毕业论文外文翻译-土木工程概论.doc

专业英语外文科技文献翻译 土木工程概论 摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料 土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering，因为它们都具有民用性。后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering就成为土木工程的专门名词。至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。    土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。其中与“住”的关系是直接的。因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。 土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。土木工程为国民经济的发展和人民生活的改善提供了重要 的物质技术基础，对众多产业的振兴发挥了促进作用，工程建设是形成固定资产的基本生产过程，因此，建筑业和房地产成为许多国家和地区的经济支柱之一。 建筑工程就是兴建房屋规划，勘测，设计，施工的总称。目的是为人类的生产和生活提供场所。 房屋好比一个人，它的规划就像人生活的环境，是由规划师负责的；它的布局和艺术处理相应于人的体形、容貌、气质，是由建筑师负责的；它的结构好比人的骨骼和寿命，是由结构工程师负责的；它的给排水、供热通风和电气等设施就如人的器官、神经，是由设备工程师负责的。也像自然界完好地塑造人一样，在城市我地区规划基础上建造房屋，是建设单位，勘察单位、设计单位的各种设计工程师和施工单位全面协调合作的过程。结构说穿了，不过就是受力体的反力与内部应力如何与外力达到平衡。建筑首先要解决，也是必须要解决的问题就是受力的问题。我们把解决 这个问题的学科称为建筑力学。建筑力学有可以分为：静力学，材料力学和结构力学三大力学体系。建筑力学是讨论和研究建筑结构及构件在荷载和其他因素影响的 工作状况，也就是建筑的强度，刚度，稳定性。在载荷作用下，承受载荷和传递载荷的建筑结构和构件会引起周围的物体对它们的作用，同时物件本身受载荷作用而 产生变形，并且存在着被破坏的可能性，但是结构本身就具有一定的抵抗变形和破坏的能力，而结构的承载能力的大小是与构件的材料，截面的几何尺寸，受力性质，工作条件和构造情况有关。而这些关系都可以由力学关系式通过计算而得以解决。 建筑材料在建筑中也有着举足轻重的作用。建筑材料是随着人类社会生产力和科学技术的提高而逐步发展起来的。远古时代，人类的住、行采用的是石块和树木。公元前124世纪先后创制了瓦和砖，人类才有用人造材料做成的住房。17世纪有了生铁和熟铁以后，直到18世纪有了波特兰水泥，才使后来的钢筋混凝土工程得到蓬勃发展。如今各种高强度结构材料、新型装饰材料和防水材料的开发，则和20世纪中期以来高分子有机材料在土木工程中的广泛应用密切相关。在所有材料中，最为主要和最为大众的是钢材、混凝土、木材、砌体。近年来，采用两种材料的优点，将它们组合在一起，做成的组合结构得到很快发展。现在的建筑中，工程质量的优劣通常与所采用材料的优劣，性能及使用的合理与否有直接的联系，在满足相同技术指标和质量要求的前提下，选择不同的材料不同的使用方法，都对工程的造价有直接的影响。在建筑过程中，建筑工程施工是和与建筑力学，建筑材料同样重要的一个环节。建筑施工是将设计者的思想，意图及构思转化为现实的过程，从古代的穴居巢处到现在的摩天大楼，从农村的乡间小道到城市的高架道路都需要通过“施工”的手段来实现。一个工程的施工包括许多工种工程，诸如土石方工程，深基坑支护工程，基础工程，钢筋混凝土结构工程，结构吊装工程，防水工程，装饰工程等，各个工种工程都有自己的规律，都需要根据不同的施工对象及施工环境条件采用相应的施工技术，在土建施工的同时，需要与有关的水电及其它设备组成一个整体，各工程之间合理的组织与协调，更好的发挥投资的效益。土木工程施工在发挥效益的同时，还要严格按照国家颁发的有关施工技术规范，从而进一步提高我国的施工水平，保证施工质量，降低工程成本。 任何建筑无不修建在地球表面的地层上，建筑的重量最后都会传给地层，有地层来承受。支撑建筑的地层被统称为地基，建筑物在地面以下并将上部 结构的自重与所承担的载荷传递到地基上的构件或部分构件称为基础。地基，基础和上部结构是建筑物的三个不可分割的部分。三者的功能不同，但在载荷的作用下， 它们彼此相关，是共同作用的整体。地基可分为天然地基和人工地基，基础根据埋深分为深基础和浅基础。，基础和地基的质量是保证建筑物的安全和正常使用的关 键所在，建筑物的地基在建筑物的载荷作用下既要保持整体的稳定性又要是地基产生的沉降在建筑物许可范围内，而地基本身应有足够的强度，刚度和耐久性，同时还要考虑修基础的方法和必要的挡土挡水及相关措施。随着人们生活的水平的不断提高，人们对自己所处的建筑空间已经不仅仅单纯从数量上提出更高的要求，而且从质量上也提车了更高的要求，要求环境的美观，有一定的舒适度。这就需要对建筑进行必要的装修。如果说建筑主体工程构成了建筑的骨架，那么装饰后的建筑则成了有血有肉的有机体，最终以丰富的，完善的面貌出现在人们的面前，最佳的建筑应该充分体现各种装饰材料的有关特性，结合现有的施工技术，最有效的手法，来达到构思所要表达的效果。建筑装 修要考虑建筑空间的使用要求，保护主体机构免受损害，给人以美的享受，满足消防疏散的要求，装饰材料和方案的合理性，施工技术和经济的可行性等。房屋建筑发展的同时，像房屋建筑一样影响着人们生活的道路，桥梁，隧道等也取得了长足的发展。 总的来说土木工程是一门古老的学科，它已经取得了巨大的成就，未来的土木工程将在人们的生活中占据更重要的地位。地球环境的日益恶化，人口的不断增加，人们为了争取生存，为了争取更舒适的生存环境，必将更加重视土木工程。在不久的将来，一些重大项目将会陆续兴建，插入云霄的摩天大楼，横跨大洋的桥梁，更加方便的交通将不是梦想。科技的发展，以及地球不断恶化的环境必将促使土木工程向太空和海洋发展，为人类提供更广阔的生存空间。近年来，工程 材料主要是钢筋，混凝土，木材和砖材，在未来，传统材料将得到改观，一些全新的更加适合建筑的材料将问世，尤其是化学合成材料将推动建筑走向更高点。同时，设计方法的精确化，设计工作的自动化，信息和智能化技术的全面引入，将会是人们有一个更加舒适的居住环境。一句话，理论的发展，新材料的出现，计算机的应用，高新技术的引入等都将使土木工程有一个新的飞跃。这是一门需要心平气和和极大的耐心和细心的专业。因为成千上万，甚至几十万根线条要把建筑物的每一处结构清楚的反映出来。没有一个平和的心态，做什么事情都只是浮在表面上，对任何一幢建筑的结构，对要从事的事业便不可能有一个清晰、准确和深刻的认识，这自然是不行的。从事这个行业，可能没有挑灯夜战的勇气，没有不达目的不罢休的精神，只会被同行所淘汰。这是一个需要责任感和爱心的行业。要有一颗负责的心我一人之命在我手，千万人之命在我手。既然选择了土木，就应该踏踏实实的肩负起这个责任。 最后，这是一个不断追求完美的行业。金字塔，壮观吧；长城，雄伟吧.但如果没有一代又一代人的不断追求，今天的我们或许还用那种最古老的办法来造这同样的建筑。设计一幢建筑的结构是很繁，但是这都是经历了数个世纪的涤荡，经过不断的积累，不断改良，不断创新所得到的。而且这样的追求，绝不局限于过去。试想，如果设计一幢建筑能够像计算一加一等于二一样简单而易于掌握，那何了而不为呢？因此，土木工程师总是在不断的求索中。一个最简单的结构，最少的耗费，最大的功用。选择土木，选择了一条踏实勤奋，不断创新，追求完美的道路。参考文献1罗福午主编.土木工程（专业）概论.武汉.武汉理工大学出版社.2007年 2王福川，宫米贵主编.建筑工程材料.北京.科学技术文献出版社.20023江见鲸，叶志明主编.土木工程概论.北京.