多视角分析造成苔丝悲剧命运的原因毕业论文.doc

多视角分析造成苔丝悲剧命运的原因摘要托马斯·哈代是19世纪末英国杰出的小说家,诗人。他的巨著德伯家的苔丝讲述了一个贫穷纯洁的农村姑娘被“诱奸,抛弃,最后由于谋杀罪而被绞死”的凄惨故事。本文以苔丝的故事梗概为源头,从作者的创作思想、当时的社会环境、女性主义视角、家庭背景、苔丝的性格特征等多角度探讨造成苔丝悲剧命运的种种原因。具体分析了小说中造成苔丝悲剧的两个主要人物安琪·克莱尔和亚雷·德伯的形象特征,这两个人物形象包含了哈代的哲学和社会思想,具有深远意义。关键词马斯·哈代 苔丝 悲剧 宿命论 托马斯·哈代(18401928)是英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家,诗人。他的名作德伯家的苔丝以批判社会和悲观主义为主要特征,真实地再现了19世纪末期英国下层农民的悲惨生活,以及女主人公苔丝的悲剧命运。在小说中,苔丝经常被比喻成“一只陷入囹圄的小鸟”,在当时社会里,她就是“一只不幸的孤鸟”,鸟的意象突显了她的孤独与无助。本文主要从作者的创作思想、当时的社会环境、女性主义视角、家庭背景、苔丝的性格特征等多角度探讨酿成苔丝悲剧命运的各种原因。苔丝是一个美丽善良的农村姑娘,由于家境贫寒,不得不到富人家攀亲,不幸被亚雷·德伯诱奸而蒙羞回家。由于不堪忍受乡里邻居的风言风语,苔丝到远离家乡的奶牛场打工,在那里她与牧师的儿子安琪·克莱尔相遇、相恋,并决定结婚。在新婚之夜,苔丝坦白了自己过去的不幸遭遇,然而克莱尔无法忍受这个现实,抛弃她远走巴西。为了贫困的家庭,苔丝被迫再次沦为亚雷的情妇。经过一番痛苦的挣扎,克莱尔从巴西回来请求苔丝的谅解。在愤怒和绝望中苔丝杀死了亚雷,和克莱尔一起度过了短暂的幸福时光,最后由于谋杀罪而被绞死。在小说的结尾,哈代带着嘲讽的口吻写道:“典刑明正了,埃斯库罗斯所说的那个众神的主宰,对于苔丝的戏弄也完结了。”苔丝的悲剧结束了,是什么逼迫她一步步走向毁灭的深渊呢?笔者从以下几方面分析造成苔丝悲剧的原因:受德国哲学家叔本华的悲观主义思想的影响,哈代认为人世间充满了忧患和痛苦,“没有一条通向幸福的路,甚至也没有一条避免不幸的路”,“人在现实社会中的生存,本身就是极大的悲哀”。人类悲剧的原因不是人类本身的行为造成的,而是一种超自然的力量主宰着人类的命运。“人们在情势以及支配情势的命运面前是软弱无力的”。正是这种宿命论和悲观主义思想为小说女主人公的命运奠定了悲剧基调,苔丝的悲剧人生在作者的笔下是不可避免的,也是命中注定的,无论她如何与命运抗争都无法彻底摆脱这种悲惨的结局。造成苔丝悲剧的根源就在于当时英国不合理的社会制度、资产阶级的虚伪道德和不公正的法律。19世纪后期,资本主义生产方式逐渐侵入落后的农村地区,造成小农经济的迅速瓦解,给广大农民阶级带来了空前灾难,苔丝正是这一剧烈冲击下的可怜的牺牲品。在当时社会,只要她处于被压迫被剥削的地位,就无法彻底摆脱被毁灭的命运。在某种意义上,哈代指出:“纯洁的姑娘苔丝悲剧正是古老的威塞克斯广大农民的悲剧,二者都被现代文明的资本主义所侵袭,抛弃。”从女姓主义视角分析造成苔丝悲剧的原因,苔丝是“男权社会不平等婚姻制度的牺牲品”,同时也是命运的牺牲品。在以男性为中心的社会里,男性作为“第一性”,是社会的主体,拥有绝对的权力;而女性则被视为“第二性”,是男性的附属品,“被排除在男性视野之外”,夫妻之间根本无法实现真正的平等,苔丝的悲剧也正因为她是父权制社会的一名女性,而且温柔善良,楚楚可人,这正是资产阶级流氓恶少竭力捕捉的“猎物”。按照传统婚姻制度妻子的贞操就是丈夫的特权,如果女人在婚前失去贞操就是“不纯洁”,就会遭到社会的唾弃。苔丝婚前失身是被迫的,却受到世谷社会百般指责;亚雷·德伯是一个行为放荡的公子哥,见到漂亮姑娘就要想方设法勾引到手,当时社会却没有谴责他的“不洁”行为;安琪·克莱尔婚前也曾“跟一个成年妇女有过四十八小时的放荡历史”,他从来没有为自己的“不忠”感到内疚,甚至在新婚之夜要求苔丝原谅自己过去的荒唐行为,而且,他刚刚遗弃了新婚妻子,就打算带伊兹·休爱特到巴西去,当时的社会也没有谴责他的这种行为,这就是“男尊女卑”的不平等社会!苔丝的悲剧也是由她异常低下的社会经济、政治和阶级地位造成的,没有任何社会地位的破落家庭直接导致了悲剧的发生。她虚荣的父亲一心想恢复昔日显赫的德伯维尔家族的荣耀;她无知的母亲一直梦想让漂亮的苔丝嫁入豪门,成为阔太太,借此解决日益严峻的家庭危机。苔丝从来不考虑个人的忧患得失,一心关注家人的生活。家中老马的意外死亡,也就是苔丝悲惨命运的开始,她认为自己应该对家庭负责,照顾好弟弟妹妹,所以她向冒牌本家求助,亚雷·德伯利用苔丝的天真淳朴,无耻地诱奸了她。新婚丈夫抛弃她以后,她凭着坚强的意志自力更生,屡次抵制亚雷的物质诱惑,但是父亲去世后,为了让家人有栖身之处,她再次委身亚雷,过着“行尸走肉”般的生活,此时她的精神世界已经崩溃了。苔丝的悲惨命运也是由她纯洁执着的性格决定的,也就是“性格决定命运”。她太纯洁了,无论从外表还是内心,都透露出纯洁善良的天性,她的悲剧也正在于她的纯洁,为了拥有圣洁的爱情,她执意向丈夫坦白一切,因为她不允许自己的爱情带有任何污点。她的悲剧也在于她对爱情的执着,坚贞不渝,当丈夫抛弃她的时候,她还是那么爱他,甚至宁愿做他的仆人,只要让她侍奉他,呆在他身边就可以了。更可悲的是,为了维护丈夫的名誉,她忍气吞声,饱受恶人的羞辱与纠缠,强忍着社会对她的不公,最终手刃亚雷招致杀身之祸的主要原因也是因为亚雷讽刺挖苦她的丈夫,她为了克莱尔甚至可以放弃生命,多么可悲的女人啊!苔丝的悲剧与她生命中的两个男人息息相关,一个是诱奸她的亚雷·德伯;一个是抛弃她的安琪·克莱尔。亚雷·德伯在苔丝眼里就是“撒旦”,是魔鬼的象征,他就是毁灭苔丝终身幸福的罪魁祸首。他第一次看见苔丝,就垂涎她超凡脱俗的美貌。亚雷·德伯对苔丝的纠缠玩弄代表了资产阶级恶势力对农民阶级的蹂躏。