运输管理毕业论文外文文献翻译.doc

外文翻译原文部分Transportation managementTransport cost is influenced by seven factors. The specific factors are distance, volume, density, stow-ability, handling, liability, and market. In general, the above sequence reflects the relative importance of each factor.Distance is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contributes to variable cost, such as labor, fuel and maintenance.The second factor is load volume. Like many other logistics activities, transportation scale economics exist for most movements. Transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as load volume increases.The third economic factor is product density, which incorporates weight and space considerations. These are important since transportation cost is usually quoted in terms of dollars per unit of weight, such as amount per ton. In terms of weight and space, an individual vehicle is constrained more by space than by weight. Once a vehicle is full in terms of space, it is not possible to increase the amount carried even if the product is light. Since actual vehicle labor and fuel expenses are not dramatically influenced by weight, higher density products allow relatively fixed transport costs to be spread across additional weight. As a result, these products are assessed lower transport costs per unit of weight.The stowability factor refers to product dimensions and how they affect vehicle space ultilization. Odd sizes and spaces, as well as excessive weight or length, do not show well and typically waste space. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to show than odd-shaped items.Special handling equipment may be required for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships. Furthermore, the manner in which products are physically grouped together (e.g., taped, boxed, or palletized) for transport and storage also affects handling cost.Finally, market factors, such as lane volume and balance, influence transportation cost. A transport lane refers to movements between origin and destination points. Since transportation vehicles and drivers must return to their origin, either they must find a load to bring back (“back-haul”) , or when deadhead movements occur, labor, fuel, and maintenance costs must be charged against the original “front-haul” move. Thus, the ideal situation is for “balanced” moves where volume is equal in both directions. However, this is rarely the case because of demand imbalances in manufacturing and consumption locations.Transport documentationSeveral documents are required to perform each transport movement. The three primary types are bills of lading, freight bills, and shipping manifests.The bill of lading is the basic document ultilized in purchasing transport service. It serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities shipped. For this reason, accurate description and count are essential. In case of loss, damage, or delay, the bill of lading is the basis for damage claims. The designated individual or buyer on a bill of lading is the only bona fide recipient of goods. A carrier is responsible for delivery according to instructions contained in the document. In effect, title is transferred with completion of delivery.The bill of lading specifies terms and conditions of carrier liability and documents responsibility for all possible causes of loss or damage except those defined as acts of God. It is important that terms and conditions be clearly understood so that appropriate actions can be taken in the event of substandard performance.In addition to the uniform bill of lading, another commonly used type is order-notified. It is important to select the correct