托福Independent task(独立写作）指导.docx

Independent task(独立写作）1. Introduction：独立写作是托福写作中的第二部分，所占分值为2/3, 具体考试要求为：Writing based on knowledge and experience directions.For this task, you will write an essay in response to a question that asks you to state, explain and support your opinion on an issue. You will have 30 minutes to write your essay. Typically, an effective essay will contain a minimum of 300 words. Your essay will be judged on the quality of your writing. This includes the development of your ideas, the organization of the content, and the quality and accuracy of the language you used to express ideas. 2. Scoring standard：ScoreScoring Standards5An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following: effectively addresses the topic and task is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanation, exemplifications, and/or details displays unity, progression, and coherence display consistent facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety, appropriate word choice, and idiomaticity, though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.此分数的文章大体有以下特点： 有效地针对话题完成任务 能充分展开，结构清晰，使用适当的解释，例证和/或细节 体现出一致、递进、连贯的特点 语言熟练，能使用不同的句法、合适的措辞和习语，允许出现次要的词汇或语法错误4An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following: addresses the topic and task well, though some points may not be fully elaborated is generally well organized and well developed, using appropriate and sufficient explanation, exemplifications, and/ or details displays unity, progression and coherence, though it may contain occasional redundancy, digression or unclear connections displays facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary, though it will probably have occasional noticeable minor errors in structure, word form, or use of idiomatic language that do not interfere with meaning此分数的文章大体有一下的特点：很好地针对话题完成任务，但是一些论点没有充分展开 总体上能够充分展开，结构清晰，使用适当的解释、例证和/或细节 体现出一致、递进、连贯的特点。但是存在偶尔没必要的重复、离题或是不清楚的联系 语言熟练，能使用出不同的句法和词汇。但是在结构、词汇、或是习惯用法上存在明显的次要错误，尽管这些错误并不影响意思的表达3An essay at this level is marked by one or more of the following:addresses the topic and task using somewhat developed explanations, exemplifications, and/or detailsdisplays unity, progression, and coherence, though connection of ideas may be occasionally obscuredmay demonstrate inconsistent facility in sentence formation and word choice that may result in lack of clarity and occasionally obscure meaningmay display accurate but limited range of syntactic structures and vocabulary此分数的文章有以下问题： 针对话题完成任务时所用的解释、例证和/或细节没有充分展开 体现一致、递进、连贯的特点，但是偶尔出现观点的联系不清 造句和选词的不熟悉使得文章缺乏清晰度，并且偶尔使意思含混不清句式结构和词汇使用准确但是存在局限性2An essay at this level may reveal one or more of the following weaknesses: limited development in response to the topic and task inadequate organization or connection of ideas inappropriate or insufficient exemplifications, explanations, or detailsto support or illustrate generalizations in response to the taska noticeably inappropriate choice of words or word formsan accumulation of errors in sentence structure and/or usage此分数的文章有以下不足：针对话题完成任务时论点展开有限 结构不太清晰或论点之间的联系不充分 支持或是阐述论点时所使用的解释、例证和/和细节不合适或不充分 存在明显的选词和/或拼写错误 句子结构和/或用法上存在大量的错误1An essay at this level is seriously flawed by one or more of the following weaknesses: serious disorganization or underdevelopment little or no detail, or irrelevant specifics, or questionable responsiveness to the taskserious and frequent errors in sentence structure or usage此得分的作文存在以下严重缺陷：文章严重缺乏组织和展开细节很少，或根本没有、或不相关、或是完成任务是存在很大的问题句子结构或用法存在严重又频繁的错误0An essay at this level merely copies words from the topic, rejects the topic, or is otherwise not connected to the topic, is written in a foreign language, consists of keystroke characters, or is blank.