翻译与语境毕业论文.doc

翻译与语境 摘要：翻译活动并不仅仅是语言层面上的意义转换，而是必然发生在一定的社会和历史语境之中，受到各种语境因素的影响；语境因素又不是静态的，一成不变的，它与翻译活动是一种互动的关系。语境包含多种层面，作为一名翻译专业的学生，我们在翻译过程中一定要仔细分析原文的具体语境，分析它对翻译的影响，以此才能逐渐提高我们的翻译水平。关键词：文化；语境；翻译；交际1 语境的概念 从翻译的本质是看，翻译是文化的交流和碰撞。奈达说：“翻译就是交际，它取决于听读者从译文所获得的信息。”语境这个术语最早是由波兰籍人类语言学家马林诺夫斯基于1923年提出来的，后来弗斯发展了这一理论，创立了比较完整的语境理论。后来在论及语境在翻译中的作用时，纽马克指出：“语境在所有翻译中都是最重要的因素，其重要性大于任何法规，任何理论，任何基本词义。”语言是人类社会所特有的一种信息系统，无论其产生，演变或发展，还是进行信息的传递，接收或加工，总是以一定的条件为前提受其影响和制约的，这种前提条件，就是语境语言环境。2 翻译与语境 翻译是一种语言的语篇材料被另一种语言中与其的对等的语篇材料所代替（Crystal,1985）。因此，翻译的对等单位是语篇，即翻译应寻求两种语言的语篇材料在同一整体语境中意义和功能的一致和选择恰当而得体的表达方式。成功的语篇翻译基于对原语语篇意义的正确理解，而理解语篇意义的唯一途径是通过语境分析。所以，翻译离不开语境，可以说，翻译与语境有着鱼和水的关系。3语境的分类马林诺夫斯基把语境分为话语语境，文化语境和情景语境。简单地说，话语语境是指字，词，句，段等的前后可帮助确定其意义的上下文；情景语境是指语篇产生的环境；文化语境是指某种语言赖以植根的民族里人民思想和行为准则的总和。此外，也可将语境分为语言环境和非语言环境。语言环境是显性的语境，非语言环境是隐性的语境。不管是语言环境，非语言环境，抑或显性语境，隐性语境都对追求语言表达效果的修辞产生很大的影响。韩礼德则把语境分为话语范围，话语基调和话语方式。D.Hymes则把语境概括为“SPEAKING”，S意为Setting，P意为Participant，E意为End，A意为Act sequence，K意为Key，I意为Instrumentalities，N意为Norms of interaction and interpretation，G意为Genre。我国关于语境的研究，在冯广艺的语境适应论里有了很详尽的概述：“其实，中外语言学界对语境所下的定义，大致可以归纳为一下几种观点：题旨情境说，广义狭义说，主观客观说，文化语境说，语境创造说和模拟语境说。”也有文章认为广义的语境就是指社会文化语境，也就是语言形式赖以生存的社会文化形态，它涉及人类生活的各个方面，从衣食住行，风俗习惯到价值观念等等。3.1 话语语境 话语语境，亦称上下文语境。这里指的是语篇自身的结构衔接及逻辑连贯。在翻译时，译者务必多读几遍原文，把原文各句融会贯通，在脑海中形成一个清晰地脉络。翻译过程中首先保证词语译得正确，段与段之间句子安排得当，文气贯通，逻辑明晰，再注重段与段之间的连接及全文的流畅（李云兴，2003）。3.2 情景语境情景语境指语篇涉及到的具体场景、事件、时间、地点、参与者等。一个词的词义和话语意义常常不仅仅是尤其语言因素来确定，而是由词汇和话语所出现的场景来确定，也就是说要确定词义和句义以来情景和语境。3.3 文化语境 文化语境指的是语篇所涉及到的文化社会背景。原语篇是在原社会、文化的背景下产生并传播的，它尤其自己的历史、风俗习惯、社会规范、思维方式、道德观念、价值取向等，而译文则是在译语社会、文化背景下传播的。这就需要译者起到跨越两种文化的桥梁作用，在充分理解原语篇文化语境的基础上，从译语的文化语境着眼，将原语篇信息重新表述为译文读者所能接受和可以理解的连贯语篇。4 文化语境与翻译 文化语境指的是源语和译入语所依附的文化、历史、社会背景。也就是指某一言语社团特定的社会规范和习俗。由于各民族区域生态环境、历史背景、价值观念及行为模式等的不同而形成了各自独特的文化特性，在跨文化的翻译中便时常会遇到诸如误解原文、译文词空缺等情况。语言是文化的一部分，因此将一种语言译成另一种语言，必须了解两种语言的文化语境。翻译时不能停留在字面意义的翻译上，要谙熟译语的文化语境才能达到翻译的目的，否则会造成跨文化交际的失败，语言是文化的载体，文化史语言的土壤，翻译是跨文化交流的桥梁。从某种意义上谈，语言的翻译，是文化的翻译。影响翻译的文化语境的因素主要有思维模式的差异、宗教信仰的差异、价值观念的差异和历史文化的差异。4.1 思维模式的差异 思维方式是一种习惯性的思维路径和思维定势。就东西方文化来讲，中国思维注重语言的整体性、象征性和暗示性；而西方则重视语言的分析性、逻辑性和形式结构化，这些差异在书写形式上表现得尤为明显。英语的书写形式不仅要分段，有标点，而且首字母要大写，层次条理一目了然。出了视觉层次之外，英语还重视主体结构和主体句，更注重过渡连接词的关联作用。在英汉翻译中原语文本语义的连贯常常很难再译文中保留，调整、补偿或增添也就成为必须运用的常规方法。4.2 宗教信仰的差异 中西方的宗教信仰不同，也影响着双语的翻译。民族、宗教文献所描写的内容往往与我们的现实生活存在着较大的差异。在翻译这类文献时，要求译者在事先做好充分准备，阅读大量的有关背景材料，形成先有、先见和先把握，从而进入原文的历史文化语境，挖掘文章的真正含义。在西方，以基督教为主的宗教文化深刻影响着人们的语言表达，基督教产生时，欧洲处于四分五裂的状态，世俗的王权只有超越一切世俗力量之上的上帝才能收服人们的“野性”，于是基督教运用而生，人们的语言也深深的打上了民族宗教色彩的烙印。而在中国，传统宗教文化也佛教为主导，“老天爷”成为了佛教徒心目中的天神。许多语言来源于佛教、道教。佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛祖”在左右着人世间的一切，榆次有关的习语很多，如“借花献佛”，“临时抱佛脚”等。可见宗教文化是构成英汉语言各自特色的重要方面。了解宗教文化的差异，就能更准确地表达词语的文化意义。4.3 价值观念的差异 文化的价值体系是影响跨文化交际的另一个重要方面。由于文化的差异导致人们的价值观及审美意思的不同，以致人们对同一事物有着不同的甚至截然相反的观点和看法。不同文化群体的人们长期生活在一个环境中，逐渐形成自己的价值观念，这些价值观念成为他们经验中的重要部分，左右着他们对世界的理解与表达。4.4 历史文化的差异历史文化是特点历史发展进程和社会遗产的沉淀所形成的文化，各民族的历史发展不同，因而各自都含有特定的人物和事件的词语来体现本民族鲜明的历史文化色彩。在语际翻译中药尤为重视。例如，英语中“to meet ones waterbo（遭遇滑铁卢）是源于19世纪拿破仑在比利时小城滑铁卢惨败一事，汉语中“败走麦城”是指三国时的蜀国名将关羽兵败麦城一事，两个词语分别来源于不同的历史事件，但喻义相同，都是指惨遭失败。