安琪·克莱尔是苔丝心目中的“天使”,苔丝很早就对他产生了爱慕之情,但是安琪·克莱尔表面上“具有一定的开明思想”,其实并没有真正摆脱旧道德偏见的束缚,“一旦事出非常”,那种以男性为中心的旧道德观念就使他成为“成见习俗的奴隶”。如果说亚雷·德伯从肉体上毁了苔丝,让她成为一名“不贞洁”的女人,那么,安琪·克莱尔则从精神上给了苔丝致命的一击,让她对生活失去了希望。安琪·克莱尔对苔丝的抛弃则表现了资产阶级的传统道德观念对她的迫害。克莱尔在本质上也是男权社会的化身,他和亚雷·德伯共同摧毁了苔丝。哈代以苔丝作为小说的女主人公,并称她为“纯洁的女人”,还引用莎士比亚的话作为本书的题词:“可怜你这受了伤害的名字!我的胸膛就是卧榻,要供你栖息。”深刻表达了他同情女主人公的人道主义立场,公然挑战维多利亚的传统道德,具有一定的进步意义;但是由于历史时代的原因,哈代笔下的女主人公无论如何抗争都无法逃脱被毁灭的命运,说明作者在思想上具有一定的局限性。参考文献1董务刚.评德伯家的苔丝和红字中的道德观J.解放军外语学院学报.1995,(5).2黄利玲.苔丝悲剧的社会原因分析J.景德镇高专学报,2004,(1).3顾红曦.苔丝悲剧命运成因论J.西安外国语学院学报,1998,(2).4李丹.纯洁的女人,悲惨的命运J.苔丝悲剧命运解析J.许昌学院学报, 2003,(4).5李健,袁晶.苔丝悲剧成因J.大庆师范学院学报,2005,(2).6刘茂生.近20年国内哈代小说研究述评J.外国文学研究,2004, (6).7刘新茂.哈代作品苔丝中的现实主义J.彭城职业大学学报,2004,(3).8唐慧心.评苔丝的悲剧艺术J.解放军外语学院学报,1995,(1).9托马斯·哈代.德伯家的苔丝M.北京:人民文学出版社,2002.英语成语大全A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 恶其始者必恶其终。 A bad bush is better than the open field. 有胜于无。 A bad compromise is better than a good lawsuit. 吃亏的和解也比胜诉强。 A bad conscience is a snake in one's heart. 做贼心虚。 A bad custom is like a good cake, better broken than kept. 坏习惯像鲜馅饼，分食要比保存好。 A bad padlock invites a picklock. 开门揖盗。 A bad penny always turns up.烂钱总是会再回笼A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千年。 A bad workman quarrels with his tools. 拙匠常怨工具差(人笨怨刀钝)。 A bargain is a bargain. 达成的协议不可撕毁。 A beggar's purse is bottomless. 乞丐的钱袋是无底洞。 A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. 双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。 A bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk. 闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。 A bird may be known by its song. 什么鸟唱什么歌。 A bit in the morning is better than nothing all day. 略有胜于全无。 A blind man who leans against a wall imagines that it's the boundary of the world. 坐井观天。 A blind man will not thank you for a looking-glass. 秋波送盲，白费痴情。 A book is the same today as it always was and it will never change. 一本好书今天如此，将来也如此，永不改变。 A book that remains shut is but a block. 有书闭卷不阅读，无异是一块木头。 A borrowed cloak does not keep one warm. 借来的斗篷不暖身。 Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it. 相聚爱益切，离别情更深。 A burden of one's choice is not felt. 自己选的担子不嫌重。 A burnt child dreads the fire. 一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。 A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛焚自身，光亮照别人。 A cat may look at a king. 猫也有权晋见国王。 A cat has nine lives. 猫有九条命。 Accidents will happen. 天有不测风云。 A chain is no stronger than its weakest link. 链条的坚固程度取决于它最薄弱的环节。 A change of work is as good as a rest. 调换一下工作是很好的休息。 A cheerful wife is the joy of life. 快乐的妻子是生活的乐事。 