bill of lading for a specific shipment.An order notified or negotiable bill of lading is a credit instrument. In provides that delivery not be made unless the original bill of lading is surrendered to the carrier. The usual procedure is for the seller to send the order notified bill of lading to a third party, usually a bank or credit institution. Upon customer payment for the product, the credit institution releases the goods. This facilitates international transport where payment for goods is major consideration.The freight bill presents a carriers method of charging for transportation services. It is developed using information contained in the bill of lading. The freight bill may be either prepaid or collect. A prepaid bill means that transport cost must be paid prior to performance, whereas a collect shipment shifts payment responsibility to the consignee. Considerable administration is involved in preparing bills of lading and freight bills.The shipping manifest lists individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle. Each shipment requires a bill of lading. The manifest list the stop, bill of lading, weight, and case count for each shipment. The objective of the manifest is to provide a single document that defines the contents of total load without requiring a review of individual bills of lading. For single-stop shipments, the manifest is the same as the bill of lading.Antilock Braking System for Commercial VehiclesThe ABS prevents the wheels from locking when the vehicle is overbraked. The vehicle therefore retains its directional stability and steerability even under emergency braking on a slippery road surface. The stopping distance is often shorter as opposed to braking with locked wheels.In contrast to passenger cars, commercial vehicles have pneumatic braking systems. Nevertheless, the functional description of the ABS control circuits for passengers cars applies also to commercial vehicles.The antilock braking system as used in commercial vehicles consist of wheel-speed sensors, an electronic controller and pressure-modulation valves. The ABS regulates the brake pressure in each brake cylinder by increasing the pressure, holding it constant or by reducing it by exhausting to atmosphere. The brake pressure can be controlled individually for each wheel. Under split conditions (different friction coefficients between right-hand and left-hand wheels, e.g. black ice at edge of road surface, good grip at center of road surface) braking produces a high yawing moment about the vertical axis of the vehicle: this is coupled with a high steering moment as a result of the positive steering roll radii in commercial vehicles. Vehicles with a short wheelbase are thus difficult to control. Therefore, in the case of unequal friction coefficients on right and left, the yawing and steering moments are limited by a modified control at the steering axle. The difference in brake pressure between the right-hand and left-hand braking cylinders does not exceed an allowable value.Depending on the number of controlled axles, there are 2-wheel and 6-wheel ABS systems available in order to be able to optimize the equipping of the various models of commercial vehicle in terms of performance and cost. 2-wheel systems are used predominantly for semitrailers with 2-wheel, 4-wheel or 6-wheel units. The wheels on each axle are individually controlled. Further axles receive the same braking pressure as the controlled axle. 4-wheel systems are used in 4-wheel buses, trucks and trailers as well as in 6-wheel vehicles with 4-wheel unit, the axles of which can be served with one control circuit. 