高等教育出版社.1992年 Civil engineering introduction papers Abstract: the civil engineering is a huge discipline, but the main one is building, build -ing whether in China or abroad, has a long history, long-term development process. The world is changing every day, but the building also along with the progress of scien -ce and development. Mechanics findings, material of update, ever more scientific tech -nology into the building. But before a room with a tile to cover the top of the house, now for comfort, different ideas, different scientific, promoted the development of civil engineering, making it more perfect.key words : civil engineering; Architecture; Mechanics, Materials.Civil engineering is build various projects collectively. It was meant to be and "military project" corresponding. In English the history of Civil Engineering, mechanical Engineering, electrical Engineering, chemical Engineering belong to to Engineering, because they all have MinYongXing. Later, as the project development of science and technology, mechanical, electrical, chemical has gradually formed independent scientific, to Engineering became Civil Engineering of specialized nouns. So far, in English, to Engineering include water conservancy project, port Engineering, While in our country, water conservancy projects and port projects also become very close and civil engineer -ing relatively independent branch. Civil engineering construction of object, both refers to that built on the ground, underground water engineering facilities, also refers to applied materials equipment and conduct of the investigation, design and construction, maintenance, repair and other professional technology.Civil engineering is a kind of with people's food, clothing, shelter and transporta -tion has close relation of the project. Among them with "live" relationship is directly. Because, to solve the "live" problem must build various types of buildings. To solve the "line, food and clothes" problem both direct side, but also a indirect side. "Line", must build railways, roads, Bridges, "Feed", must be well drilling water, water conservancy, farm irrigation, drainage water supply for the city, that is direct relation. Indirectly relationship is no matter what you do, manufacturing cars, ships, or spinning and weav -ing, clothing, or even production steel, launch satellites, conducting scientific research activities are inseparable from build various buildings, structures and build all kinds of project facilities.Civil engineering with the progress of human society and development, yet has evolved into large-scale comprehensive discipline, it has out many branch, such as: architectural engineering, the railway engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, special engineering structure, water and wastewater engineering, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environment engineering disciplines.Civil engineering as an important basic disciplines, and has its important attributes of: integrated, sociality, practicality, unity. Civil engineering for the development of national economy and the improvement of people's life provides an important material and technical basis, for many industrial invigoration played a role in promoting, engineer -ing construction is the formation of a fixed asset basic production process, therefore, construction and real estate become in many countries and regions, economic powerho -uses.Construction project is housing planning, survey, design, construction of the floorboard. Purpose is for human life and production provide places.Houses will be like a man, it's like a man's life planning environment is responsible by the planners, Its layout and artistic processing, corresponding to the body shape looks and