A clean hand wants no washing. 身正不怕影子斜。 A clear conscience is a soft pillow. 问心无愧，高枕无忧。 A clear conscience is a sure card. 光明磊落，胜券在握。 A clear conscience laughs at false accusations. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 A clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast. 宁为清贫，不为浊富。 A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入，祸从口出。 A cock is valiant on his own dunghill. 夜郎自大。 A common danger causes common action. 同仇敌忾。 A constant guest is never welcome. 久住非佳宾，常来不欢迎。 A contented mind is perpetual feast. 知足常乐。 A covetous man is good to none but worse to himself. 贪婪的人对别人毫无好处，对自己却坏处更大。 A crafty knave needs no broker. 狡猾的流氓，不需居间人。 A creaking door hangs long on its hinges. 户枢不蠹。 Action is the proper fruit of knowledge. 行动是知识的巧果。 Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 A discontented man knows not where to sit easy. 不满足者坐无宁时。 A disease known is half cured. 病情确诊断，治病好一半。 Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public. 在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。 A dog will not howl if you beat him with a bone. 骨头打狗狗不叫。 Adversity is a good discipline. 苦难是磨练人的好机会。 Adversity leads to prosperity. 逆境迎向昌盛。 Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. 患难使人聪明，但不能致富。 Adversity makes strange bedfellows. 身处逆境不择友。 Adversity successfully overcome is the highest glory. 成功地克服困难是最大的光荣。 A fair death honours the whole life. 死得光明，终身荣耀。 A fair face may hide a foul heart. 人不可貌相。 A faithful friend is hard to find. 益友难得。 A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。 After dinner sit a while, after supper walk a while. 午饭后要坐，晚饭后要走。 A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both. 父亲是财富，兄弟是安慰，朋友兼而有之。 A fault confessed is half redressed. 承认错误，等于改正一半。 Affairs that are done by due degrees are soon ended. 事情要安步就班地做，就会很快地做完。 A flow of words is no proof of wisdom. 口若悬河不能作为才智的证明。 A fool always comes short of his reckoning. 愚人常缺算计。 A fool always rushes to the fore. 傻瓜总爱强出头。 A fool and his money are soon parted. 笨蛋难聚财。 A fool attempting to be witty is an object of profoundest pity. 蠢人装聪明，实在最可怜。 A fool can ask more questions than seven wise men can answer. 一愚发问，七智结舌。 A fool may ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years. 愚者所问，智者难答。 A fool may give a wise man counsel. 愚者千虑，必有一得。 A fool may throw a stone into a well which a hundred wise men cannot pull out. 一愚所失，百智难回。 A fool knows more in his own house than a wise man in another. 一个蠢材在他自己家里所知的事比一个聪明人在别人家里所知的事要多。 A fool's bolt may sometimes hit the mark. 愚者千虑，必有一得。 