英语介词的用法.doc
介词一、介词的定义 介词是一类虚词,不能独立作句子成分,必须与名词或代词等词类一起构成介词短语,才可以充当句子成分。介词在句子中一般不重读。 二、介词的种类 l.简单介词 例如:at,in,on,under,of,after,over,past等。 2.复合介词 例如:into,onto,throughout,without,within, nearby等。 3短语介词 例如:in front of,because of,instead of, according to,out of等。 三、介词短语的用法 1在句子中作表语 Between my school and the zoo is a stone bridge. 在我的学校与动物园之间是一座石桥。 Mary and John are from Australia. 玛丽和约翰来自澳大利亚。 Our school is in front of the factory. 我们的学校就在那个工厂的前面。 2在句子中充当后置定语 The young man under the tree is my friend Li Ming. 那个在树下的年轻人是我的朋友李明。 China is a country with a long history. 中国是具有悠久历史的国家。 This is not the key to the door. 这不是那扇门的钥匙。 3.在句子中作状语 My mother looks younger for her age. 我妈妈显得比实际年龄更年轻。 Our library keeps open from eight o'clock in the morning to nine o'clock in the evening. 我们图书馆从上午8:00到晚上9:00都开门。 4.在句子中作宾语补足语 We all think Li Mei as a good girl. 我们都把李梅看作是一个好姑娘。 She found herself in a strange room when she woke up. 她醒来时发现自己在一个陌生的房间里。 5. 在句子中作介词的宾语 The policeman took the picture from under the book 警察从那本书的下面把照片取了出来。 It's said that the secret is from inside the well.据说秘密来自这口井的里面。 四、表示时间的介词。 l. at, on, in (1)at用于表示某一具体时刻或时间点。例如: at night 在夜晚at noon 在中午 at midnight 在午夜 at ten o' clock在十点钟 at Christmas在圣诞节at present在目前 (2)on指“具体的某一天或某天的上午、下午、晚上”,在重大节日前也可用on。例如: on a cold day 在一个寒冷的日子 on Sunday 在星期天 on the morning of Oct1st 在十月一日的早晨 on September l0th 在九月十号 on Christmas Eve在圣诞前夜 on Monday evening 在星期一晚上 年、月、日表示法:无“日”添上“in”,有“日”就用“on”。(3)in表示周、月、季节、年或泛指上午、下午、晚上。例如: in a week 在一周内 in February 在二月 in spring 在春季 in the day 在白天 in 2004 在2004年 泛指上午、下午、晚上时,用in, 特指某一日的上午、下午、晚上时,用on.in the evening 在晚上on Sunday evening 在周日晚上注意 英语中时间状语不用介词的情况很多,现归纳如下: 在this, that, these等组成的词组前不用介词。如: We are in Grade Two this year 今年我们上二年级。 Bob's wife told him that he had forgotten his wallet that morning鲍勃的妻子告诉他,他那天早晨忘带钱包了。 Tom's trouble is very common to boys these days汤姆的问题这些天在男孩们中间很常见。 由next或last构成的词组前不用介词。 如: When did you go to bed last night? 你昨晚几点上床睡觉的? The next day she got up early and went to school without breakfast 第二天她起得很早,没吃早饭 就去了学校。 当yesterday,tomorrow用作副词或由它们构成的短语前不用介词。如: Can you be here at eight tomorrow morning?你明早八点能在这里吗? Were you at home yesterday evening? 你昨晚在家吗? 在含有a,one,every,some,all等词的短语前不用介词。如: One day the woman learned that Liszt himself Was in town一天妇人听说李斯特本人就在镇上。 I hope to go to the moon some day 我希望有一天去月球。 2. before, after (1)before表示“在某时刻或某件事之前”。例如: He must be at home before 5:00 pm 下午五点之前他一定在家。 Check your papers carefully before handing them in. 在交卷之前,仔细检查你的试卷。 (2)after表示“在某时刻或某件事之后”。例如: After breakfast she hurried to school。 早饭后,她匆忙上学去了。 Call me at once after you get there 到那儿之后马上给我打电话。 She came here after me 她在我之后来这儿。 3by, until (till) (1)by表示“在之前;到为止”。例如: You must finish your job by six o'clock. 你必须在六点之前完成这项工作。 By the time he got here,the meeting had been over他到这儿时,会议已结束了。We had learned 5,000 words by the end of last year到去年年底为止,我们已学了五千多单词。 (2)until(till)”表示“直到才.”。例如: She didn't go home until lunch time 直到午饭时间她才回家。 We waited until 10 o'clock last night 昨晚我们一直等到十点钟。 注意:until 与瞬间动词(点动词)连用时,必须用否定式;而与延续性动词连用时,用肯定式。My father didnt buy me a bike until last week.