智能停车场系统-毕业论文外文翻译.docx

外文资料翻译Every day a signicant percentage of drivers in single-occupancy vehicles search for a parking space. Additionally, less experienced drivers or out-of-towners further contribute to the increase of traffic congestion. Search for a vacant parking space is a typical example of a search process. Every parking search strategy is composed of a set of vague rules. It is usually difficult to describe these rules explicitly. The type of the planned activity, time of a day, day of the week, current congestion on particular routes, knowledge of city streets, and potentially available parking places have signicant inuence on a chosen parking search strategy. On the other hand, the drivers usually discover diffierent parking alternatives one by one in a temporal sequence. Clearly, this temporal sequence has a very strong inuence on the driver's nal decision about the parking place19.During the past two decades, traffic authorities in many cities (Helsinki, Cologne, Mainz, Stuttgart, Wiesbaden, Aalborg, Hague) have started to inform and guide drivers to parking facilities with real-time var-iable message signs directional arrows, names of the parking facilities, status (full, not full, number of available parking spaces, etc.). Information about the number of available parking spaces could be displayed on the major roads, streets and intersections, or it could be distributed through the Internet.It is logical to ask the question about the benets of the parking guidance systems. Current practice shows that parking guidance systems usually do not change the occupancy rate or average parking duration. Drivers easily become familiar with the parking guidance systems, and majority of them use, thrust and appreciate the help of the systems20.Guidance systems signicantly increase the probability of finding vacant parking space, mitigate frustration of the driversvisitors unfamiliar with the city center, decrease the queues in front of parking garages, decrease the total amount of vehicle-miles traveled (particularly in the city centers), decrease the average trip time, energy consumption, and air pollution. Parking guidance system is a part of comprehensive parking policy and traffic management system, whose other elements are street parking control (including sanctions for the illegally parked vehicles), parking fare structure, and parking revenue management system.Parking guidance systems help drivers to nd vacant parking spaces when they are already on the network, and approaching their nal destination. Throughout this research the concepts of the parking reservation system and parking revenue management system are proposed. The proposed methodology could be applied for parking lots and parking garages in cities and at the big international airports.The paper is organized as follows: Parking-pricing problems are presented in Section 2. Analogies between parking problems and some other industries are presented in Section 3. The parking revenue management system is introduced in Section 4, and the Intelligent parking space inventory control system is introduced in Section 5. The algorithm to create intelligent parking spaces inventory control system is presented in Section 6. Results obtained with the intelligent parking system are given in Section 7, and Sec-tion 8 presents the concluding remarks and further research orientations.1. parking pricingIn majority of cities throughout the world drivers pay for using different parking facilities. In some instances, traffic congestion can be significantly reduced as a result of parking price. The parking revenue is usually used to cover parking facility costs (access gates, ticket printers, parking meters, parking signs, attendants), or to improve some other traffic and transportation activities. Different parking pricing strategies should be a part of the comprehensive solution approach to the complex traffic congestion problems. There is no doubt that parking pricing represents one of the important demand management strategies. For example, traffic authorities, local governments and private sector could introduce higher parking tariffs for solo drivers or for long-term parkers in congested city