A fool's heart dances on his lips. 愚人心坦荡，挂在嘴唇上。 A fox may grow grey, but never good. 狐狸会变，但本性难移。 A friend exaggerates a man's virtue, an enemy his crimes. 朋友宣扬人的美德，敌人夸大人的罪过。 A friend in court is better than a penny in purse. 曩中有钱，不如朝中有友。 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真朋友。 A friend is a second self. 朋友是另一个我。 A friend is best found in adversity. 患难见真友。 A friend is never known till a man have need. 不到患难时，永远不能认识真正的朋友。 A friend is not so soon gotten as lost. 交友慢，失友快。 A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. 广交友，无深交。 A friend without faults will never be found. 没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。 After a storm comes a calm. 否极泰来。 After black clouds, clear weather. 否极泰来。 After death, the doctor. 放马后炮。 After dinner comes the reckoning. 吃喝玩乐，该付代价。 After dinner sit a while; after supper walk a mile. 午餐之后坐片刻，晚饭之后走一里。 After meat, mustard. 雨后送伞。 A full belly counsels well. 衣食足而后知荣辱。 A full cup must be carried steadily. 杯满盈，须持稳。 A good anvil does not fear the hammer. 好砧不怕锤。 A good appetite is a good sauce. 饥不择食。 A good beginning is half the battle. 首战告捷等于一半胜利。 A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者必善其终。 A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon us. 一本好书，莫逆之交。 A good book is a light to the soul. 好书一本，照亮心灵。 A good conscience is a continual feast. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 A good conscience is a soft pillow. 白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。 A good dog deserves a good bone. 有劳得奖。 A good example is the best sermon. 身教胜似言教。 A good face is a letter of recommendation. 好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。 A good face needs no paint. 美貌无需擦脂抹粉。 A good fame is better than a good face. 好的名望胜于好的相貌。 A good friend is my nearest relation. 良友如近亲。 A good head and an industrious hand are worth gold in any land. 聪明脑袋勤劳手，走遍天下贵如金。 A good healthy body is worth more a crown in gold. 健康的身体贵于黄金铸成的皇冠。 A good heart cant's lie. 有仁心者不说谎话。 A good heart conquers ill fortune. 善心克厄运。 A good horse cannot be of a bad colour. 良马的毛色不会差。 A good horse often needs a good spur. 好马常要好靴刺。 A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。 A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。 A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。 A good name is better than riches. 好名誉胜过有财富。 A good name is earlier lost than won. 失去美名易，得到美名难。 A good name is sooner lost than won. 美誉难得而易失。 A good name keeps lustre in the dark. 好的名声在黑暗中也会光芒四射。 A good neighbour is better than a bother in the next village. 