英语语法要点.doc

第一讲主语 【语法讲解】主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是谓语动词所表示动作的发出者。例如：1) The question is difficult.2) She is difficult to understand.3) 9483276105 is difficult to remember.4) To understand his words is difficult.5) Thinking in such a noise is difficult.6) That they will leave ahead of time is difficult.上述的六个例句分别说明了主语的位置、特点及能够担当主语的成分。可以担当主语的有名词（例如1）、代词（例如2）、数词（例如3）、动词不定式（例如4）、动名词（例如5）和主语从句（例如6）。1名词表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称:名词分类概念例子普通名词某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称书book，音乐music，朋友friend专有名词特定的某个人、地方或机构的名称玛丽Mary, 巴黎Paris, 联合国United Nations2代词是用来指代的词。能用来做主语的人称代词有单数复数我I 我们we你 you你们you他 he 她she它 it他们they3数词是表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。4动词不定式为非谓语动词的一种形式，形式为动词不定式符号to加动词原形，即to do（do代表所有动词）。当动词不定式做主语时，往往放在谓语动词的后面，而用it做形式主语放在谓语动词的前面。例如上述例句4还可以改写为：It is difficult to understand his words.其中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to understand his words.5动名词为非谓语动词的另一种形式，形式为动词原形加词尾-ing构成，即doing （do代表所有动词）。某些结构中，也可以用it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语（即动名词放到句尾）。例如It is no use asking her advice.6主语从句指的是在句子中做主语的名词从句。按英语的习惯，有些句子可以把it放在句首做形式主语，而将真正的主语主语从句放在句子的后面。例如It is well known to all of us that the moon moves round the earth.【特别提示】1） 祈使句的主语（you）经常省略；如：（You）Open the door, please. 2） 动名词，不定式和从句做主语时，谓语动词为单数。如上述例句中的4、5、6。【强化练习】判断下列各句的主语的位置及性质：11) Reading aloud is very important in learning a foreign language.2) He is very strict.3) What they want is money.4) Even a child can do it.5) It is kind of you to say you like it.6) It is still a question whether she will join us.7) 1000 miles is a long distance.8) It is no use asking her advice.9) The milk remains fresh for a week.10) To take care of so many children is not an easy job.17【练习解析】1) 主语是动名词短语Reading aloud；2) 主语是代词He；3) 主语是主语从句What they want；4) 主语是名词a child；5) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式to say you like it；6) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句whether she will join us；7) 主语是数词1000 miles；8) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动名词短语asking her advice；9) 主语是名词The milk；10) 主语是不定式To take care of so many children。【巩固练习】（四）请大家按照上述讲解对主语进行判断和分析。1) Most adults would disagree with this statement.2) It is known that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.3) To tell the difference between the two is not so easy.4) For some of us, having a family simply means having children.5) Successful language learners are learners with a purpose.6) What is accepted as true is often relatively, and not absolutely, true.7) They are the hardest substance found in nature.8) 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467, 13, 63.9) The movie was said to be very interesting.10) Its a great honor to be invited to your country.11) For most adults learning a language is a very difficult task.12) What to do next will be discussed at the next meeting.13) Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.14) Look it up in the dictionary.15) 12 is the number of months in the year.16) The waiter understood that he didnt want tea.17) Advertising is only part of the total sales effort.18) It is useful to know how these principle work.19) The solutions to real problems cannot be seen in advance.20) Success in life often starts with a job we like.第一讲【巩固练习】答案（四）1) 主语是名词Most adults。2) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that bones, muscles and nerves develop faster in baby girls.。