托福独立部分作文笔记.docx

独立部分作文笔记（原创）一TWE 评分过程（1）不必在意的四件事破除原有误解不必在意英语和美语的差异；不必在意口语与书面语的差异；不必在意任何文化差异；不必在意语言是否地道。（2）6 分评分标准Readers should focus on what the examinee does well.Scores6 Demonstrates clear competence in writing on both the rhetoricaland syntactic levels, though it may have occasional errors.A paper in this categoryeffectively addresses the writing taskis well organized and well developeduses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideasdisplays consistent facility in the use of languagedemonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice二评分标准的分析􀂗 评分标准一：effectively addresses the writing task（1）简单说明文（Explanation）（I）Background Information，Thesis Statement1 段（II）Supporting2-3 段。例：21. In general, people are living longer now. Discuss the causes of this phenomenon. Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. Supporting：A、食物改善；B、技术进步；C、社会和经济环境的稳定。Topic Sentence：Among various factors that have made people live longer are A, B and C.A is very important factor.粗粮、细粮，肉食，牛奶，水质（自来水、矿泉水）Equally important is B.医疗技术使很多过去的绝症轻易获得治疗，如百日咳，肺结核等。Matching A and B is another essential factor, C.战争，社会动荡，经济动荡都会影响人们的寿命。􀂗主题句的写法：尽量不要只使用抽象名词；尽量暗示文章将来结构，主题句写好了可以没有结论句；主题句应该值得解释、值得证明。（2）对比、对照（Compare & Contrast）（I）Background Information（II）Compare & Contrast A × Or AB × ×B × ×× B×A ×（III）Topic Sentence / Conclusion（3）立论文（Argumentation）本身有争议；不能用right/wrong 来修饰，而是who is more reasonable.例：41. Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.立场：反对盲目地保护濒临灭绝动物。（I）Background Information（II）Supporting ×××（III）Rebuttal 驳证选择一个对立立场辩驳（最重要的部分）beautiful？necessary？money？（IV）Topic Sentence􀂗审题立论的注意事项：以读者为导向；想好了再写；说服读者而不仅是表达；顺序很重要；结论不重要。􀂗 评分标准二：is well organized and well developed1、元素排列（1）二分法：简单复杂；已知未知；次要重要（说明说服为目的）。（2）逻辑关系：并列；递进；转折。有力模式：有力模式I 有力模式II 有力模式IIIA 并列 递进 转折B 递进 转折 递进C例：43. Why do you think some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.先想一个例子，在按照有力模式的构成去思考其他例子。本例采有力模式II。（1）the drive of money（material）特技演员（stunt man）；Photography； 正面Law breaker。递进（2）the desire pursuer happiness.（spiritual）人的本性对危险的追求转折（3）无知（ignorance）负面􀂗 评分标准三：uses clearly appropriate details to support a thesis or illustrate ideas一个反例讲义P156。教训：（1）不仅要列大纲，还要落实具体细节，然后查字典。前两步用平时使用的、朴素的、没有修饰的中文完成。中文 英文 英文解释 （2）考场上在表达时永不轻言放弃。一旦忘记例子，千方百计解释清楚。解释方法：中文，同位语从句+定语从句􀂗 评分标准四：displays consistent facility in the use of language思维贫乏的人才会用华丽的辞藻。􀂗 评分标准五：demonstrates syntactic variety and appropriate word choice逻辑思维 语言文字三185 题库的处理压缩题库：TWE 写作的准备是系统工程，考验资源整合能力。1、相关题目归类整理材料，整合论点。86899091；652141（因此52 选择why 而不是how）165evironment例：52. What change would make your hometown more appealing to people your age?Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Among diverse aspects that I want to change about my hometown is its environment.（why & how？此处选why）A good environment will make people happier. （100 words）A nice environment will make people healthier. （100 words）A perfect environment will make people more productive. （100 words）Topic Sentence：TS, the improvement of which will make people happier, healthier, and even more productive. （主题句应当尽量暗示文章未来结构）3670例：70. Some people think that the automobile has improved modern life. Others thinkthat the automobile has caused serious problems. What is your opinion? Usespecific reasons and examples to support your answer.主题句应当值得解释、值得证明，故：汽车之类现代交通工具使市场上商品数量增多，方便流通；使商品价格降低；（运输成本降低，同种商品种类增加、竞争加剧）甚至，汽车交通工具对我国妇女地位独立有很大帮助。最初想到：convenient & efficient，不值得解释、证明；进一步问：so what？人们活动范围增加，但仍不够；进一步问：so what？商品的活动范围增加商品数量增加因此，多想几步即可得到有效结论。1518461799362103，基于ETS 出题的人群普适性和文化普适性。 To be a good _ , one should have the intelligence. happier, healthier, To be a good _ , one should be humor. more productiveTo be a good _ , one should be reliable.理由、例子、思路的反复运用。2、一些用母语都难写的题目的处理。（1）最好不要同意的。往往是一些绝对的立场，观点要从绝对词出发。选反对或中间模式。例：37. Do you agree or disagree that progress is always good? Use specific reasonsand examples to support your answer.本例选中间模式，组织采有力模式III。方法是修正部分绝对化的表达和词汇。Its true that progress is usually good.如交通、沟通、书写工具。However, its hardly true that progress is always good.In fact, progress in itself is nether good or bad. 技术的运用在人不再技术本身。例：53. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The most important aspect of a job is the money a person earns. Use specific reasons and examples不能同意。绝对词：the most important。其他重要原因如stability。例：54. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? One should never judge a person by external appearances. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 确实有时会犯错；但有时也确实可以根据外表得到信息，如判断诚信；甚至，有时必须通过外表判断一个人。（2）最好同意的。没有绝对词，而且往往还有想关限定词。例：27. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing. Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.两种分类：喜欢的/不喜欢的；有益成功的/无益成功的。需要做不喜欢但有益成功的。另外的例子还有63、42 题等。（3）只能反对的。主要有第8、88、119、120 题。分析方法：How come they have such an opinion? 即AB 的因果关系是否过分简单化？A 不见得是B 的理由；A 不见得是B 的唯一理由； A 不见得是B 最重要的理由。例：8. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.Its true that people attend to spend lots of time in watching television.Its also true that people spend less time in communication.However, its hardly true that television destroyed peoples communication.再写一个真正的理由，如工作压力、经济压力等：Its working stress rather than television例：88. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Telephones and email have made communication between people less personal. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Personal 有两种理解：亲密；个性化。只要前后理解一贯即可。相比第8 题，可以忽略前3 点而扩张第4 点，如沟通成本的降低。例：119. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People behave differently when they wear different clothes. Do you agree that different clothes influence the way people behave? Use specific examples to support your answer. 有时候会影响人们的行为。服装影响心理；服装影响他人对你的态度。然而，服装不必然影响人们行为。什么是最重要的理由，如价值观（value system）。例：120. Decisions can be made quickly, or they can be made after careful thought. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? The decisions that people make quickly are always wrong. Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.通常迅速作出的决定是错误的；不是生活当中每一个决定都是值得认真思考的；甚至很多人就是擅长短时间内作出正确决定。（4）不能同意也不能反对的。It depends.例：20. It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay. It depends the childs age.5 岁之前，最重要的是家庭内部环境； 小学时，乡村更好一些；高中时，城里更好一些。慎用I think，in my opinion 等词组：是废话；不要站在读者对立面。只有当你确知有不同观点时才可使用，然后必须用细节支持，如本文。例：32. Is it better to enjoy your money when you earn it or is it better to save your money for some time in the future? Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.It depends the money you earn.2000/月，想存也impossible；20000/月，基本花不完；200000/月，花掉。例：35. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Attending a live performance (for example, a play, concert, or sporting event) is more enjoyable than watching the same event on television. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.要看是什么演出，不同情况作不同选择。例：49. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, email, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 要看与谁沟通，老板、顾客、同事等均不同。五TWE 考试的准备1、改写阶段。挑5-10 篇话题不重复的范文进行改写。改词。改句：简单句、并列句互改；句子成分、从句互改；正常语序，倒装互改。换一种说法。换个理由，换个例子。改写的顺序：上午写，下午改，晚上背，第二天默。2、创作阶段。写5-10 篇。不限时完成，借助一切可以借助的力量。顺序与第一阶段相同。注重句法、时态等。3、冲刺阶段。写5-10 篇。限时25 分钟完成，最好早上9:00 写。下午用大量时间改写、背，第二天默写。附录三 句法多样性专题(Syntactic Variety)1. 并列a) 并列大量名词: n1, n2, n3, , and ni. A, B, C, and other Xsii. X, such Y as A, B, C, History, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, and other abstract subjects have to be learned from books, or primarily from books. Some knowledge, such abstract subjects as history, philosophy, fundamental mathematics/calculus, has to be learned from books, or primarily from books.It is necessary for everyone to read imaginative literature, such as poetry, novels, or mythology. It is necessary for everyone to read poetry and other types of imaginative literature such as novels and mythology.b) 并列名词性成份: n. + what/how/whether/if 并列复杂句i. what = something thatii. how = the way/manner in whichMost parents educate their children merely by instinct rather than by proper pedagogy, and usually do not care about their relationship with children and how such neglect influences the future development of their children. Most students are eager to obtain knowledge, but they lack the sense of what is good, or what is necessary and how such a deficiency in the concept of viewing the situation as a whole would mislead them.c) 并列形容词性成份i. a1 and a2 + nii. a1 + yet/but + a2 + niii. a1, a2 + n + thativ. a1, a2, so a3 that/as toa small town 􀃆 a small and peaceful towna good teacher 􀃆 a good and very impressive teachera stupid decision 􀃆 a stupid and incorrigible decisionsimple yet effective methoda direct and simple yet magically effective methodan irrational yet understandable decisiona fair and balance, yet undesirable decisionobvious yet not the most significant reasonexpensive yet worthy courseslow yet indispensable processA