因此，这类词语的翻译需要了解各民族历史文化才能使译文更具有文化个性。5 文化语境下的翻译策略 既然翻译受制于文化语境，那么，在翻译活动中译者应充分考虑原文本所包含的民族文化与语言个性，充分理解语词所蕴含的独特的文化意味，尽可能结合原文的文化背景，保持原文的语言风格、语言形式及艺术特色。译者想要真正把握和表达原文思想，不仅要有全面的学识修养和丰富的文化积淀，还要掌握必要的翻译策略。“异化”翻译和“归化”翻译是两种积极应对文化语境影响的翻译策略。“异化”翻译主要是指在翻译过程中，故意使译文冲破目的语常规，保留原文中的异国情调。“归化”翻译是用与源语词语有相同使用频度、但一般都带有某些译语文化色彩的词语来翻译源语词语，其长处是能使译文读起来比较地道和生动。概括的说，规划翻译旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调。6 结语 翻译涉及的是从形式到内容、从语音到语义、从达意到传情、从语音到文化的多层次、多方位语际转换，其中的理解和表达都是在具体的语境中进行的。正如纽马克指出的那样：“语境在所有翻译中都是最重要的因素，其重要性大于任何法规、任何理论和任何基本语义“。综上所述，语境与翻译存在着密切的关系。语境制约翻译，翻译依赖于语境。因此，在翻译过程中应充分考虑各种语境因素，重视语境的指导意义，力求完整准确地传达原语信息，获得语境和功能的对等。只有这样，才能保证和提高译文的质量。参考文献1 卞正东 语境与翻译J. 无锡教育学院学报，2001（6）：472 王蜜 浅析文化语境与翻译策略J. 经济与社会发展，2010（3）：131-1333 郭建辉， 朱恒毅 翻译中的语境问题J. 广西师范学院学报，2009（4）：1144 余高峰 语境因素对翻译的影响J. 上海翻译，2010（2）：56-585 方学桐 浅析语境与翻译J. 改革与开放， 2012（1）：1846 苗亮 文化语境对翻译的作用J. 教育研究 46 Translation and context Tong xia( School of Foreign Languages ,East China Jiao tong University,Nanchang,330013,China )Abstract: Translation is not just at the level of significance conversion, but inevitable occurred in certain and historical context and affected by various contextual factors; contextual factors are not static, immutable, context and translation are an interactive relationship. Context includes a variety of levels, as a professional student of translation, we must carefully analyze the specific context of the original text in the translation of process and analyze its impact on the translation, in order to gradually improve our ability of translation . Key words: Culture; context; translation; communication 篇一：英语名言警句学习(带中文翻译)英语名言警句a bad conscience is a snake in ones heart.做贼心虚。a bad workman quarrels with his tools.拙匠常怨工具差。a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。a bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk.闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。a blind man who leans against a wall imagines that its the boundary of the world.坐井观天。absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it.相聚爱益切，离别情更深。a burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。accidents will happen.天有不测风云。a clean hand wants no washing.身正不怕影子斜。a clear conscience is a soft pillow.问心无愧，高枕无忧。a clear conscience is a sure card.光明磊落，胜券在握。a clear conscience laughs at false accusations.白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。a clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast.宁为清贫，不为浊富。a close mouth catches no flies.病从口入，祸从口出。a cock is valiant on his own dunghill.夜郎自大。同仇敌忾。a contented mind is perpetual feast.知足常乐。actions speak louder than words.事实胜於雄辩。admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。a fair face may hide a foul heart.人不可貌相。a faithful friend is hard to find.益友难得。a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。否极泰来。after black clouds, clear weather.否极泰来。after death, the doctor.放马后炮。a good appetite is a good sauce.饥不择食。