temperament, is responsible by the architect, Its structure is like a person's bones and life expectancy, the structural engineer is responsible, Its water, heating ventilation and electrical facilities such as the human organ and the nerve, is by the equipment engin -eer is responsible for. Also like nature intact shaped like people, in the city I district planning based on build houses, and is the construction unit, reconnaissance unit, design unit of various design engineers and construction units comprehensive coordination and cooperation process.After all, but is structural stress body reaction force and the internal stress and how external force balance. Building to tackle, also must solve the problem is mechanical problems. We have to solve the problem of discipline called architectural mechanics. Architectural mechanics have can be divided into: statics, material mechanics and structural mechanics three mechanical system. Architectural mechanics is discussion and research building structure and component in load and other factors affecting the work -ing condition of, also is the building of intensity, stiffness and stability. In load, bear load and load of structure and component can cause the surrounding objects in their function, and the object itself by the load effect and deformation, and there is the possib-ility of damage, but the structure itself has certain resistance to deformation and destr -uction of competence, and the bearing capacity of the structure size is and component of materials, cross section, and the structural properties of geometry size, working condi -tions and structure circumstance relevant. While these relationships can be improved by mechanics formula solved through calculation.Building materials in building and has a pivotal role. Building material is with human society productivity and science and technology improves gradually developed. In ancient times, the human lives, the line USES is the rocks and Trees. The 4th century BC, 12 has created a tile and brick, humans are only useful synthetic materials made of housing. The 17th century had cast iron and ShouTie later, until the eighteenth century had Portland cement, just make later reinforced concrete engineering get vigorous devel -opment. Now all sorts of high-strength structural materials, new decoration materials and waterproof material development, criterion and 20th century since mid organic polymer materials in civil engineering are closely related to the widely application. In all materials, the most main and most popular is steel, concrete, lumber, masonry. In recent years, by using two kinds of material advantage, will make them together, the combina -tion of structure was developed. Now, architecture, engineering quality fit and unfit quality usually adopted materials quality, performance and using reasonable or not have direct connection, in meet the same technical indicators and quality requirements, under the precondition of choice of different material is different, use method of engineering cost has direct impact.In construction process, building construction is and architectural mechanics, building materials also important links. Construction is to the mind of the designer, intention and idea into realistic process, from the ancient hole JuChao place to now skyscrapers, from rural to urban country road elevated road all need through "construction" means. A construction project, including many jobs such as dredging engineering, deep foundation pit bracing engineering, foundation engineering, reinforced concrete structure engineering, structural