仅仅是从题目中抄句子，拒绝针对话题写作，或所写和话题根本无关，或用其他语言写作，或文中只包括无意义的键盘符号，或是什么也不写3. 通过分析以上评分标准，不难得出托福独立写作的要点为：1) 观点明确：(effectively addresses the writing topic and task)观点的表明主要存在于开头段和结尾段。开头段阐明观点，结尾段则是重述观点。开头段的观点一定要鲜明，结尾与开头的观点必须一致。2) 论证充分：(well organized and well developed)进行论证的时候避免假大空，要具体、明确，且对论点有支持作用，不能空洞和泛泛而谈。论述的时候列举的例子越详细，清晰，合适，分数就越高。3) 结构顺畅：(uses specific details and examples to support you view)所写句子之间需要有衔接和过渡，才能使结构顺畅有逻辑，这不仅体现在过渡词，还有过渡句。这绝对不仅仅体现在每一个段落的开始要使用一些类似于first，second, third这样的词汇等等。过渡还体现在句语句之间，甚至句子当中也需要过渡词来体现句子的层次，使得逻辑条理清楚，发展充分。4) 词法句法：(displays language facility by demonstrating syntactic variety, word choice and idiom)词汇语法水平高的文章不一定是高分文章，但是高分文章一定是词汇语法水平高的文章。所以毫无疑问词汇和语法在整个文章中占有着很重要的地位。用词要准确精当，多样化；同时语法句式也要多样化，例如使用定语从句、名词性从句、非谓语动词、反问句、强调句、状语从句、并列结构(排比)以及动名词/不定式做主语等。Essay topicDirections：read the question below. You have 30 minutes to plan, write and revise your essay. Typically, an effective response will contain a minimum of 300 words.Question: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Classmates have more influence on a childs success at school than parents do.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Step 1: Analysis（审题） 审题关系到整个思路的确定，可操作的方法是：阅读题目主题，把握题目主旨，抓住核心词，明确写作类型，有没有绝对性的词汇（only、never、all等），有没有题目限定条件，题目有几个层次，涉及到几个方面的内容，迅速进行拆分，转变为自己可以把握的有足够细节和例证的结构。 一般来讲，独立写作分为三个类型：（1）agree or disagree同意或不同意; （2）preference偏好类；（3）giving an explanation /making an argument描述解释类。本题属于agree or disagree（同意不同意），关键词为：Classmates have more influence on a childs success at school than parents do.题目意思是对于孩子在学校的成功，同学要比家长的影响大。那么审题时就要注意自己同意或者倾向于哪种立场。Step 2：Plan（构思） 在构思过程中，我们不妨先将中文的思路和框架整理出来，然后再转换为英文写作思路。在对题目进行分析之后要给出自己的立场和观点。中文思路为：观点：同意孩子在学校和同学们待的时间更多。有更多共同的兴趣爱好和价值观。通过和同学们的合作或竞争发展自我。观点：不同意家长能够给予孩子更多的精神和经济支持。家长能给予孩子更多有经验的建议和指导。家长对孩子的影响是长期而深远的。英文思路为：Agree opinionDisagree Classmates affect a childs success at school more than parents do.A childs success at school depends more on parents than on classmates.1. Classmates spend more time with each other.reasons1. Parents support a child emotionally and financially.2. Classmates usually have more interests and values in common.2. Parents help a child have a good attitude to others.3. Classmates help each other through competition and cooperation.3. Parents have a long-term influence on a child.Step 3: Write（写作） 在审题之后，要确定自己的position（立场观点），表达出自己的thesis statement（论文观点）。1) introduction开头段开头段要表明自己的观点立场，一般包括两个部分：（1） 复述原题(告诉别人这篇文章说的是什么)（2） 发表自己的观点(告诉别人你准备写什么)具体拆分为四个部分：话题引入：介绍题目中对于关键词的背景、定义或提问；+他人观点：他人的观点/引发的热议；+明确观点：自己的观点或者立场，例如支持或者反对；+过渡句：承上启下，引出主体段的论述。Eg. Paragraph 1Undoubtedly, the first teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents. （背景说明，承认家长在孩子成长过程中的重要性。）They teach us to walk, to speak and to have good manners before we reach “the real world”. （举例说明家长的重要性体现在哪些方面，例子源自生活，有说服力）Thus, parents are generally the most involved in the development and education of children. （家长在孩子的成长和教育方面参与最多）Consequently, numerous people hold the opinion that it is parents that influence the children most on a child's success in school. （得出结论，先言他方观点，家长对于孩子在学校的成功影响最大）Contrary to the opinion of many people is my heartfelt disaccord with the idea that parents play a more significant role in a child's success in school than classmates. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. (表明自己的观点，清晰明了，作者认为同学们对于孩子在学校的成功起了更大的作用，引出下文要阐述的段落和内容)开头段的六句话中，作者先陈述了本主题相关的背景，承认家长在孩子成长过程中的重要性，然后举例说明家长在孩子成长过程中重要性体现在哪些方面，支持前面的观点。