a good example is the best sermon.身教胜似言教。好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。a good fame is better than a good face.好的名望胜於好的相貌。a good friend is my nearest relation.良友如近亲。a good marksman may miss.智者千虑，必有一失。a good maxim is never out of season.至理名言不会过时。a good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口，忠言逆耳。a good winter brings a good summer.瑞雪兆丰年。a happy heart makes a blooming visage.心花怒放，笑逐颜开。a hero is known in the time of misfortune.时势造英雄。a lazy youth, a lousy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。ale will make a cat speak.酒后吐真言。a little is better than none.聊胜於无。a little leak will sink a great ship.千丈之堤溃於蚁穴。a little neglect may breed great mischief.小不忍则乱大谋。a little spark kindles a great fire.星星之火，可以燎原。a little wind kindles, much puts out the fire.适可而止，过犹不及。all covet, all lose.贪多必失。all is fair in war.兵不厌诈。all is not gold that glitters.闪光的东西并不都是黄金。all roads lead to rome.条条道路通罗马。all shall be well, jack shall have jill.有情人终成眷属。all the treasures of the earth would not bring back one lost moment.机会失去不再来，千贯万贯难赎回。all things are easy that are done willingly.做事乐意，诸事容易。all things are obedient to money.有钱能使鬼推磨。a maiden with many wooers often chooses the worst.少女有了许多求婚者往往选中了最差的一个。a man apt to promise is apt to forget.轻诺者易忘。a man can not spin and reel at the same time.一心不能二用。a man cannot whistle and drink at he same time.一心不能二用。a man has two ears and one mouth that he may hear much and speak little.人有两只耳朵一张嘴，就是为了多听少说话。路遥知马力，日久见人心。a man may dig his grave with his teeth.祸从口出。a man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink.牵马到河易，强马饮水难。a man may love his house well without riding on the ridge.有宝何必人前夸。a match will set fire to a large building.星星之火，可以燎原。ambition never dies until there is no way out.不到黄河心不死a miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里。among the blind the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。a near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.远亲不如近邻。an enemys mouth seldom speaks well.狗嘴里吐不出象牙。祸不单行。a new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火。an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在於晨。an old physician, and a young lawyer.医生年老的好，律师年轻的俏。an optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity. 乐观的人在灾难中看到希望；悲观的人在希望中看到灾难。an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.预防胜於治疗。answer a fool according to his folly.以其人之道，还治其人之身。a penny saved is a penny earned.省钱就是赚钱。apparel makes the man.马靠鞍装，人靠衣装。appearances are deceitful.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。a road of a thousand miles begins with one step.千里之行始於足下。a rolling stone gathers no moss.滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。as a man sows, so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a secret between more than two is no secret.两人以上知道的秘密就不算秘密。a servant is known by his masters absence.主人不在可以看出仆人的品行来。a silent tongue and true heart are the most admirable things on earth.