远亲不如近邻。 A good surgeon must have an eagle's eye, a lion's heart, and a lady's hand. 出色的外科医生必须心明眼亮和有一双灵巧的手。 A good tale is none the worse for being twice told. 好故事百听不厌。 A good tongue is a good weapon. 伶俐的口齿是一种锐利的武器。 A good wife makes a good husband. 有好妻子就有好丈夫。 A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。 A great talker is a great liar. 最会饶舌的人也是最会说谎的人。 A great ship asks deep water. 巨轮寻深水而航行。 A guilty conscience is a self-accuser. 做贼心虚，良心自诛。 A guilty conscience needs no accuser. 贼胆心虚。 A handful of common sense is worth bushel of learning. 一点小常识常胜过很多有价值的学问。 A happy heart makes a blooming visage. 心花怒放，笑逐颜开。 A hasty man is seldom out of trouble. 性急难免出岔子。 A heavy purse makes a light heart. 腰包钱财足，心境自然宽。 A heavy snow promise a good harvest. 瑞雪兆丰年。 A hero is known in the time of misfortune. 时势造英雄。 A horse is neither better nor worse for his trappings. 相马不可凭马的装饰。 A house divided against itself cannot stand. 家庭内讧难维系。 A Jack of all trades and master of none. 三脚猫无所长。 A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend. 开玩笑总不能化敌为友，反而有时会失去朋友。 A journey of a thousand miles begains with a single step. 千里之行，始于足下。 A lamb is as dear to a poor man as an ox to the rich. 穷人的一只羔羊比富人的一头牛还要珍贵。 A lazy sheep thinks its wool heavy. 懒羊嫌毛重 A lazy youth, a lousy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 Ale will make a cat speak. 酒后吐真言。 A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 骗子说真话，也没人相信。 A liar is worse than a thief. 撒谎比偷窃更可恶。 A lie begets a lie till they come to generation. 谎言生谎言，谎言传万代。 A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生在世无朋友，犹如生活无太阳。 A life without a purpose is a ship without a rudder. 人生无目的，犹如船失去了舵。 A light purse is a heavy curse. 为人无钱处处难。 A light purse makes a heavy heart. 曩中无钱心事重。 A lion at home, a mouse abroad. 在家凶如狮，在外却如鼠。 A little body often harbours a great soul. 莫道身躯小，伟人寓其间。 A little child is the sweetest and purest thing in the world. 幼儿是世界上最可爱和最纯洁的。 A little fire is quickly trodden out. 小洞易补。 A little is better than none. 聊胜于无。 A little labour, much health. 适量劳动健身大有益。 A little leak will sink a great ship. 千丈之堤溃于蚁穴。 A little learning is a dangerous thing. 浅学误人。 A little neglect may breed great mischief. 小不忍则乱大谋。 A little of everything, nothing at all. 每事浅尝辄止，结果将一事无成。 A little pot is soon hot. 壶小水易热。 A little spark kindles a great fire. 星星之火，可以燎原。 A little wind kindles, much puts out the fire. 适可而止，过犹不及。 A living dog is better than a dead lion. 一条活狗胜过一头死狮。 All are brave when the enemy flies. 敌人逃跑时，个个都勇敢。 All are not hunters that blow the horn. 