6-wheel systems are intended mainly for vehicles with a long wheelbase, e.g. articulated buses. All systems can be equipped with single-channel or two-channel pressure-modulation valves.With the engine brake or retarder on, the ABS monitors brake slip and regulate it within the allowable range by switching the retarder on and off.In the commercial vehicles with pneumatic/hydraulic converters, e.g. for disk brakes, the ABS allowable the pneumatic brake circuit.In vehicle combinations, full equipping with ABS is the optimum, but even partial equipping with ABS (ABS in towing vehicle or trailer). Makes the vehicle combination easier to control.1. Wheel Speed SensorA wheel-speed sensor consists of a toothed pulse ring and an inductive wheel-speed pickup. The pulse ring is mounted on the hub and, as the wheel rotates, produces in the wheel-speed pickup an A.C. voltage, the frequency of which is proportional to the wheel speed.The wheel-speed pickup is held in a mounting hole by a spring sleeve. When being installed in vehicle, it is pressed in until it comes up against the pulse ring. As a result of the wheel-bearing play and the elastic deformations of axle, it is pushed out by the pulse ring during driving, thus being automatically adjusted to the necessary gap.2. Electronic ControllerThe electronic controller is basically of digital design and contains redundant microcomputers. From the signals from the wheel-speed pickups, these microcomputers calculate the wheel speeds as well as the wheel decelerations and accelerations. A vehicle reference speed is formed from the wheel speeds of two diagonally opposite wheels. With this reference speed and the individual wheel speeds it is possible to calculate the brake slip for each wheel. If a wheel has a tendency to lock, this is determined from the wheel-acceleration and slip signals. In such a case, the microcomputer energize the magnets of the pressure-modulation valves which control the brake pressure in the individual brake cylinders.The electronic controller contains a comprehensive program for the diction of faults throughout the entire antilock system (wheel-speed sensors, controller, pressure-modulation valves, wiring harness).If a fault is detected, the controller switches off the defective part of the ABS. This is indicated by a warning lamp. The service braking system remains fully operational.To speed up trouble-shooting in the workshop, it is possible to switch on the controller self-diagnosis feature by pressing a button. A flashing diagnosis lamp then indicates the defective circuit.3. Pressure Modulation ValveThe pressure-modulation valve consist of the electromagnetic 3/2 pilot valve and the pneumatic 2/2 diaphragm valves, the latter being provided with sufficiently large cross sections. When the pilot valves are energized in suitable combination by the electronics, the “pressure-holding/pressure-reduction” functions are obtained. No energization means “pressure buildup”.During braking without the ABS coming into operation (wheels showing no signs of locking), the air flows unhindered in both directions through the valves during air admission to and exhausting of the brake cylinders.To minimize the costs of equipping the various types of vehicle with ABS, there are one-channel and two-channel versions of the pressure-modulation valve. The one-channel version is used predominantly in cases where the pressure-modulation valve has to be installed to the side of engine and transmission near the wheel. Thanks to its compact construction, the two-channel version permits centralized installation of the valve on an axle. This advantage can be usually used in omnibuses and trailers.附录B外文翻译译文部分运输管理运输成本受七个因素影响。