我父亲直到上星期才给我买了一辆自行车。(buy 是瞬间动词,所以用否定)You can keep this book till next month.这本书你可以借到下个月。(keep是延续性动词,用肯定式) 4from, since () from表示“从时起”。一般都是用词组fromto,from用于现在时,过去时和将来时。例如: from ten o'clock to twelve o'clock 从十点到十二点 from this year 从今年开始 from Sunday 从星期天开始 from day to night 从白天到黑夜 The meeting will be held from eight to ten.这个会议将从点开到10点。(2)since表示“自过去某一时刻或行为以来”。经常用于含有完成时的句子里,后面跟过去某一时间点;since还可以用作副词和连词。例如: They came to Beijing in 1950 and have lived here since then一九五O年他们来到北京,以后就一直住在这儿。 He's worked on the farm since he left the army(自从)他离开部队以来,一直在农场工作。 5.for, during, through (1)for引导一段时间,强调时间由始至终,可译为“(时间)长达”,一般与有长度的时间短语连用,如for three weeks, for a long time 等,可用于现在(过去)完成时或过去时的句子里。例如: He studied English for three years 他学了三年英语。 The French teacher has been in China for about a month这位法国老师在中国已经大约一个月了。 (2)during意为“在期间”,与一段时间的整体连用。如:during the spring, during last year, during l980等,也可以和表示延续性事件的名词连用,如during my childhood during our stay, during his visit等,一般不用于现在完成时的句子里。例如: During the winter we play football 冬季我们踢足球。 Many comrades went to see him during his illness.在他生病期间许多同志去看望了他。 (3)through表示“从开始到结束(全过程)”例如: It is very hot through the whole summer this year 今年整个夏季都很热。 6in, within (1)in表示“过之后”,多用于将来时(一般将来时和过去将来时)例如:in ten minutes 十分钟之后in two weeks 两周之后 The delegation will arrive in three days 代表团将于三天后到达。They said they would return home in a week.他们说他们一周后回家。 (2)within意为“在以内”,指在一定时间内。例如: I don't think he will go away within three days我想他在三天之内不会离开。 within还可以表示距离,意为“不远于”,“在(距离)之内”。例如: The bus stop is within fifty meters of the station公共汽车站离火车站不到50米远。 五、表示场所与方向的介词 1. at, in, on at在某地点,表示“相对于说话者来说较近或较狭窄的地方”;in在某地,表示“相对较大或较宽敞的地方”;on“在之上(有接触面)”。例如: at the table 在桌旁at college 上大学 at school 上学at home 在家 in a hospital 在医院里 in a hotel 在宾馆里 in China 在中国in the world 在世界上 on the desk 在桌子上 on the wall 在墙上 on the ground 在地上 2. under, over, above, below (1) above意思是“在.上方”,但不一定是正上方, 指一个物体比另一个物体所处的位置高,通常两个物体相互不接触。其反义词是below。例如: I raise my right hand above my head 我把右手高举过头。 There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。above也可表示“超过”,“以上”,一般和数词连用。例如: It weighs above five tons 这东西有五吨多重。 (2)over表示“在正上方(反义词是under)”,即垂直的上方。例如: There was a table with an electric light over it有一张桌子,桌子上方悬挂着一盏电灯。 The ceiling over us was about three meters high我们头上的天花板约有三米高。 Under the chair there is a cat sleeping.椅子下有一只猫在睡觉。3. near, nearby, by near表示“离近”,与beside,nearby 相近,by表示“比near更近的地方,在旁边”。例如: in the near future 在不久的将来 near the river 在河边 the farm nearby 附近的农场 the lake nearby 附近的湖泊 by the lake 在湖边 by the window 在窗户边 4in front of, in the front of, behind in front of 表示“在的前面”,即处在某个人或某个地方范围外的前边。at(或in)the front of表示“在的前部”,即还处在某个地方的范围之内。试比较: The girl is standing in front of the bus. 这个女孩站在公共汽车前面。(在车外) The girl is standing at/in the front of the bus. 这个女孩站在公共汽车的前部。(在车内) 注意:“in front of”和“before”都含有“在之前”的意思,但当表示地点时,用“in front of”而不用“before”。例如:in front of the gate 而不用 before the gate 另外,表示马路、河流、房屋等对面的东西时,不能用in front of,而用opposite。 试译:我们学校对面有一家商店。 误:There is a shop in front of our school. 正:There is a shop opposite our school 5. in, into, out of in意为“在内”,是表示静态的介词。