世界历史(英文).docx

French history from 1796 to 1940Map of French Empire at its HeightNapoléon 1769 - 1795Napoléon 1769 - 1795Napoléon 1795 - 1804Napoléon 1804 - 1814Napoléon 1814 - 1821The 1st Republic 1792-1804 The National Convention of the French Revolution Sept 1792-1795 (Fall of Robspierre on July 27, 1794; end of the reign of terror)  The Directory 1795-1799 (5 Directors.? Coup dEtat by Napoléon Bonaparte on Nov. 9, 1799)  The First Consul 1799-1804 (Napoléon Bonaparte seized power and was made Consul for life in 1802) The 1st Empire 1804-1814?Brief: 1799 - Napoleon Bonaparte, returning from Egypt, via Fréjus, seized power in a coup d'état on "18 Brumaire" day (by the new French calendar),and headed the new Consulat. He created a new army, using able-bodied Frenchmen rather than the upperclass and nobility. He began his bid for power, eventually controlling most of western Europe (except Britain and Portugal). 1812 - Napoleon was bogged down in snows of the Russian winter. 1814, April - Defeated by an overwhelming force of Austrian, English, Prussian and Swedish troops, Napoleon was exiled to Elba, embarking at Fréjus. 1815 - Napoleon escaped from Elba and set out on the Route Napoléon to recover the world he had lost. 1815 (18 June) - He fought his final battle at Waterloo, against Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington, and was exiled to Saint Helena off the coast of Africa. 1821 - Napoleon died in exile, but is remembered for his glories The Restoration of the Bourbons 1814-1848  Louis XVIII 1814-1824 (Brother of Louis XVI; Napoleon was exiled to Elbe)  Charles X 1824-1830 (Brother of Louis XVI and XVIII;? Was deposed by the July, 1830 Revolution)  Louis-Philippe I, the Citizen King 1830-1848 (Son of Philippe dOrléans; abdicated Feb. 24, 1848) The 2nd Republic 1848-1852 Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 1848-1852 (Nephew of Napoléon I; Elected president Dec. 10, 1848; Accomplished a coup dEtat Dec. 2, 1851) The 2nd Empire 1852-1870 Napoléon III 1852-1870 (Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, Emperor, Eugenie de Montijo, Empress; Made Emperor on Dec. 2, 1852; Capitulated at Sedan on Sept. 1, 1870; fell Sept. 4, 1870; Their son, Prince Imperial 1856-1879 died in Zulu War; Eugenie died in 1920) The 3rd Republic 1870-1940 Adolphe Thiers Sep 1870 to Feb. 1871 (Gov. of Natl. Defense); During the Franco-Prussian War which was won by Germany in 1871; The Paris Commune and the Manifesto of March 18, 18711871-1873 (First elected Pres. by the National Assembly on Feb. 17, 1871; Put out of office on May 24, 1873; Elected president by the people , May 1871)  Marchal Patrice de MacMahon 1873-1879  Jules Grévy?1879-1887 (Reelected in Dec. 1885; stepped down, after the Wilson affair, Dec. 1, 1887) o Statute of Liberty 1885  Sadi Carnot 1887-1894 (Assassinated in Lyon on June 24, 1894) o Eiffel Tower 1889  Jean Casimir-Perier 1894-1895 (Forced to resign on Jan. 15, 1895)  Félix Faure?1895-1899 (Died on Feb 16, 1899; Best known for the Affaire Dreyfus)  émile Loubet 1899-1906 (Separation of the church and the state, 1905)  Armand Fallières 1906-1913  Raymond Poincaré?1913-1920 (1914-1918, the war of 14 (WWI); France won; Clemenceau was president of the council from 1917 to 1920)  Paul Deschanel 1920 (Elected in Jan., stepped down in Sept. because of health)  Alexandre Millerand 1920-1924 (Hostile to the cartel of the left; had to step down in June, 1924)  Gaston Doumergue 1924-1931  Paul Doumer 1931-1932 (Assassinated May 6, 1932)  Albert Lebrun 1932-1940 (1939-1940 Germany conquered? France; Lebrum reelected in April, 1939; Resigned and was replaced by Marshal Pétain in July, 1940)