具体的因素是（运输）距离、运量、（货物）密度、可装载性、易搬动程度、运输责任以及市场。一般来说，上述次序反映了每个因素的相对重要性。（运输）距离是影响运输成本的一个重要因素。因为距离直接增加变动成本，比如劳力成本、燃料成本和维修成本。第二个因素是装载量。和其它物流活动一样，大多数（货物）运输存在规模经济，单位重量的运输成本随装载量增加而减小。第三个经济因素是产品密度，这是综合起来对重量和体积的考虑。这些是非常重要的，因为运输成本通常以单位重量的价格来定价，例如每吨多少（钱）。在重量和体积方面，单独一辆车受空间的限制比重量多。一旦车子装满了，即使产品是再轻增加运量是不可能的。因为实际的车辆劳力和燃料费用对重量的影响不是很大。产品密度大些允许相对固定的运输费用分摊给附加的重量。结果，高密度产品的单位重量运输成本更低。可装载性因素指的是产品尺寸以及它们如何影响车辆的空间利用。不规则的尺寸和形状，以及超长、超重，都不能很好地装载。因而一般会浪费（运载工具的）容载量。具有标准矩形状的产品比不规则形状的产品易于装载。对卡车、火车或轮船进行装卸时，可能需要特殊的搬运设备，更进一步地，为运输和存储产品将产品物理地聚集在一起的这种方式（例如包扎、装箱、托盘运输）也会影响搬运成本。最后，一些市场因素，例如线路或航线的货运量以及两个方向是否平衡，会影响运输费用。一条运输线路指的是出发地和目的地之间的移动。因为运输车辆和驾驶员必须回到出发地，或是说他们必须找到回程的运输物品。否则当空车返回时，劳力、燃料和保养费用必须算在原始去程中。这样的话，理想的状况是平衡运输，即两个方向（的运量）相等。然而，由于在产地和消费地需求不平衡，极少会有这种情况。运输文件完成每一次运输需要用到一些文件，三种基本文件类型是托运单、运费帐单和托运货物清单。托运单是购买运输服务所使用的基本文件。它作为一份收据和为商品和托运数量提供书面证明。因此，准确的描述和计算是基本的。在发生货差、货损或逾期配送时，托运单是索赔的依据。托运单上指定的个人或买主是货物唯一的合法的接受人。承运人是根据文件中的说明对本身的运送负责。实际上，财产所有权随着运送的完成而转移。托运单具体说明了承运人责任的细节情况以及对承运人除了人力无法抗拒的情况外所有可能发生的货差、货损所规定的责任提供书面说明。清楚地理解细节情况应是重要的，以致在非标准运输的施行过程中能采取合适的行动除了托运单的标准格式外，另外一种通用的格式是通知定单。为具体的（货物）托运选择正确的托运单是重要的。一张通知定单或可以转让的托运单是一个信用凭证。定单规定不能发送货物除非原始托运单退还给承运人。通常的程序是卖主把通知定单托运单发送给第三方，第三方通常是银行或中介。顾客一交货款，中介就将货物发给买主。这使货款偿还是主要考虑的国际运输更为方便。运费帐单代表一个运输公司的运输服务收费的方式。它是利用托运单中的信息生成的。货运费用可以预付或者后付。运输费预付是指运输费用要在货物发送之前支付。相反，运费后付则把运费支付的责任转到收货人。在准备托运单、运费帐单时，适当的管理是必要的。当多个托运货物装在同一辆车上，托运货物清单需列出单独的卸货点或收货人。每次装运需要一张托运单。清单列有卸货点、托运单、重量和每次装运的包裹数量。托运货物清单的目的是，在无需重新查询货物各自的托运单时而提供一个明确了所有运输货物的单独文件。单卸货地的装运时，托运货物清单和托运单是一样的。商用车防抱死制动系统在汽车踩死刹车时，ABS能防止车轮抱死。因此即使在易滑路面紧急制动时，汽车仍能保持其转向的稳定和可操纵能力。此制动距离较车轮抱死制动时的制动距离要短。相对于乘用车，商用车拥有气压制动系统。然而，乘用车ABS控制单元功能的描述同样适用于商用车。商用车防抱死制动系统由轮速传感器、电子控制器、压力调节阀组成。ABS通过增压、保压或减压来调节每个制动轮缸的制动压力。每个车轮的制动压力能够独立地被控制。在复杂路面的情况下（左右车轮摩擦系数不同，例如路面左边缘易滑，路面中间路况良好）制动时，汽车会产生一个绕汽车垂线高度的旋转运动：旋转半径为商用车在高速行驶时实际转弯滚动半径的两倍。轴距短的汽车难以控制。因此，在左右车轮摩擦系数不相同的情况下，每个车轴上通过一个独立变化的控制来限制车轮旋转和前进运动。左右制动轮缸的压力差值不能超过允许值。取决于控制车轴的数目，为了能使各种商用车型在性能和价格方面合理配置时，有两轮、四轮、六轮ABS系统可以选择。两轮系统主要用于两轮、四轮或六轮的半拖车。每个车轴上的车轮被独立地控制。其它的轮轴受到与被控轮轴同样的制动压力。四轮系统用于公共汽车、卡车和有一个四轮单元的六轮挂车，这些轮轴能通过一个控制单元来控制。六轮系统主要用于长轴距汽车，例如铰接公共汽车。所有ABS系统都可以安装单通道或双通道压力调节阀。当发动机制动或减速器打开时，ABS监控着制动滑移并且通过减速器的开和关来调节制动滑移在允许范围之内。在装有气压/液压转换装置的商用车上，例如盘式制动器，ABS控制着气压制动回路。在汽车联接时，全部安装ABS是最好的，但即使部分安装ABS同样能使汽车联接更易控制。1.轮速传感器轮速传感器由齿形脉冲圈和传感头组成。脉冲圈安装在轮轴上，随着车轮转动，在传感头上会产生一个与频率与车速成正比的交流电压。传感头通过弹簧套被固定在安装孔中。当被安装在汽车上时，传感头被压至弹簧套中，直到脉冲圈产生脉冲时才出来。由于车轮悬挂缓冲和轮轴的弹性变形，传感头在行驶时被脉冲圈推出，这样能自动地调整至需要的间隙。2.电子控制器电子控制器基本上是数字化设计，包括许多电子芯片。这些电子芯片通过从传感头获得的数据计算出车轮的速度和车轮的减速度和加速度。从两对角车轮的速度可以得出汽车的理想速度。利用汽车的理想速度和各车轮的速度能够计算出每个车轮的制动滑移率。如果一个车轮有抱死的趋势，这可以从车轮加速度和滑移信号得出。在这种情况下，电子芯片向压力控制阀电磁头发出信号，就这样控制制动器各制动汽缸的压力。电子控制器有一个检测整个防抱死系统故障的简单机构（轮速传感器、控制元件、压力调节阀、线路）。如果检测到故障，控制器将关闭ABS有故障的部分。这时警报灯发出指示信号。但制动系统完全仍是可以控制的。在维修店中，为了迅速检测到故障所在位置，按下自检按钮可以打开控制器自诊系统。然后一个闪烁的检查指示灯会指出故障单元。3.压力调节阀压力调节阀由电磁3/2先导阀和气压2/2单向阀组成，后者应提供足够大的接触面积。当在合适的结合位时，电子装置作用于先导阀，实现 “保压/减压”功能。电子装置没有作用于先导阀时，处于“增压”状态。在ABS处于不工作状态制动时（没有显示车轮抱死信号），在允许空气进入时空气从阀的两个方向自由进入，释放出制动气缸。为了减少不同车型的安装ABS的费用，有单通道和双通道型式的压力调节阀可以选择。单通道压力调节阀大多数用于压力调节阀必须安装于发动机和传动系靠近车轮的一侧的情况。由于其紧密的构造，双通道压力调节阀允许安装在车轴的中央。这个优点通常体现在大型客车和拖车上。生命列车The Train Of Life1. 不久以前，我读了一本书。书中把人生比作一次旅行。2. 人生一世，就好比是一次搭车旅行，要经历无数次上车、下车; 时常有事故发生; 有时是意外惊喜，有时却是刻骨铭心的悲伤 3. 降生人世，我们就坐上了生命列车。我们以为我们最先见到的那两个人-我们的父母，会在人生旅途中一直陪伴着我们。 4. 很遗憾，事实并非如此。他们会在某个车站下车，留下我们，孤独无助。他们的爱、他们的情、他们不可替代的陪伴，再也无从寻找。 5. 尽管如此，还会有其他人上车。他们当中的一些人将对我们有着特殊的意义。 6. 他们之中有我们的兄弟姐妹, 有我们的亲朋好友。我们还将会体验千古不朽的爱情故事。7. 坐同一班车的人当中，有的轻松旅行。8. 有的却带着深深的悲哀 还有的,在列车上四处奔忙，随时准备帮助有需要的人  9. 很多人下车后，其他旅客对他们的回忆历久弥新 但是，也有一些人，当他们离开座位时，却没有人察觉。10. 有时候，对你来说情深义重的旅伴却坐到了另一节车厢。你只得远离他，继续你的旅程。11. 当然，在旅途中，你也可以摇摇晃晃地穿过自己的车厢，去别的车厢找他 12. 可惜，你再也无法坐在他身旁，因为这个位置已经让别人给占了 .13. 没关系。旅途充满挑战、梦想、希望、离别 就是不能回头。因此，尽量使旅途愉快吧！14. 善待旅途上遇见的所有旅客，找出人们身上的闪光点。15. 永远记住，在某一段旅程中，有人会犹豫彷徨，因为我们自己也会犹豫彷徨。16. 我们要理解他人，因为我们需要他人的理解。17. 生命之谜就是：我们在什么地方下车？坐在身旁的伴侣在什么地方下车？我们的朋友在什么地方下车？我们无从知晓 18. 我时常这样想：到我