3) 主语是不定式To tell the difference between the two 。4) 主语是动名词短语having a family 。5) 主语是名词Successful language learners。6) 主语是主语从句What is accepted as true 。7) 主语是动词They。8) 主语是数词4671363 。9) 主语是名词The movie 。10) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式 to be invited to your country.11) 主语是动名词短语 learning a language 。12) 主语是动词不定式短语What to do next 。13) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的主语从句that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory.14) 祈使句，主语you被省略了。15) 主语是数词12。16) 主语是名词The waiter 。17) 主语是动名词Advertising。18) it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语to know how these principle work.19) 主语是名词短语The solutions to real problems 。20) 主语是名词短语Success in life 。第二讲 谓语（一）时态 (Tense)一、现在时【语法讲解】汉语里，动词没有时态的变化，而是使用时间副词或助词来表示不同的时间或事件的进程或状态。例如，1）我每天步行上班。2）妈妈正在看书。3）他已经病了三天了。4）小强从上课开始一直在说话。而英语的时态主要体现在动词的变化上。所有的动作和状态从时间上看，都可以分为现在、过去、将来和过去将来，其中现在时间里的四个时态是理解过去、将来和过去将来时间里的时态的关键。现在时（以动词do为例）形式主要用法一般现在时do (does)1.经常或反复发生的动作或存在的状态；2. 客观事实或普遍真理现在进行时amis doingare现在正在进行的动作现在完成时have donehas 1.过去开始并持续到现在；2.过去发生的动作但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响现在完成进行时have been doinghas 从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作（中间基本无停顿），并且很可能将继续进行下去根据表中所述内容，上面列举的四个汉语的例句与相应的英语译文对比如下：时态汉语英语一般现在时我每天步行上班。I walk to work everyday.现在进行时妈妈正在看书。My mother is reading.现在完成时他已经病了三天了。He has been ill for 3 days.现在完成进行时他从上课开始一直在说话。He has been talking since the beginning of the class.【强化练习】判断下列句子的时态1) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2) Mary is doing her homework.3) My mother has been ill for three days.4) I have been looking for you everywhere.5) They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere.6) My mother works at the same company as my father.7) She has been waiting for her boss for almost an hour.8) I have not seen her since 1991.9) Japan lies to the east of China.10) What are you doing?【练习解析】1) 一般现在时，主语为第三人称单数the sun，所以两个动词rise和set的词尾都加上了-s；2) 现在进行时，主语Mary是第三人称单数，所以be动词采用的是is；3) 现在完成时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以助动词have采用的是has；4) 现在完成进行时，主语为第一人称；5) 现在进行时，主语they是复数，所以be动词采用的是are；6) 一般现在时，主语my mother是第三人称单数，所以动词work的词尾加上了-s；7) 现在完成进行时，主语she是第三人称单数，所以助动词have采用的是has；8) 现在完成时，主语为第一人称；9) 一般现在时，主语Japan是第三人称单数，所以动词lie的词尾加上了-s；10) 现在进行时，主语为第二人称。【巩固练习】（五）1. 判断下列各句的时态：1) We have been living here for 20 years already.2) He is reading outside.3) He has just come back.4) Light travels faster than sound.5) I have studied English since I was ten.6) She studies very hard.7) Its been snowing.8) The teacher is talking with his students.9) We go there once a week.10) Weve been waiting for you.2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) I _ (look) for my book all the morning.2) Tom _ (sing) well. He _ (sing) a song now.3) I cannot go out because I _ (not, finish) my homework.4) He can speak two foreign languages. Now he _ (learn) a third one.5) He usually _ (drink) coffee but today he _ (drink) tea.6) Mary _ (pass) all her examinations. Lets have a party and celebrate it.7) You _ (speak) too fast. I can not understand you.8) He _ (sleep) since ten oclock. Its time for him to get up.9) My daughter _(watch) TV every other day.10) I _ (not, see) him for three years.二、过去时【语法讲解】相对于现在时，过去时就是将事件发生的时间向过去推移。下面将现在时和过去时进行对比：过去时（以do为例）形式用法一般式did （动词过去式）过去某时发生的动作或状态进行式was doingwere过去某一时刻正在进行的动作完成式had done（动词过去分词）1.过去某个时间或某个动作之前就已经完成的动作；2.过去某个时间开始延续到过去另一个时间的动作完成进行式had been doing过去某个时间以前开始并延续到过去这个时间的动作【特别提醒】动词过去式和过去分词的规则变化为在动词后面直接加-ed，而不规则变化则需要特殊记忆。