毕业论文外文翻译-财务风险管理系统的研究和讨论.doc
Research on Financial Risk Management System and DiscussionAndrew·chonInternational Finance Manager CenterAbstract: Enterprise financial risk is the financial activities of enterprises in the whole process, due to the uncertainties caused by loss of business opportunities and possibilities. Financial risk management throughout the entire process of production, this article analysis on the internal and external factors impact on the enterprise's financial risk. Keywords: business financial risk internal factors external factors1. Internal Factors 1.1 Operating decisions. The success of business strategy usually depends on whether the use of properly. Overall business decision for enterprise development and business activities to establish the main goal is the focus of corporate management, the core and fundamental task is to improve the economic efficiency of enterprises services. Relationship between business decisions and strategies of enterprises and policy, operations and management,market development and marketing, technical development and investment, resources development and utilization, product development and pricing and risk prevention and other issues, the failure of policymaking enterprises into financial difficulties will often . For example, the diversification of the blind is not only conducive to business development strategy of expansion in the external core competencies to cultivate new, but may originally have lost competitive advantage. If the new project occupied the main advantage of the funds can not bring corresponding benefits, it will wear down the main advantage, and eventually lead to a lack of funds within the enterprise as a whole that fall into financial difficulties. Another example is the blind result of financing capital structure decision is irrational, prone to lead to high financial leverage, negative effect, and will put a heavy debt burden of enterprises are faced with due to their inability to refinance maturing debt and the risk of default. Similarly, the lack of scientific proof and full risk assessment of the investment decision-making once the failure will directly affect the cash flow. The cash flow quality directly related to the survival of the enterprise. Therefore, business decisions should strictly follow the principle of effectiveness, in particular, should pay attention to the allocation of funding and coordination of resources, thereby protecting the cash inflow and outflow and the balance between the stocks, to maintain the financial health of the enterprise. 1.2 Corporate Governance. Modern theory that the choice of corporate governance and management processes can effectively solve the problem of adverse selection and moral hazard, to a large extent influence the ultimate success or failure of the company, poor corporate governance contributed to corporate performance is low, into an important reason for the crisis. On the nature and function of corporate governance, its institutional arrangements and powers as a check and balance mechanism, clear separation of ownership and management under the control of power between the main configuration, and by rights, responsibilities and interests and incentives division constraint mechanism of the play, in the general meeting of shareholders, board of supervisors and managers of mutual checks and balances between the formation of a relationship,but to fulfill their mutual restraint, in order to jointly promote the effective operation of the company. The ownership structure of corporate governance based on shareholder ownership structure determines the structure, ownership concentration and identity of major shareholders, resulting in the exercise of the rights of shareholders and the effect of different ways, thereby affecting the formation of corporate governance, operations and performance. The soundness of corporate governance, governance mechanisms are perfect, it will affect the agency costs and governance efficiency, and determine whether the corporate governance and internal control to achieve effective docking, the ultimate impact on the value of the company. When the corporate governance structure is irrational, is not an effective incentive and restraint mechanisms to play a role, the management of the main decision-making power imbalance will cause confusion and inefficiency, and the emergence of serious information asymmetry arising from the interests of the occupation of large shareholders, or managers driven by the interests of the many bad accounting. These issues in the company's financial performance, usually financial situation is deteriorating. 1.3 Financial policy. Corporate financial policy is a set of independent guidelines and rules of financial management operations, the goal is in line with business reform, restructuring of financial behavior, improve financial efficiency and reduce financial risk. The choice of financial policy and arrangements for the enterprise within the statutory range and magnitude, according to the objective situation and selfdevelopment needs, their choice of financial policy to achieve specific financial goals for the service behavior. Modern enterprise financial management of the environment leads to complex corporate financial decisions are often faced with the optimization of different options, and in the selection process also involves shortterm goals and longterm business objectives of the conflict, the cost of financing the contradictions of capital assets liquidity and profitability and safety of the conflict, credit policies and expanding sales of contradictions, depreciation of fixed assets and cash flows of the conflict, dividend policy and corporate market value of the contradictions, the existence of these financial conflicts inevitably require managers to make reasonable policy choices and arrangements. This is a comparison, identification and prioritization process, and it is through such a scientific analysis, screening, making the enterprise to ease the financial conflicts, reducing the financial risk, reducing the financial crisis, so that the survival of enterprises is more stable. There is no scientific analysis of corporate financial policies, or lack the necessary scientific analysis tools had to use "trial and error method" to analyze the financial policy to the enterprise vulnerable to the financial crisis. The failure of many companies is due to their own financial policies error. 1.4 Investment risk. Investment is to recover the cash and get receipts for the purpose of the cash outflow occurs, the fundamental investment objective is to increase corporate profits or market value, investment activity is the production and operation activities of the important activities. Enterprises in addition to the core product, the product is the main business of the business activities, can use its own funds accumulated after-tax profits or financing by way of financial leverage, investment, mergers and acquisitions investment, stock investment, futures, different types of investment with different investment risk. Investment risk factor is the investment process will affect the investment income of the various factors, such as investment decisionmaking system is flawed and timing of investment, the investment object selection, market risk investments, withdrawal of investment risk. If you do not effectively identify and control the investment risk factors, it is easy to lead business investment fails; you can not achieve the expected return on investment. If the investment is suffered serious loss, it ultimately will lead enterprises into financial crisis. 