What a serious lesson it is!A. paid B. costC. spendD. took10. The little boy was made by all of us _happily. A. laughed B. laughC. to laughD. laughing11. The apple trees_, and the apples on it _. A. grow well, look good B. are grown well, looks well C. are grown good, looked well D. grows well, are looked good12. She doesnt know what _. A. it calls B. is it calledC. it is called D. does it call13. The big bowl was used for _ wine _. A. keep, warmB. keep, warmC. keeping, warmlyD. keeping, warm14. The boy was seen _ his bike a moment ago. A. fell off B. to fall off C. fall of D. to fall down15. Have you moved into the new house?Not yet. The rooms _. A. are being painted B. are paintingC. are painted D. are being painting16. I saw Ann _ a green dress at the meeting. I think she looks better _ red. A. dressed; inB. put on; wearC. wearing; inD. wear; put on17. I dont know Toms telephone number. Will you please _ in your address book for me? A. look up it B. look it upC. look for it D. look at it18. There is a notice. It _“No smoking”. A. saysB. writesC. hasD. have19. Im afraid there are some more trees _. A. to plantedB. for plantingC. be plantedD. to be planted20. Its said that another society _ during the last few months. A. has found B. has built C. has been foundedD. was built 21. What a nice garden! How well it _ after!A. has lookedB. looksC. is lookedD. is looking22. My bike was broken on the way home yesterday and I had it _. A. repairingB. repairedC. repair D. to repair23. This kind of silk is made _ SuZhou.A. in B. of C. by D. at24. We found the computer _. A. useful machineB. an useful thingC. a good inventionD. good inventions25. Hes hardly given any presents on his birthday, _?A. has heB. is heC. hasnt heD. isnt he26. The trees on both sides of the street _ very well. A. are growingB. are grownC. have been grownD. grown