最新高考实用英语语法手册.doc

1.名词可数名词复数的规则变化情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 -s1.清辅音后读/s/;2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/map-mapsbag-bagscar-cars以s,sh,ch, x等结尾的词加 -es读 /iz/bus-buses watch-watchesce,se,ze, (d)ge等结尾的词加 -s读 /iz/license-licenses以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y 为i再加es读 /z/baby-babies其它可数名词复数的规则变化1)元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s：如： monkey-monkeys holiday-holidays2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：a. 加s，如： photo-photos piano-pianosb. 加es，如：potatopotatoes tomatotomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 例：The figure 100 has two zero(e)s in it.3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：a. 加s，如： belief-beliefs roof-roofsb. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesc. 均可,如：handkerchief:handkerchiefs / handkerchieves可数名词复数的不规则变化1）child-children foot-feet tooth-teethmouse-mice man-men woman-women注意：与 man 和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German复数形式为Germans2）单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，yuan3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如： people， police ，cattle4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：maths，politics，physics，news， the United States，the United Nations，boss5) 表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses (眼镜)trousers, clothes,pants裤子,shorts短裤 glasses眼镜,compasses圆规,scales天平,pliers钳子,clips剪子,traffic lights交通灯（一般有三盏,这样理解）sports（运动）若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6） 另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼常考的不可数名词单词意义短语、例句advice建议（“报道、通知”可数）give sb. some advice on sth. some pieces of adviceequipment设备a set of equipmentexperience经验（注：“经历”可数）Mr. Li has much teaching experience.exercise锻炼（注：“练习”可数）take exercisefun开心、快乐的事What fun it is to do sth.!furniture家具a set of furniturenews/information/word消息，新闻Word came that he won the first prize in the match.baggage/luggage行李a piece of baggage/luggageprogress进步make great/rapid/some/no progress in sth.practice练习Practice makes perfect.Paper纸work工作 weather天气 applause掌声a burst of applause 一阵掌声wealth财富，富裕 friendship友谊 energy精力 homework家庭作业 knowledge知识 nature自然 luck运气 health健康 technology技能 time时间（注： “次数”可数）courage勇气 help帮助 hope希望 food食物 wood木材 scenery风景 jewelry珠宝 poetry诗歌 evidence证据 money钱名词的格在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：1） 单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag，men's room。2） 若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗争，Teachers Day教师节。（例外：bosss）3） 凡不能加"'s"的名词（无生命的名词），都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字，the gate of school，the map of China4） 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'。 如：John's and Mary's room（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）5） 双重所有格。物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。修饰可数、不可数名词的短语一、只能修饰可数名词的词语有:many,many a(n),a good / great many,a (great / large) number of,scores of,dozens of等.例如:Scores of people went there in the first few days after its opening.开张后的头几天,很多人去了那儿.I have been there dozens of times.我已去过那儿很多次了.Therere a number of students reading English in the classroom.教室里有许多学生在读英语.Many a student has(=many students have)visited the Great Wall.(谓语动词用单数)很多学生都游览过长城.In winter,a good many animals sleep under the snow.冬天很多动物在雪下冬眠.注意:many所修饰的复数名词前若有限定词,many 后面要接of,表示“中的很多”.例如:A great many(of the) graduates have found jobs.毕业生中很多人已经找到了工作.二、只能修饰不可数名词的词语有:much,a great deal of,a great / large amount of等.例如:Is there much water in the bucket?桶里有很多水吗?He always has a great amount of work to do.他总是有很多工作要做.三、既能修饰可数名词又能修饰不可数名词的词语有:a lot of,lots of,plenty of (以上三个词语后谓语动词的数依of 后的名词的单复数而定),a great / large quantity of (其后谓语用单数),quantities of (其后谓语用复数).例如:There is still lots of snow in the garden.花园里还有许多雪.There is plenty of rain here.这儿的雨水很多.A great quantity of flowers was placed in the hall.大厅里放了很多鲜花.There are large quantities of food in the cupboard.橱柜里有许多食物.四、用于肯定句、否定句、疑问句在所有这些表示“很多”的词语中many,much 是最常用的词,它们既可以用于肯定句,也可以用于疑问句和否定句.例如:Are there many people in the street?街上有很多人吗?There isnt much time left.剩下的时间不多了.其它的词语都用于肯定句,日常会话中常用lots of,a lot of 或plenty of; 正式文体中常用 a great many,a (large) number of,a great deal of,scores of 或 dozens of 等.但若肯定句中有too,so,as,very或how 等词修饰时,则必须使用 many,much.例如:The number of the people who lost their homes reached as many as 250,000.无家可归的人数多达250,000人.There is too much work to do.要做的工作太多了.2.冠词不定冠词的用法泛指，不确定的人或物。如 A knife is a tool for cutting with.1）词组或成语。