1.5 Technical risks. Increasingly accelerated pace of technological progress, technology, increasingly shorter life cycles, increasingly fierce market competition, technological progress everything is characterized by fierce competition. Thus, innovation and become more competitive, to win an important way to survival and development. Technical risk factor is an enterprise in the implementation of technological innovation, the impact of technological innovation activities in achieving the desired objective factors such as uncertainties in the external environment, advance technological innovation, difficulty, technical innovation and project complexity, and technological innovation ability and the strength of their own limitations, etc., may lead to failure of technological innovation activities , To bring human, material and financial resources are the loss of investment,leading companies in financial crisis. On the other hand , with the rapid development of modern technology and the increasing pressure of market competition, the accelerating pace of innovation, a core competence of enterprises must gradually decline, no longer support the core layer of the normal operation of enterprises, the competitive advantage no longer continue. At this point the crisis will be generated in the inner nuclear layer, which is the essence of the reasons for the crisis generated. 2. External Factors 2.1 Economic globalization. The spirit of the World Trade Organization to establish global free trade rules of the game, the core principles of MFN, national treatment and non-discrimination principle of the multilateral negotiations. Therefore, China's accession to the WTO bound tariffs to remove the umbrella, which leads to industry competition. In the process of globalization, industry and the opening and polymerization of goods, knowledge and network technology innovation, diversified customer needs mature society caused by intense industry competition, enterprises must make ecological changes. Then a large number of companies may be survival of the fittest, not those out of the phenomenon. 2.2The market competition. "Any industry, whether domestic or international, whether products or services, competition law will reflect the five competitive forces: the invasion of new competitors, threat of substitutes, customers Kanji capacity, the supplier's ability Kanji , as well as competition between existing competitors. "These five industries are threatening the competitiveness of enterprises to the crisis. Operators in making decisions on the development potential of the industries in which business and life cycles, competitor strengths and weaknesses and the threat of substitute products, changes in consumer preferences, raw material market changes, market price fluctuations and so should have a full consideration and understanding, so that it can help avoiding disadvantages and enhance the ability to resist risks, the risk arises in making timely and effective adjustments to reduce losses. 2.3 The government's economic policy the government does not always play the role of the consumer and the salesman, in many cases the government as a member of the macroeconomic adjustment in the management and operation of the market there. Government regulation is usually implemented on the market, including legal means and economic means. First, in order to regulate the operation of the market will by enacting such laws, rules, regulations, guidance documents and other formal provision clearly the rights and obligations of market participants; Second, the government will use monetary policy, fiscal policy, industrial policy, regional economic policy, tax and other economic measures of economic activity in various sectors such as production, circulation, distribution, consumption and other implementing regulation and control of economic activities in order to ensure the integrity and smooth implementation. Rational economic policy is the development of business continuity and smooth operation of the premises, any loss will lead to business fluctuations, so that enterprises in crisis. The risk of financial sector is most likely hiding place, the main risk is divided into: financial payments risk that borrowed funds increased due to the possible insolvency; investment risk that, due to uncertainties caused less than the expected rate of return targets the risk incurred; financial operational risk that cash outflows and cash inflows of funds at the time of consistent strand breaks lead to the formation of the cash flow risk; income distribution that the distribution of income risk to the enterprise in the future may adversely affect production and business activities brought about risk. 3. Financial risk system 3.1 Financial Payment Risk 1. Excessive risk liability Enterprises to use financial leverage to expand the scale of operation for debt management is undoubtedly a basic strategy, but if the overleveraged, financial structure will be at risk due to refinancing risks resulting from the difficulties, and the burden of heavy corporate borrowing costs will also affect the overall economic benefits. 2. and compared the risk of the formation of high debt, contingent liabilities more invisible form of risk, the potential risks of the enterprise is greater. Typical example is the enterprise security chaos. Some enterprises large amount of external guarantees, long term, even without the consent and approval, directors, managers, name of the company of others without guarantees greater risks to the enterprise. Most of the enterprises lack of management of security, not in accordance with the rules and norms in the balance sheet disclosure, if the security objects if not insolvent, the guarantee liabilities of enterprises translate into liabilities, the debt burden of the sudden financial strain is likely to lead to evenowned enterprises no debt, induced the financial risk. At the same time for the Group, the Group's member companies have separate legal personality, independent of the lending relationship can occur, and to own all of the assets as a loan guarantee, the company can not be unified credit. At the same time there is often between members of each group of UNPROFOR, misappropriation, the phenomenon of borrowing funds, resulting in total funding over the Group over the Group's overall risk tolerance. Once there in affiliated enterprises debt out of control, can easily lead to the Group's overall risk linkage. 3.The financing structure risk Capital structure, also known as the capital structure refers to the composition of various financial companies and their proportional relationship. Capital structure, the broad and narrow sense. Narrow longterm capital structure refers to the capital structure; broader capital structure refers to all funds (including longterm capital, shortterm capital) structure. In the investment process, you should consider short-term assets and short-term liabilities, longterm investment and longterm liabilities such as matching if the lack of unified planning, the len