新课标下的初中英语语法教学策略.doc
新课标下的初中英语语法教学策略论文关键词:新课标 初中英语 语法教学 策略 论文摘要:新课标要求改变过分强调讲解与传授的语法教学模式,这就要求教师探索语法教学新方式。基于新课程的要求与理念,本人认为语法教学可以采用情景化、活动化、任务化策略,使语法教学方法多样化。 全日制义务教育普通高级中学英语课程标准(实验稿)(以下简称课标)明确指出“此次课程改革的重点是要改变英语课程过分强调语法和词汇知识的讲解与传授、忽视对学生实际语言运用能力的倾向-”可见,新课标要求教师改变教学观念,改革传统的“讲授式”语法教学的单一模式,探索有效的语法教学策略。为此,本人认为在语法教学中可采用以下策略。 一、语法教学情景化 语法教学情景化是指教师在课堂上设置一些真实性和准真实性情景来感知和运用语法知识。情景的生动性和形象性,有助于提高学习兴趣,有助于学生理解信息,触景生情,激活思维。根据新课标的指导思想和语法教学,我们可以设置多样化、多功能的语法情景化教学方式。 1. 利用真实的环境或创设模拟的情境进行语法教学 在讲授新的语言现象时,教师可以尽量利用实物图片、真实的语境、体态语言以及多媒体等手段设置情景,再依次将新的语言材料展现出来,引导学生从中领会新的语法规则,然后教师给学生大量的口、笔实践机会,如两两对话、表演等。在多次语言实践后,归纳和小结有关的语法规则。 在教授现在进行时态时,教师一边作动作一边说含有现在进行时态的句子。例如,教师一边关门一边说:"I am closing the door.”打开窗子时一边说“I amopening the window.”在教室里走来走去说:"I am walking.”在黑板上写字说:"I am writing.”再叫一个学生读书,教师说:"He isreading.”叫几个学生唱歌,教师说:"They are singing."利用动画课件,教师用 “What are they doing ?”学生回答出动画中正在作的动作。这样一直练下去,学生就会在真实的情景中学习句型、会话,在实践中运用语法知识。然后在教师的启发和指导下,由学生自己归纳、总结进行时态的构成及用法,使学生能从成功中获得喜悦。 2. 引入语篇概念 这种教学方法是把语法的结构融人到生活中的对话和短文等不同题材和体裁的话语和篇章中去。这样可以帮助学生在超越句子的层面上感知和进一步认知语法。比如,把语法放在背景文章中去感知。例如,在教学情态动词的用法时,为了是学生明确情态动词表示推测的用法,教师可以为学生提供如下语篇: Teacher: Whos not here today? Students :Tom is not here. Teacher: Where is he? Students: We dont know. Maybe he is ill. Teacher: Is he ill again? (He is often absent.) Students (laughing):We dont known .Maybe he is. Teacher: I dont think so, I suspect he is sleeping in the dormitory. 二、语法教学活动化 语法教学活动化是指教师把语法规则化为活动, 把教学过程化为交际活动, 在活动中操练和运用语法。活动能调动使学生的认知结构和主体意识,使学生对所学语法的理解更加深刻, 对语法的记忆更加牢固。在语法的教学中,教师可以根据语法规则的内容设计不同类型的活动。 1. 猜测游戏 猜测游戏能很好地激发学生学习语法的兴趣,使学生的注意力和精力都集中猜测活动上。在游戏中学生增强了对语法规则的感悟能力,总结归纳及活用能力。例如,通过猜测游戏学习动词have、has及句型变化 T:Children, what do you think I have in my hand? S1:You have a pen. T: Oh, no. Can it really be a pen? My hand is small. S2: You have an eraser. T: No, I have not. S3: You have money. T: Yes. You got it .Now, do you want to hide something and ask someone to guess? S3:What have I in my hand? T: Oh,you have an eraser.(No) Im not so good at guessing. Who can help me? What do you think he has in his hand ? S4: I think he has - 2. 讲故事 故事法可以用于时态的教学中,教师可以利用图片或是提供单词让学生接力编故事。例如在学习过去时,老师给予话题TomYesterday,并准备下列单词卡:ring,open,put on,brush,wash,listen,read,have,go,take,begin,study,do,eat,play等,接着教师说出故事开头,要求学生运用所给的动词的过去式续编故事。 T: The clock rang at six oclock . S1:Tom opened his eyes。 S2:- 三、语法教学任务化 新课标倡导任务型的教学模式。这里所讲的任务比一般活动更接近实际生活,更接近真实交际,并且需要在任务完成后有一个具体成果的大活动。也可以理解为一定要让学生去做事、要求更高一些的活动。在语法教学中,教师应该尽可能去设计一些任务,让学生通过完成任务,在运用中学习掌握语言形式、语言规则,让学生掌握语法知识的同时发展语言能力。 1. 信息差型任务(information-gap tasks) 这类任务指当交际一方有新信息同时愿意提供信息,另一方有又获得信息时双方进行的交际活动。在这样的活动中,学生可以通过运用所学的语法知识来获取信息,消除信息缺口,完成交际任务。如在学习祈使句直接引语变间接引语时,教师可布置任务,要求学生回家询问父母,了解父母对子女在学校的要求,之后分组讨论,各小组代表向全班汇报。教师要求学生在此任务中使用间接引语。例如: Parents told us to listen to the teachers in class carefully. Parents told us to be friendly to classmates. Parents told us not to be late or school. 2. 解决问题型任务(problem-solving tasks) 这类任务是分配给学生一个任务和一些相关信息,学生需要经过讨论找出解决问题的答案,答案可以有多种,也可以是唯一的。如在学习祈使句时,可让学生共同为本班制定班规(school rules) Dont talk in class. Dont read cartoon in class. 总之,新课标下的语法教学的关键是探索语法教学的多样化,使各种语法教学策略都有利于学生实际语言运用能力的培养。通过课堂教学情景化、活动化、游戏化和生活化,从而使语法教学不在教条,机械的传授,而是学生生活学习、玩乐游戏之中,不知不觉地应用,真正落实语言教学的作用。生命列车The Train Of Life 1. 不久以前,我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世,就好比是一次搭车旅行,要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜,有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世,我们就坐上了生命列车。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母,会在人生旅途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾,事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车,留下我们,孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、他们不可替代的陪伴,再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此,还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将会体验千古不朽的爱情故事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中,有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙,随时准备帮助有需要的人 9. 