缄默的嘴，真诚的心，是世界上最令人赞美的东西。a single spark can start a prairie fire.星星之火，可以燎原。a smart coat is a good letter of introduction.人要衣装，佛要金装。a smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的海洋练不出熟练的水手。a sow, when washed; returns to the muck.江山易改，本性难移。as the old cock crows, so doth the young.有其父必有其子。as the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries man.试金石可以试金，正如黄金可以试人。as the tree falls, so shall it lie.自作自受。as they sow, so let them reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a still tongue makes a wise head.智者寡言。a stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦。a straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.身正不怕影子斜。a straw shows which way the wind blows.一叶便知秋。a stumble may prevent a fall.小惩大诫。as you make your bed so you must lie on it.自食其果。as you sow you shall mow.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a tall tree catches the wind.树大招风。a tree is known by its fruit.观其行而知其人。a true friend is known in the day of adversity.疾风知劲草，患难知友情。avarice blinds our eyes.财迷心窍。avarice increases with wealth.越富越贪。a wanderer who is determined to reach his destination does not fear the rain. 决心赶到目的地，浪汉何惧雨来淋。a watched pot is long in boiling.心急水不沸。a wilful man will have his way.有志者是竟成。a word spoken is an arrow let fly.一言既出，驷马难追。a word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。beauty is but skin-deep.红颜易变。beauty is in the eye of the gazer.情人眼里出西施。beauty lies in lovers eyes.情人眼里出西施。bees that have honey in their mouths have stings in their tails.口蜜腹剑。before gold, even kings take off their hats.有钱能使鬼推磨。beggars cannot be choosers.饥不择食。beggars must be no choosers.饥不择食。塞翁失马，焉知非福。be honest rather clever.诚实比聪明更要紧。being on sea, sail; being on land, settle.随遇而安。be just to all, but trust not all.要公正对待所有的人，但不要轻信所有的人。believe not all that you see nor half what you hear.眼见的不能全信，耳闻的也不能半信。be slow to promise and quick to perform.不轻诺，诺必果。be swift to hear, slow to speak.多听少说。better an empty purse than an empty head.宁可钱袋瘪，不要脑袋空。better an open enemy than a false friend.明枪易躲，暗箭难防。better good neighbours near than relations far away. 远亲不如近邻。between the cup and the lip a morsel may slip.功亏一篑。between two stools one falls to the ground.脚踏两头要落空。beware beginnings.慎始为上。big mouthfuls ofter choke.贪多嚼不烂。bind the sack before it be full.做事应适可而止。birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分。birth is much, but breeding is more.出身固然重要，教养更且重要。bite off more than one can chew.贪多咽不下。bite the hand that feeds one.恩将仇报。bitter pills may have wholesome effects.良药苦口利於病。blind men can judge no colours.不宜问道於盲。blood is thicker than water.血浓於水。bread is the staff of life.民以食为天。brevity is the soul of wit.言以简洁为贵。bring up a raven and hell pick out your eyes.养虎贻患。burn not your house to rid it of the mouse.投鼠忌器。burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。business before pleasure.事业在先，享乐在后。business is business.公事公办。by doing we learn.经一事，长一智。by falling we learn to go safely.