【强化练习】判断下列句子中黑体字部分的时态1) He said that he had written her a letter.2) He lived in London when he was young.3) The telephone had been ringing for three minutes before somebody answered it.4) I was doing my homework when he called me.5) I went to school at six.6) He often came to help me at that time.7) Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year.8) When I saw her, she was working at the computer.9) We were surprised at what she had done.10) I waited until he had finished his work.【练习解析】1) 过去完成时，had written表明在said这个过去的动作之前就已经结束的动作；2) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；3) 过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到somebody answered it这个时间的动作；4) 过去进行时，表明在he called me这一时刻正在发生的动作；5) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；6) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；7) 过去完成进行时，表明过去开始并延续到he decided 这个时间的动作；8) 过去进行时，表明在I saw her这一时刻正在发生的动作；9) 一般过去时，表明过去发生的动作；10) 过去完成时，had finished表明在waited这个过去的动作之前就已经结束的动作。【巩固练习】（六）1. 判断下列各句的时态：1) We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.2) I was writing a paper in the library at 3 yesterday afternoon.3) The train had left before we got to the station.4) He was here just now.5) She bought the bike two years ago.6) The old man had been ill for a long time before he died in 1983.7) I saw him yesterday.8) It had been raining before you came back.9) We were having a meeting when he came in.10) By the end of 1993, this factory had produced 200000 cars.2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) When I came, the students _ (do) their homework.2) The teacher was very angry when he _ (see) what the boys _ (do).3) When I arrived, the class _ (begin).4) When the teacher came to the classroom, they _ (do) their homework for an hour.5) I _ (share) a flat with him when we _ (be) students twenty years ago.6) She _ (not, pass) the exam yesterday because she _ (not, prepare) her lessons well.7) You _ (seem) very busy when I _ (see) you last night.8) I _ (find) the ring as I _ (dig) the garden.9) By the time Tom left school, he _ (learn) English and French.10) He said that he _ (work) at it for half an hour.三、将来时【语法讲解】相对于现在时，将来时就是将事件发生的时间向将来推移。下面将现在时和将来时进行对比：将来时（以do为例）形式用法一般式shallwill work将来发生的动作或情况进行式Shall be workingwill将来某一时刻正在进行的动作完成式Shall have worked will将来某个时间或某个动作之前就已经完成的动作【特别提醒】1） 在美国英语中不论是第几人称，将来时都可以用“will +动词原形”。2） 由于将来完成进行时很少使用，这里将不作介绍。3） 一般将来时除了有will (shall)的构成形式之外，还有：A. am (is, are) going to +动词原形，表最近打算去做的事情或可能要发生的事情。B. am (is, are) about to +动词原形，表示即将发生的动作。C. am (is, are) to +动词原形，表必须或计划要进行的动作。【强化练习】判断下列句子的时态1) We wont be free tonight.2) This time next week she will be working in that company.3) Ill have done all the work by the time you are back this evening.4) They will leave for Beijing tomorrow.5) We shall be having a business talk with Mr. Brown in a minute.6) The birds will have moved to the south before winter comes.7) He is going to meet Mary at the airport.8) The train will arrive soon.9) Ill be waiting for you at school after supper.10) We hope it will have stopped raining before we set off for the picnic.【练习解析】1) 一般将来时；2) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作；3) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作；4) 一般将来时；5) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作；6) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作；7) 一般将来时；8) 一般将来时；9) 将来进行时，表明将来某个时间正在发生的动作；10) 将来完成时，表明到将来某时间将要完成的动作。【巩固练习】（七）1. 