吹号角的未必都是猎人。 All are not merry that dance lightly. 表面高兴的，未必都快乐。 All are not saints that go to church. 去做礼拜者，未必皆圣人。 All are not thieves that dogs bark at. 犬之所吠，并非皆贼。 All asses wag their ears. 傻子总爱装聪明。 All bread is not baked in one oven. 人心不同，犹如其面。 All cats love fish but fear to wet their paws. 猫都爱吃鱼，却怕爪弄湿。 All covet, all lose. 贪多必失。 All good things came to an end. 天下无不散之宴席。 All is fair in war. 兵不厌诈。 All is fish that comes to one's net. 捉到网里都是鱼。 All is flour that comes to his mill. 到他的磨里都能碾成粉。 All is not at hand that helps. 有用的东西并不都是垂手可得的。 All is not gain that is put in the purse. 放入钱包的钱财，并非都是应得的。 All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的东西并不都是黄金。 All is not lost that is in danger. 在危险中的东西未必都会损失。 All is well that ends well. 结果美满都是好的。 All men are mortal. 人孰无死。 All men cannot be first. 不可能人人都得第一名。 All one's geese are swans. 自吹自擂。 All rivers run into the sea. 百川入海。 All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。 All's fair in love and war. 爱情和战争是不择手段的。 All's fish that comes to his net. 到了网中都是鱼。 All shall be well, Jack shall have Jill. 有情人终成眷属。 All the treasures of the earth would not bring back one lost moment. 机会失去不再来，千贯万贯难赎回。 All the wit in the world is not in one head. 世界上所有的智慧不可能集中于一个脑袋。 All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 整个世界是个舞台，男男女女，演员而已。 All things are difficult before they are easy. 凡事都是先难后易。 All things are easy that are done willingly. 做事乐意，诸事容易。 All things are obedient to money. 有钱能使鬼推磨。 All things will come round to him who will but wait. 只要耐心肯等待，一切都会按时来。 All time is no time when it is past. 光阴一去不复返。 All truths are not to be told. 真理并不都能说得清。 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy. 只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻；尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。 Although it rains, throw not away your watering pot. 纵然天下雨，休把水壶丢。 Always taking out of the meal-tub and never putting in, soon comes to the bottom. 坐吃山空。 A maiden with many wooers often chooses the worst. 少女有了许多求婚者往往选中了最差的一个。 A maid that laughs is half taken. 少女露笑脸，婚事半成全。 A man alone is either a saint or a devil. 孤身独处的人可以为圣哲，也可为恶魔。 A man apt to promise is apt to forget. 轻诺者易忘。 A man can die but once. 人生只有一次死。 A man can do no more than he can. 凡事只能量力而行。 A man can never thrive who had a wasteful wife. 妻子浪费无度，丈夫不会出头。 A man cannot serve two masters. 一仆不能事二主。 A man can not spin and reel at the same time. 一心不能二用。 A man cannot whistle and drink at he same time. 一心不能二用。 A man has his hour, and a dog has his day. 人有称心时，