weird, entertaining, yet TRUE story.All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that are nearing the end of their useful life.T0105-P02-L3Most students can hardly stand for his typically dry and dull lectures that would normally continue at least several quarters without giving any essential information. The impact that technology has had on our daily life and society in general, is undeniable. It will become even greater as computers get faster, smaller, smarter, and so inexpensive that virtually everyone will be able to own one. A class led by a lethargic teacher could be extremely dull, dry, and so boring that drives everybody in the class into sleep. Learning in essence is a process that is time-consuming, painstaking, and so hard that virtually only persistent few can finally have a sense of real achievement.1. 并列d) 并列副词性成份i. ad1 and ad2ii. ad1 + yet/but + ad2iii. ad1, ad2, prep.iv. ad1, ad2, so ad3 that/as toA conscientious teacher always prepares his lecture carefully, intelligently, and with the full consideration of all possible aspects concerning the subject.1. 并列e) 并列动词i. 并列动词a) v1, v2-ing, v3-ingii. 并列句子b) , and therefore/thus/consequently/subsequentlyc) not only/simply/merely but also/as well/evend) neither nore) not that but thatf) 并列从句: that, and that并列复杂句iii. that 引导的宾语从句iv. that 引导的定语从句v. that 引导的主语从句An absent-minded teacher lacks drive to make class intensely focused, often preparing nothing in advance, wandering among random topics, thus wasting and killing times of industrial students.􀁺 主语相同的两个句子并列，“and”对应的中文应该是“也”。Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are the major source from which people obtain knowledge.书本记录着思想和理念，也是人们获取知识的主要来源。Books keep records of thoughts and ideas, and are therefore the major source from which people obtain knowledge.书本记录着思想和理念，所以也是人们获取知识的主要来源。History has to be vague and ambiguous, and is therefore/thus so interesting that many are obsessed, because people always cannot help trying to know the truth.历史必然模糊含混，也正是如此，它才那样有趣以至于很多人都被深深的吸引，因为人们总是忍不住要追寻真理。Chinese children unfortunately have few rights to make their own decisions, and subsequently often have to do things that they do not enjoy doing at all.很不幸孩子们很少有自作主张的权利，也因此常常只能去做自己不喜欢做的事情。Modern vehicles have extended the range of peoples activity, and thus made much more goods available to local markets.现代交通工具延伸了人们活动的范围，也因此使市场上的商品数量增加了。It is the nature of human that determines that people tend to trust themselves rather than others, and consequently they often misguide by their own feelings rather than reasons.这是人性所决定的：人们倾向于相信自己而不是相信别人，也因此常常被自己的感觉所误导，而不是遵循理智。Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will even make people more productive.Modern transportation vehicles such as automobiles have not only made more goods available in the local markets, but they have also lowered the price of the products in the markets.3. 元素并列的其他手段肯定句: also; as well; too; equally; of equal importance否定句: either, neither; norA good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will also make people healthier.A poor environment will not make people happier.A bad environment will not make people healthier either.或 Nor a bad environment will make people healthier.4. not but计算机不仅给人们带来了方便，还是人们学得更多。Computers have not only brought convenience, but they have also made people learn more.补充: 分割效果1) 主语和谓语动词之间2) 助动词和实意动词之间3) 系动词和表语之间only alsonot simply but as well.merely evennot that but thatNot that emails or telephones have made people less personal, but that people themselves have become less personal. One of several possible reasons is that people usually lack of adequate communicating skills.A good environment will make people happier.A nice environment will make people healthier as well.A perfect environment will not only make people happier and healthier, but it will even make them more productive.2. 重复成分a) 重复形容词iii. a. , so a. that/as tob) 重复名词iv. n., n thatIn fact, history is interesting, so interesting that many are obsessed by it, because people always cannot help knowing the truth.Parents or other adults often give merely a casual answer to a serious question from a curious child, an answer that makes no sense at all, and might have unforeseeable negative consequence in the future.3. 从句a) whether/if/what/how 做宾语a) when/whenever; while + -ing/-edb) if/whether + adj.c) what/how/when/where + tod) , n + of + which深