into意为“进里”,是表示动态的复合介词。out of “从.里出来”,与into互为反义词,表示有一定的运动方向。例如: She is walking in the room. 她正在房间里踱来踱去。 She walked into the room她走进了房间。 He took the card out of his pocket and showed it to the guard.他把证件从兜里拿出来给卫兵出示了一下。在put, throw, break, lay, fall等动词之后,既可以用in,也可以用into,这时in也表示动态,常含有into的意思。例如: He put all the books in/into the bag. 他把所有的书都放进书包里。 in可以用作副词,into则不能。例如: Come in 进来! 6. across, through,along 两者都有“穿过”的意思,但在用法上有所不同。across指横过,横跨,强调从表面“穿过”;而through指通过,贯穿,着重指从一个立体的空间穿过。例如: Go across the bridge走过桥去。 The students walked through the gate with Uncle Wang学生们同王大伯一起穿过大门。along指顺着,沿着。I was walking along the river when it began to rain.我正沿着河边散步,突然下起雨来。7to,towards,for, from to表示“到达目的地”,而 towards 指方向,朝向,表示“向进发(不表示到达之意)”。例如: He went to Shanghai by air last night. 他昨天晚上乘飞机去了上海。 Be sure to come to school on time 一定准时到校。 I hear they are going towards the Great Wall 我听说他们正向长城进发。for表示“向”,表示目的地。 for 表示目的时,一般与固定动词搭配。leave for 动身去 start for. 出发去Ill leave for America next week.下周我将动身去美国。 from表示“从地点起” Its about ten minutes walk from here to the cinema.从这到电影院大约需步行十分钟。 How far is it from our school to the hospital?从我们学校到医院有多远?六、其他介词 介词除了表示时间、地点、方向外,还可以表示原因、手段、工具等意义。 1.表示材料与手段的介词with,by和in (1)with表示用什么工具,所用的东西都是具体的。如: Please cut the apple with the small knife 请用这把小刀切开苹果。 We write with our hands. 我们用手写字。 (2)by指“靠手段”,“用方法”, “凭借动作”,所表示的方法、手段、途径比较抽象,后接名词、代词或动名词,也可和bus, train, plane, bike等词连用,表示交通或通讯手段。如: We learn to swim by swimming 我们通过游泳学习游泳。 He always comes by bus 他一向坐公共汽车来。 You must learn every word by heart 你必须把每个单词都记住。 注意: by bus=on a bus by bike= on a bike by plane=on a plane by train=on a train by car=in a car by ship=on a ship by后跟交通工具名词时,不加任何冠词。 (3)in表示“所用的材料以及所用的语言、声音、衣饰等”。例如: They are talking in English 他们正在用英语交谈。 I like to draw the picture in red ink. 我喜欢用红墨水画画。 The girl is usually in white 这个姑娘通常穿着白色的衣服。 You mustn't fill in the form in pencil 不允许你用铅笔填表。 2. of, from (1)of表示“属于的”,表示数量或种类。例如: Li Min is one friend of my brother's 李民是我哥哥的一个朋友。 Here is a cup of tea for you给你一杯茶。 This is a picture of our classroom 这是我们教室的图画。 (2)from表示“是哪里人”,以及“时间或地点的起始点”。例如: Mistakes come from carelessness 错误源于粗心。 The manager from Japan is strict with us. 这位日本经理对我们要求很严格。 He worked hard from morning to evening 他从早到晚拼命工作。 3. against, about (1)against既有紧靠、倚靠的意思,也有反对 (反义词是for)的意思。例如: He stood. leaning against the wall,unable to speak.他靠墙站着,说不出话来。 She sat with her back against the door 她背靠着门坐着。 I'm for peace and against war 我赞成和平,反对战争。 His action was against the law 他的行为是违法的。 Are you for it or against it? 你是赞成还是反对? She sold her hair against her will 她很不情愿地将头发卖了。 (2)about主要有以下四种含义。 作“关于”讲。 He talked about his family. 他谈了有关他家族的事。 I know nothing about music 我对音乐一无所知。 This is a book about American history 这是一本关于美国历史的书。 作“在各处;到处;在附近”讲。 She walked about the town with her mother她跟她妈在镇上到处走。 There is a crowd of people about him 一群人围着他。 Do you happen to have an umbrella about you?你身边碰巧带有雨伞吗? 作“大约;左右”讲。 It happened about ten years ago 这事是大约十年前发生的。 Come about five p.m.下午五点左右来。 用于某些习语中。 When shall we meet again? 我们什么时候再碰头? How about Friday? 星期五怎么样? What(How)about going there by bike? 骑车去怎样?