吃一堑，长一智。by others faults, wise men correct their own.他山之石，可以攻玉。by reading we eich the mind; by conversation we polish it. 读书可以使我门的思想充实，谈话使其更臻完美。篇二：英语名言名句(带翻译)1. the first step is as good ashalf over. 第一步是最关键的一步。2. you never know your luck. 命运好坏不由己。3. the wealth of the mind is theonly wealth. 精神的财富是唯一的财富。4. you cant judge a tree by itsbark. 人不可貌相。5. bad times make a good man. 艰难困苦出能人。6. there is no royal road tolearning. 求知无坦途。7. doubt is the key to knowledge.怀疑是知识的钥匙。 8. wasting time is robbing oneself.浪费时间就是掠夺自己。9. the best hearts are always thebravest. 心灵最高尚的人，也总是最勇敢的人。10. good is good, but bettercarries it. 精益求精，善益求善。11. honesty is the best policy. 诚实为上策12. conceit is the quicksand ofsuccess. 自负是成功的流沙。 13. he that makes a good war makesa good peace. 正义的战争创造持久的和平。14. it is easy to be wise after theevent. 事后诸葛亮容易当。 15. he that makes a thing too fine,breaks it. 做事过于苛求，反把事情弄坏。16. the world is his who enjoys it.活着感到快乐，世界就属于你。 17. laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖。 18. he is rich that has few wants.寡欲者富。19. truth and roses have thornsabout them.真理和玫瑰，身旁都有刺。 20. all things are difficult beforethey are easy.万事开头难。 21. where there is life, there ishope.留得青山在,不怕没柴少。 22. keep conscience clear,thennever fear.问心无愧，永无畏惧。 23. when youre good to others,youare best to yourself.善待他人，即是最善待自己。 24. nothing so popular as goodness.最受欢迎的是善行。25. the sun never repents of theand daugher美德和幸福犹如母女。27. tall mankind are beholden tohim that is kind to the good.行善者，人人铭记之。28. its the easiest thing in theworld for a man to deceive himself.自欺是世上最易之事。 29. an old man in a house is a goodsign.家中有老是一个好迹象。 30. how few there are who havecourage enough to own their faults.or resolution enough to mend them!承认并改正错误，需要有足够的勇气和决心。31. if you do what you shouldnot,you must hear what you would not.若做了不应做之事，则必然会听见不愿听之语。32. initiative is doing the rightthing without being told.主动性就是在没有人告诉时做正确的事情。33. think twice before acting.三思而后行。34. the water that bears the boat isthe same that swallows it up.水能载舟,亦能覆舟。35. all roads lead to rome.行行出状元。36. the early bird catches the worm.捷足先登。37. whatever you go, go with allyour heart.无论做什么事,一定要全力以赴。38. never put off until tomorrowwhat may be done today.没有尝试,就没有成功。39. hope for the best,prepare forthe worst.好处着想,坏处准备。 40. great hope makes great man.伟大的思想造就伟大的人。41. when in rome, do as the romansdo.入乡随俗。42. knowledge is a measure, butpractise is the key to it.知识是珍宝,而实践是获取它的钥匙。 43. lost time is never found again.光阴一去不复返。44. difficulties strengthen themind, as labour does the body.劳动强体,磨难强智。塞翁失马,焉知非福。46. all for one, one for all.我为人人,人人为我。47. treat other people as you hopethey will treat you.己所不欲,勿施于人。48. he laughs best who laughs last.谁笑到最后,谁笑得最美。49. follow your own course, and letpeople talk.走自己的路,让别人说去吧。50. confidence is a plant of slowgrowth.信任是一种生长缓慢的植物。 51. if you trust before you try, youmay repent before you die.不经考验就依赖，不到瞑目便的悔。 52. adversity successfull