lifting project, waterproofing, decorate projects, each type of project has its own rules, all need according to different construction object and construction environment conditions using relevant construction technology, in work-site.whenever while, need and the relevant hydropower and other equipment composition of a whole, each project between reasonable organizing and coordination, better play investment benefit. Civil engineering construction in the benefit, while also issued by the state in strict accordance with the relevant construction technology stand -ard, thus further enhance China's construction level to ensure construction quality, reduce the cost for the project.Any building built on the surface of the earth all strata, building weight eventually to stratum, have to bear. Formation Support building the rocks were referred to as foun -dation, and the buildings on the ground and under the upper structure of self-respect and liable to load transfer to the foundation of components or component called founda -tion. Foundation, and the foundation and the superstructure is a building of three insep -arable part. According to the function is different, but in load, under the action of them are related to each other, is the interaction of the whole. Foundation can be divided into natural foundation and artificial foundation, basic according to the buried depth is divid -ed into deep foundation and shallow foundation. , foundation and foundation is the guarantee of the quality of the buildings and normal use close button, where buildings foundation in building under loads of both must maintain overall stability and if the settlement of foundation produce in building scope permitted inside, and foundation itself should have sufficient strength, stiffness and durability, also consider repair methods and the necessary foundation soil retaining retaining water and relevant mea -sures. As people living standard rise ceaselessly, the people to their place of building space has become not only from the number, and put forward higher requirement from quality are put car higher demands that the environment is beautiful, have certain comf -ort. This needs to decorate a building to be necessary. If architecture major engineering constitutes the skeleton of the building, then after adornment building has become the flesh-and-blood organism, final with rich, perfect appearance in people's in front, the best architecture should fully embody all sorts of adornment material related properties, with existing construction technology, the most effective gimmick, to achieve concetion must express effect. Building outfit fix to consider the architectural space userequire -ment, protect the subject institutions from damage, give a person with beautifulenjoy -ing, satisfy the requirements of fire evacuation, decorative materials and scheme of rationality, construction technology and economic feasibility, etc. Housing construction development and at the same time, like housing construction as affecting people life of roads, Bridges, tunnels has made great progress.In general civil engineering is one of the oldest subjects, it has made great achieve -ments, the future of the civil engineering will occupy in people's life more important position. The environment worsening population increase, people to fight for survival, to strive for a more comfortable living environment, and will pay more attention to civil engineering. In the near future, some major projects extimated to build, insert roller sky -scrapers, across the ocean.Bridges, more convenie