a little / a few / a lot / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden2）a/ana用于以辅音开头的词前；an用于以元音开头的词前以辅音字母开头不定冠词却用an的单词an hour ；an honor；an honest boy以元音字母开头不定冠词却用a的单词a unit；a useful/useless thing；a university；a uniform ；a usual task；a united form；a European；a one-eyed man；a one-way trip定冠词的用法1）特指双方都明白的人或物：Take the medicine.2）上文提到过的人或事：He bought a house.Ive been to the house.3）指世上独一无二的事物：the sun， the sky， the moon， the earth4）单数名词连用表示一类事物，如：the dollar ; the fox ；或与形容词或分词连用，表示一类人：the rich; the living 。5）用在序数词和形容词的最高级形式及形容词only， very， same等前面：Where do you live?I live on the second floor.6）与复数名词连用，指整个群体：They are the teachers of this school.（指全体教师）They are teachers of this school. （指部分教师)7）表示所有，相当于物主代词，用在表示身体部位的名词前：She caught me by the arm.8）用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前：the Peoples Republic of China9）用在表示西洋乐器的名词之前： She plays the piano.10）用在姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人(或夫妇俩)： the Greens11） 用在惯用语中：in the day, in the morning (afternoon，evening),the day after tomorrowthe day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water，field，country）in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of）,in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre零冠词的用法1）国名，人名前通常不用定冠词：England，Mary；2）泛指的复数名词，表示一类人或事物时，可不用定冠词；They are teachers.3）抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词；Failure is the mother of success.4）物质名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，当表示特定的意思时，需要加定冠词；Man cannot live without water.5）在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前，不加冠词；We go to school from Monday to Friday.6）在称呼或表示官衔，职位的名词前不加冠词；The guards took the American to General Lee.7）在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前，不加冠词 如：have breakfast，play chess8）当两个或两个以上名词并用时，常省去冠词；I cant write without pen or pencil.9）当by 与火车等交通工具连用，表示一种方式时，中间无冠词；如：by bus，by train；10）有些个体名词不用冠词；如： school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town， church，court 等个体名词，直接置于介词后，表示该名词的深层含义；go to hospital11）不用冠词的序数词；a. 序数词前有物主代词  Thats his thirtieth birthday.b. 序数词作副词 He came first in the race.c. 在固定词组中 at (the) first, first of all, from first to last3.数词基数词，表示数目多少序数词，表示顺序和等级分数的构成：分子用基数，分母用序数；分子大于1，分母用复数五分之一 one fifth五分之二 two fifths四分之三 three fourths4.形容词1、形容词的位置1)性质形容词有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：an intelligent girl （形容词+名词）Who left the window open? （形容词做为宾补）The movie is interesting （系动词+形容词）2)叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如： afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake， well，unwell，ill，faint等。3）接形容词做为宾补的动词find，make，feel，keep，leave，believe，think，drive，wish，consider，getI find learning English easy.4）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice2、以-ly结尾的形容词1） 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.3、用形容词表示类别和整体1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。 The poor are losing hope.2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。 the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序4、多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词+数量词（序前基后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料those + three + beautiful + large + square+ old + brown + wood + tables5、live living alive livelylive读作laiv，意为“活着的”，可以作定语，放在所修饰的名词之前，一般不用来修饰人。如：The cat was playing with a live mouse.为只猫在玩弄一只活老鼠。living意为“活着的”，主要用作定语，常置于名词之前，有时也可置于名词之后。也可用作表语。如：Every living person has a name.每一个活着的人都有一个名字。No man living could do better.当代人没有一个能活得比这更好。（当代无人可比）。alive作定语时，应将其放在被修饰的名词后面。如：All the other comrades were killed in the battle. He was the only man alive.所有的同志都阵亡了，他是惟一的幸存者。lively（读作laivi，意为“生动的”、“活泼的”，“充满生气的”，用作表语或定语，可以用来修饰人或物。如：The sports ground is lively with all sorts of ball games.6、more，less，fewer都是比较级，但它们修饰的词不同。1、more 是many /much 的比较级，可修饰可数名词复数也可修饰不可数名词；more 也可与部分双音节和多音词形容词/副词构成比较级；还有固定词组”more than 超过“。如：1). I have more books than you .我有的书比你的多。2). There is more water in that bottle .在那个瓶子里有更多水。3). This book is more interesting than that one.这本书比那本更有趣。4). There are more than two thousand students in his school.他学校有超过2000学生。2、less 是little 的比较级，修饰不可数名词；也可与部分双音节和多音词形容词/副词构成比较级；还有固定词组”less than 少于“。如：1).There is less water in that bottle .在那个瓶子里有更少水。2).This book is less interesting than that one.这本书没有那本有趣。3、fewer 是few的比较级，修饰可数名词复数。如：1). There will be fewer trees in the future. 将来会有更少的树。2). The more careful you are , the fewer mistakes you will make .你越小心，犯的错误就越少。