接着得出结论，家长在孩子的成长和教育方面参与最多。而后言他方观点“家长对于孩子在学校的成功影响最大”。继而提出自己的观点与此不同，清晰而明确的提出自己的观点“同学们对于孩子在学校的成功起了更大的作用”，引出以下主体段中的论据。表明自己的观点立场常用的表达方式有：（1） As far as I am concerned，+立场观点（2） I firmly believe that +立场观点（3） I support the idea that+同位语从句（立场观点）（4） I agree with./ that +同位语从句（立场观点）（5） I am in favor of the idea of v-ing/ the idea that +同位语从句（立场观点）（6） I object to the notion that +同位语从句（立场观点）（7） I dont think it is+adj. +to do sth/（8） Personally speaking, +立场观点（9） 2） body（主体段）：一般来讲，主体段可分三段进行论述，可以是一个观点或者立场的三个方面，也可以是将正反二方的理由分散在这三段中写。要根据自己所持有的观点选择适合的段落布局方式一边倒式，让步式或者折中式。而主体段中的三个段落采用“论点+论证+论据”，具体说也就是主题句+说理论证+细节例子。段落 一边倒式让步式折中式A段 观点观点观点B段理由1理由1支持理由C段理由2理由2反对理由D段理由N/反向论证让步段结论E段结论结论（1）paragraph 2Eg. The first crucial reason I want to put forward is that, a child spends much time with his classmates in school. （主体段第一段的第一句就明确提出观点，孩子在学校和同学们待的时间最长。）It has been proved by psychologists that during their first years in school, children are much more influenced by their companies during their emotional and mental growth. （引用心理学家的科学发现，增强了文章的说服力，在孩子的情感和心理成长过程中，同伴们对孩子的影响更大。）As a result, classmates are whom a kid contact most in school and will therefore have much impact on his achievements in school. （句子间的因果逻辑关系清晰，得出结论，同学们对于孩子在学校的成功有着很大的影响。）Paragragh 1 Main idea A child spends much time with his classmates in schoolSupporting details 1. It has been proved by psychologists that during their first years in school, children are much more influenced by their companies during their emotional and mental growth.2. As a result, classmates are whom a kid contact most in school and will therefore have much impact on his achievements in school. （2）paragraph 3 同样，主体段的第二段也可以采用同样的布局方式：Eg. Another vital reason that cannot be ignored is that classmates are of similar age with a child. They share so much interest in common and they can easily share their thoughts with peers. （提出第二个理由观点，同学们和孩子的年龄相仿，孩子们之间有共同的兴趣，并且可以和同伴分享看法和观点。）Generally speaking, they have more topics with their friends.（论证一） For instance, they can freely talk about their dreams, idols, even secrets, which only belong to their own.（举例孩子们可以自由谈论属于他们的理想等。） So a child is more sentimentally attracted by his classmates activities and behavior. （因果逻辑关系，得出孩子受同学们的活动和行为影响。）If he is in a group of children who are interested in nature, he will more likely to think of observing and exploring nature all day. And if he is in a group of students who work very hard, he will more likely to spend much time on his study and achieve a great success in the exams. （连续两个细节例子，从积极方面证明孩子易受同学们的影响。）So classmates are very involved in his success in school. （得出结论，进一步重申同学在孩子的成功方面发挥作用。）Paragragh 2 Main idea Classmates are of similar age with a child. They share so much interest in common and they can easily share their thoughts with peers. Supporting details 1. They share so much interest in common and they can easily share their thoughts with peers. 2. Generally speaking, they have more topics with their friends. （3）paragraph 4 主体段的第三段采用让步承认的方式，承认他方部分观点有可取之处：家长在孩子的成长过程中给予很多的帮助。However, nobody can deny the fact that parents can also give children many help. Our parents are much more experienced and considerate than our classmates. If children have problems, parents can give them their experience to help them solve problems. If parents have no similar experiences, they still can give their children some advice and make them avoid the wrong directions. Their classmates, sometimes, cannot make it.Paragragh 3 Main idea Parents can also give children many help. Supporting details 1. Our parents are much more experienced and considerate than our classmates. 