areas. They could provide special parking discounts to vanpoolers. Obviously parking pricing should be carefully studied in the context of the considered city area (down-town, residential, commercial, retail use areas).In some cities (Madison, Wisconsin) there are already time dependent parking fees that force commuters to switch to diffierent alternatives of public transportation. Trying to promote public transit San Francisco traffic authorities increased parking tariffs at public and commercial garages. The Chicago authorities raised parking rates few times. Authorities in Seattle signicantly reduced parking tariffs for carpool at two Seattle parking facilities in downtown. Active role in parking pricing strategies could also have employers paying for employees' parking. Employers who remove parking subsidies for the employees could significantly decrease the total number of solo drivers. The main role of any parking pricing strategy should be reducing the total number At the same time, when trying to implement any parking strategy, it is very important to provide enough parking space for shoppers, to provide preferential parking for residents in considered city area, to provide preferential parking for different parking locations, to consider low income families, and to protect streets in the neighborhood from illegal parking.The basic economic concepts of supply and demand should be more utilized when solving complex traffic congestion and parking problems (Vickrey, 1969, 1994; Verhoef et al., 1995). So-called value pricing is also known as congestion pricing, or variable tolling. The basic idea behind the concept of congestion pricing is to force drivers to travel and use transportation facilities more during off-peak hours and less during peak hours. The idea of congestion pricing is primarily connected with the road (drivers pay for using private, faster roads, drivers with lower vehicle occupancy pay for using High Occupancy Vehicle lanes, drivers pay more to enter city's downtown on weekdays) or airport operators (more expensive landing fees during peak hours). In the context of parking problems, this means: that different parking tariffs should exist for different users; that the parking fees should increase and/or decrease few times during a day.2. Parking problems and revenue management systems: Analogies with some other industriesAirline industry, hotels, car rental, rail, cruise, healthcare, broadcast industry, energy industry, golf,equipment rental, restaurant, and other industries are utilizing revenue management concepts when selling their products (Cross, 1997). The roots of the revenue management are in the airline industry. The basic characteristics of the industries to which different revenue management concepts were successfully applied are: variable demand over time; variable asset utilization; perishable assets; limited resources; market segmentation; adding new capacity is expensive, difficult or impossible; direct cost per client is negligible part of the total cost of making service available; selling products in advance. The main characteristics of the parking space inventory control problems are the following:Parking demand is variable over time.Like hotel rooms, or restaurant chairs, parking spaces also have daily opportunity to be sold (used by clients).Any parking lot or garage has limited number of parking spaces that can be used by driversMarket segmentation means that different customers are willing to pay different prices for the same asset (hotel room, airline seat, seat in a rented car). Businessman wanting to park a car near a meeting point 15 minutes before the meeting would be ready to pay much higher parking fee than a pensioner planning to walk with his wife through the downtown, who made parking reservation four day in advance.Building new garages and parking lots could be very expensive and sometimes very difficult.Parking places can be easily reserved in advance.3. Introducing parking revenue management systemA certain number of drivers would maybe cancel their reservations before beginning of the parking.These cancellations would also be made at random moments of time. Like in some other industries, a certain