一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则1一般单音节词和少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词,比较级在后面加-er,最高级在后面加-est；（1）单音节词如：smallsmallersmallest shortshortershortest talltallertallest greatgreatergreatest（2）双音节词如：clevercleverercleverest narrownarrowernarrowest 2以不发音e结尾的单音节词,比较在原级后加-r,最高级在原级后加-st；如：largelargerlargest nicenicernicest ableablerablest3在重读闭音节（即：辅音元音辅音）中,先双写末尾的辅音字母,比较级加-er,最高级加-est；如：bigbiggerbiggest hothotterhottest fatfatterfattest4以“辅音字母y”结尾的双音节词, 把y改为i,比较级加-er,最高级加-est；如：easyeasiereasiest heavyheavierheaviest busybusierbusiest happyhappierhappiest5其他双音节词和多音节词,比较级在前面加more,最高级在前面加most；如：beautifulmore beautifulmost beautifuldifferentmore differentmost different easilymore easilymost easily注意：（1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用.例句： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. （2） 形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常". It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 6有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的,必须熟记.如：goodbetterbest wellbetterbestbadworseworst illworseworstoldolder/elderoldest/eldest many/muchmoremost littlelessleast far further/farther furthest/farthest二、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的用法1“A + be +形容词比较级 + than + B” 意思为“A比B更”.如：This tree is taller than that one. 这棵树比那棵树高. 注意： 在含有连词than的比较级中,前后的比较对象必须是同一范畴,即同类事物之间的比较. 在比较级前面使用much,表示程度程度“强得多”.如：A watermelon is much bigger than an apple. very, quite一般只能修饰原级,不能修饰比较级. 2“比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more +原级”表示“越来越”如：It becomes warmer and warmer when spring comes. 春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和了.It is getting cooler and cooler.天气越来越凉爽.The wind became more and more heavily.风变得越来越大.Our school is becoming more and more beautiful. 我们的学校变得越来越美丽.3在含有or的选择疑问句中,如果有两者供选择,前面的形容词要用比较级形式.如：Who is taller,Tim or Tom? 谁更高,Tim还是Tom?4. “the +比较级, the+比较级”,表示“越越”.The more money you make, the more you spend.钱你赚得越多,花得越多.The sooner,the better. 越快越好.5.表示倍数的比较级用法：. A is times the size /height/length/width of B. 如：The new building is three times the height of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼高三倍.(新楼是旧楼的四倍高). A is times as big /high/long/wide/large as B.如：Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大.(亚洲比欧洲大三倍). A is times larger /higher/longer/wider than B.如：Our school is twice bigger than yours.我们学校比你们学校大两倍.6.形容词、副词的最高级形式主要用来表示三者或三者以上人或事物的比较,表示“最”的意思.句子中有表示范围的词或短语.如：of the three, in our class等等.如：He is the tallest in our class. 他在我们班里是最高的.7."否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so as"结构表示最高级含义. Nothing is so easy as this. =Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing. 8.原级asas的特别用法It is generally believed that reading is as important as writing.8. 比较级与最高级的转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class三、修饰比较级和最高级的词1）可修饰比较级的词.a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等. . 还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语. . 以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面. 注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内. (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers. 2)下列词可修饰最高级：by far, far, much, mostly, almost. This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 注意： a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同. This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级. Africa is the second largest continent. 8.要避免重复使用比较级. (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is cleverer than his brother. 9.要避免将主语含在比较对象中. (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other country in Asia. 10.要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则. The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. 11.要注意冠词的使用,后有名词的时候,前面才有可能有名词. 比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia? Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.5.副词  副词主要用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置：1） 在动词之前。2） 在be动词、助动词之后。3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b. 方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位在前，大单位在后。2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词，如：I like English very much.注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.三兼有两种形式的副词1) close与closelyclose意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2)late 与lately late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?3)deep与deeply deep意思是"深"，表示具体的空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上抽象的深度，"深深地"He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high与highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5)wide与widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6)free与freelyfree的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely; say what you like.6.代词代词是代替名词的词。1人称代词、物主代词、反身代词2. 不定代词1)both, all, either, neither, any, none都任何一个都不两者botheitherneither三者或以上allanynone例句：We both can swim well.-Would you like some tea or coffee? Either.