3） conclusion（结尾段）：在结尾段要重申自己的观点，但不是简单重复开头段自己的观点，需要换种表达方式和角度，做一定的修改，升华自己的主题，或者总结自己的理由。Eg. Paragraph 5Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that although parents may affect a child's success in school, we cannot deny the fact that the effect of their classmates is much more momentous and undeniable. （结尾段重申自己的立场和观点，尽管家长会在一定程度上影响孩子在学校的成功，但是同学们的影响作用更大。）4） 文章布局方式：总的来讲，清晰的全文段落布局方式可以是：立场观点理由一主题句+论证+例子理由二主题句+论证+例子理由三/让步理由结论 范文全文：Undoubtedly, the first teachers we have in our lives in most cases are our parents. They teach us to walk, to speak and to have good manners before we reach “the real world”. Thus, parents are generally the most involved in the development and education of children. Consequently, numerous people hold the opinion that it is parents that influence the children most on a child's success in school. Contrary to the opinion of many people is my heartfelt disaccord with the idea that parents play a more significant role in a child's success in school than classmates. My arguments for this point are listed as follows. The first crucial reason I want to put forward is that, a child spends much time with his classmates in school. It has been proved by psychologists that during their first years in school, children are much more influenced by their companies during their emotional and mental growth. As a result, classmates are whom a kid contact most in school and will therefore have much impact on his achievements in school. Another vital reason that cannot be ignored is that classmates are of similar age with a child. They share so much interest in common and they can easily share their thoughts with peers. Generally speaking, they have more topics with their friends. For instance, they can freely talk about their dreams, idols, even secrets, which only belong to their own. So a child is more sentimentally attracted by his classmates activities and behavior. If he is in a group of children who are interested in nature, he will more likely to think of observing and exploring nature all day. And if he is in a group of students who work very hard, he will more likely to spend much time on his study and achieve a great success in the exams. So classmates are very involved in his success in school. However, nobody can deny the fact that parents can also give children many help. Our parents are much more experienced and considerate than our classmates. If children have problems, parents can give them their experience to help them solve problems. If parents have no similar experiences, they still can give their children some advice and make them avoid the wrong directions. Their classmates, sometimes, cannot make it. Taking into account of all these factors, we may reach the conclusion that although parents may affect a child's success in school, we cannot deny the fact that the effect of their classmates is much more momentous and undeniable. 句型：1）Concession（让步）（1） although/ though/ even though+句子 尽管/虽然，但是Eg. 尽管有些家长知道总是满足孩子的要求是不明智的，但是他们还是尽量满足孩子。Although some parents know that it is unwise to meet the demands of their children, they still try to satisfy them. （2） in spite of/ despite + n./ v-ing, +句子 尽管/不管（3） Despite the fact that+ 句子 尽管/不管（4） Nevertheless/ nonetheless/ even so, +句子 然而/不过/尽管如此，Practice：1） write a thesis statementYou have been told that dormitory rooms at your university must be shared by t