很多人下车后,其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是,也有一些人,当他们离开座位时,却没有人察觉。10. 有时候,对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他,继续你的旅程。11. 当然,在旅途中,你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢,去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜,你再也无法坐在他身旁,因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此,尽量使旅途愉快吧!14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客,找出人们身上的闪光点。15. 永远记住,在某一段旅程中,有人会犹豫彷徨,因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人,因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是:我们在什么地方下车?坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车?我们的朋友在什么地方下车?我们无从知晓 18. 我时常这样想:到我该下车的时候,我会留恋吗?我想我还是会的。和我的朋友分离,我会痛苦。让我的孩子孤独地前行,我会悲伤。 我执著地希望在我们大家都要到达的那个终点站,我们还会相聚 19. 我的孩子们上车时没有什么行李,如果我能在他们的行囊中留下美好的回忆,我会感到幸福。20. 我下车后,和我同行的旅客都还能记得我,想念我,我将感到快慰。21. 献给你, 我生命列车上的同行者, 祝您旅途愉快!1. Not long ago, I read a book, in which a mans life was compared to a journey.2. The life of a man is just like a hitchhiking,during which many times we go up and down. Now and then things will happen accidently, some of which are to be unexpected excitement,while some heart-breaking sorrows. 3. When first embraced the world,we are already on the train of life. We take it for granted that the first two persons, our parents, whom we are encountered with, will accompany us all the way.4. Sadly,things do not go on as we thought.Our parents will get off the train at a certain station,leaving us, bereft and helpless.Their love and emotion to us and their irreplaceable company can be found in nowhere.5. However,there will be somebody else who will get on the train. Some of them will have special meaning to us.6. Some of them may be our siblings , relatives and friends, and we will also expereince the imperishable love.7. Some of our travelling companions are quite light-hearted on the way.8. While some may bear immense sorrow.Still some ,back and forth, are ready to hold out their hands for others who need help.9. Some people alight off the train, yet they are still kept in the mind of the other passengers for long;some, to the opposite, leave their seats without being noticed.10. Sometimes, the one,who is dear to your heart, has huddled into another carriage. Nothing but one you can do is just to keep on going, far away from him.11. Of course, during the journey, you may stagger to another carriage to look for him.12. Its a pity that you will never seat yourself beside him because the seat has been engaged by others. 13. Never mind. The journey is full of challenges,dreams, hopes and departures- but only one thing is that you cant turn back. So, have a good journey with heart and soul.14. Show your good-will to all the passengers you are encountered with, and find the merits of theirs.15. Remeber that someone may oscillate just as we do in the journey.16. We should understand others just as we need others understanding.17. The enigma of life is:Where shall we get off the train of life?And how about the companions beside us?And our friends?We dont know.18. Sometimes I think:When my time comes to get off the train,shall I miss it?I think I will.It is a suffering when I part with my friends.I will be sorry for leaving my kids going alone.I firmly hold that when we get to the terminal,we will have another reunion.19. When my kids get on the train of life, they have only little luggage in their travelling bags. However,if I can leave the beautiful memory in them,I will be happy. 20. After getting off the train of life, I will be content if my fellow passengers will remember me and miss me.21. To you , the companions on my train of life.May you have a good journey!