number of drivers would not appear in parking garage for which they have a con-rmed reservation and purchased ticket. Would these drivers be penalized for their behavior? Depending on ration between parking demand and parking supply, the answer could be Yes or No.In case of a nested reservation system, the high tariff request will not be rejected as long as any parking spaces are available in lower tariff classes. For example, if we have four tariff classes, then there is no booking limit for class 1, but there are booking limits (BLi, i = 2, 3, . . ., m) for each of the remaining three classes). All parking spaces are always available to class 1. There are always a certain number of parking spaces protected for class 1, certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1 and 2, and certain number of parking spaces protected for classes 1, 2 and 3. If we make a request-by-request revision of booking limits, there is no longer a difference between distinct and nested reservation system.In this research (like in the paper of Teodorovic´ et al., 2002) an attempt was made to make reservation decisions on the request-by-request basis. In the scenario that we consider, we assume that there are more than two types of tariffs. The basic characteristic of the parking space inventory control model that we propose is real-time decision making about each driver request. The developed model is called an intelligent parking space inventory control syste21.智能停车场系统每天都会有一个显著的比例single-occupancy车辆驾驶者在寻找一个停车位。此外,缺乏经验的司机或外地人进一步有助于增加的交通拥堵。寻找一个空的停车位是一个典型的搜索过程。每一个停车的搜索策略是由一组模糊规则。它通常是很难描述这些规章明确。有计划的活动的类型,时间的一天,每周的工作日,目前拥堵在不同航线上,城市街道上的知识,并可能可用的停车的地方有重大影响的搜索策略,在选定的停车。另一方面,司机通常发现不同种类的选择一个一分之一的停车时间序列。显然,这个时间序列具有非常强大的影响力在司机的停车场的最终决定19。在过去的二十年里,在许多城市交通管理部门(赫尔辛基、科隆、美因茨,斯图加特,奥尔堡威斯巴登海牙)已经开始通知和指导司机停车设施的实时var-iable消息标志(箭头,停车设施的名称、状态(满,而不是完整的,数量的可用的停车位,等等。)。信息的数量上可用的停车空间可以显示在主要道路、街道和十字路口,或者它可以通过互联网分发。这是逻辑来问个问题带来的好处的停车诱导系统。目前的实践表明,停车诱导系统通常不会改变的入住率和平均停车时间。司机容易熟悉停车诱导系统,和他们中的绝大多数使用,推力和欣赏的帮助系统。20制导系统的概率大大增加空的停车位,缓解沮丧的drivers-visitors不熟悉城市中心,减少队列的前面停车场、减少的总量vehicle-miles旅行(尤其是在城市中心),减少的平均出行时间、能源消耗和空气污染。停车诱导系统的一部分综合停车政策和交通管理系统的其他元素是街边停车控制(包括制裁为非法泊车的车辆),停车费用结构,和停车的收益管理系统。停车诱导系统帮助司机发现空置车位当他们已经在网络上,和接近他们的目的地。在这个研究的概念和停车场停车预订系统提出了收益管理系统。提出的方法可以应用在停车场和停车库在城市和大型国际机场。摘要组织如下：Parking-pricing问题给出了第二节。类比停车问题和其他一些产业呈现在第三节。停车的收益管理系统介绍在第四节,和智能停车空间的库存控制系统是第5部分中介绍。该算法创建智能停车空间提出了库存控制系统在第6节。所得结果与“智能”停车第7节中给出了系统,Sec-tion 8会致闭幕词及进一步的研究方向。停车定价在多数城市在世界司机支付使用不同的停车设施。在某些情况下,交通拥堵可以显著减少由于停车的价格。停车收入通常是用于覆盖停车设施费用(访问盖茨,票打印机、停车米、停车标志,服务员),或提高一些其他交通运输活动。不同的停车定价策略应该是一个部分的综合解决方案方法复杂的交通拥堵问题。毫无疑问,停车定价代表了一个重要的需求管理策略。例如,交通部门、地方政府和私营部门可以引入更高的停车关税独奏司机或长期帕克在拥挤的城市地区。他们可以为我们提供特别折扣来vanpoolers停车。显然停车定价应该认真研究的上下文中考虑城市区域(中心区与全国、住宅、商业、零售业使用区域)20。在一些城市(麦迪逊,威斯康辛州)已经有时间依赖的停车费,迫使乘客切换到不同的替代公共交通。试图促进公共交通旧金山交通当局提高停车关税在公共和商业的车库。芝加哥当局几次上调停车费率。当局在西雅图显著降低关税在两个停车拼车西雅图市中心停车设施。积极作用也可能停车定价策略雇主为员工支付“停车。雇主删除停车补贴的员工可以显著减少总数的独奏司机。主要角色的任何停车定价策略应该降低总人数在同一时间,当试图实现任何停车策略,这是非常重要的,提供足够的停车空间给顾客提供优惠停车居民在考虑城市区域,提供优惠停车场停车位置不同,考虑低收入家庭,和保护在附近街道从非法停车。基本经济概念的供给和需求应该更多的利用方法求解复杂的交通拥堵和停车问题(维克瑞,1969;Verhoef等人,1995)。所谓的定价也称为拥挤定价或可变收费。背后的基本想法拥挤定价的概念是迫使司机旅行和使用在非用电高峰期交通设施更多和更少的高峰期。交通拥挤收费的想法主要是与道路(司机支付使用私有,更快的道路,司机与较低的车辆占用支付车辆使用拼车车道,司机支付更多进入城市的市中心工作日期间)或机场运营商(更加昂贵的降落费在高峰时段)。停车问题的上下文中,这意味着:(一),不同的停车关税应该存在不同的用户,停车费用应该增加和/或减少一天几次。停车问题和收益管理系统:像其他航空业、酒店、租车、铁路、邮轮、医疗、广播工业,能源行业、高尔夫、设备租赁、餐厅、和其他行业正在使用收入管理概念在销售产品(交叉,1997)。收益管理的根源是航空业。产业的基本特征,不同收入管理概念被成功地应用是:变量随时间的需求；变量资产利用率；易腐烂的资产；有限的资源；的细分市场；添加新功能是昂贵的,很难或者根本不可能；每位客户的直接成本可以忽略不计的总成本的一部分进行服务可用的；提前销售产品。主要特点的停车空间库存控制问题如下:产业停车需求随时间是可变的。像酒店房间,或餐厅的椅子,停车场也有每天的机会“售出”(由客户端使用)。任何停车场或车库有有限数量的停车空间,可以使用的驱动程序市场细分意味着不同的顾客愿意支付不同的价格相同的资产(宾馆、航空座椅,座椅在一个租来的车)。商人想公园附近的一辆车地点上15分钟会议之前,将准备支付更高的停车收费计划徒步比一位退休老人和他的妻子穿过市中心的,谁做的预订提前四天停车。建设新的车库和停车场可能非常昂贵,有时还很困难。可以很容易地停车场预留的。引入停车的收益管理系统一定数量的司机可能会取消预订开始前停车。这些取消了在随机时间的时刻。像其他一些产业,一定数量的司机不会出现在停车场,他们有一个con-firmed预定和购买机票。将这些驱动程序被处罚的行为吗？根据停车需对于“嵌套的预订系统”,高关税的请求将不被拒绝只要任何停车位都可以在低关税类。例如,如果我们有四个关税类,那么就没有预订限制1班,但是有预订限制(BLi,我= 2,3,。,m)对于每个剩余的三个类。所有的停车空间1类总是可用的。总会有一定数量的停车位保护1班,一定数量的停车位保护类1和2,一定数量的停车位保护类1、2和3。如果我们让一个request-by-request修订的预订限制,不再有一个区别不同的和嵌套的预订系统。求和停车场之间的定量供应,答案可能是“是”或“否”。在这项研究中(如本文的Teodorovic´等人,2002)试图预订决定“request-by-request”的基础。在该方案中,我们考虑,我们假设有两个以上类型的关税。基本特点的停车空间库存控制模型,我们提出“实时”的决策是关于每个司机请求。应用模型称为一个“聪明”的停车位的库存控制系统21。10