判断下列各句的时态：1) He will come and help you.2) By this time next year, I shall have lived here for 20 years.3) Ill be back at 7:30 this evening.4) By this time tomorrow, Ill be lying on the beach.5) Hurry up! Or she will have left before we get there.6) Its going to rain.7) The lecture is about to begin.8) Hurry up! The guests will be arriving at any minute.9) We are to put up a new school by the river.10) By the end of this term, the students will have learned 2000 English words.2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) I _ (believe) it when I see it.2) By six this evening, my parents _ (return) from their work.3) Youd better go back now. Your mother _ (wonder) where you are.4) Im sure that you _ (go) with me.5) The film _ (start) by the time we get there.6) Ive reminded you once; I _ (not, do) it again.7) This shop _ (close) down by next week.8) When you arrive, I _ (pick) fruit.9) In a few days time, we _ (fly) over the Pacific.10) By the end of this month, they _ (complete) the road construction.四、过去将来时【语法讲解】过去将来时主要用来表示过去某一时间内将要发生的动作或存在的状态，可以看成时一般过去时和一般将来时的合并。过去将来时（以do为例）的形式如下：1） would (should) do2） was (were) going to do3） was (were) about to do4） was (were) to do【强化练习】将下列句子译成汉语1) He told me that he would see me off at the station.2) I asked her where she would spend her holiday.3) They were going to have a meeting.4) I was about to go out when a friend of mine dropped in.5) They were to visit the White House that afternoon.【练习解析】1） 他告诉我他要到车站给我送行。2） 我问她将在什么地方度假。3） 他们当时正要开会。4） 我刚要出去，这时我的一个朋友来了。5） 他们计划那天下午参观白宫。【巩固练习】（八）用所给动词的适当时态填空1) Who _ (invent) the worlds first computer?2) Language teachers often _ (offer) advice to language learners.3) Go out and get some fresh air! You _ (sit) there reading all morning.4) The waiter soon _(bring) him a cup of tea but the Englishman shook his head.5) Since his father died three years ago, he _ (not, pay) any taxes.6) Mary told me that she _ (see) you before.7) When I entered the lab, she _ (make) an experiment.8) My father went to Shenzhen in 1988 and he _ (work) there ever since.9) “What are you doing now?” “I _(prepare) my lessons for the final exam.”10) What _ (happen) here? There is blood on the floor.第二讲【巩固练习】（五）答案1. 判断下列各句的时态：1)现在完成进行时；2)现在进行时；3)现在完成时；4)一般现在时；5)现在完成时；6)一般现在时；7)现在完成进行时；8)现在进行时；9)一般现在时；10)现在完成进行时。2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) have been looking；2) sings / is singing；3) have not finished；4) is learning；5) drinks / is drinking；6) has passed；7) have spoken；8) has been sleeping；9) watches；10) have not seen。【巩固练习】（六）1. 判断下列各句的时态：1)过去完成进行时；2)过去进行时；3)过去完成时；4)一般过去时；5)一般过去时；6)过去完成时；7)一般过去时；8)过去完成进行时；9)过去进行时；10)过去完成时。2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) were doing；2) saw / had done；3) had begun；4) had been doing；5) shared / were；6) did not pass / had not prepared；7) seemed / saw；8) found / was digging；9) had learned；10) had been working。【巩固练习】（七）1. 判断下列各句的时态：1)一般将来时；2)将来完成时；3)一般将来时；4)将来进行时；5)将来完成时；6)一般将来时；7)一般将来时；8)将来进行时；9)一般将来时10)将来完成时。2. 用括号中动词的适当时态填空1) will believe；2) will have returned；3) is wondering；4) will go；5) will have started；6) will not do；7) will have closed；8) will be picking；9) will be flying；10) will have completed。【巩固练习】（八）用所给动词的适当时态填空1) invented；2) offer；3) have been sitting；4) brought；5) has not paid；6) had seen；7) was making；8) has been working；9) am preparing；10) has happened。第三讲 谓语（二）语态 (Voice)【语法讲解】一、 形式汉语里， 我们会听到类似这样的句子：1）“我打他了。”2）“他被我打了。”这两个句子表达的是同样的内容，但第一句强调的是“是我打的他”，而第二句强调的是“是他挨打了”。两个句子的侧重点有所不同。第一句“我”是主语，谓语“打”这个动作是“我”发出的，所以第一句在语法上叫做“主动语态”；第二句“他”是主语，“他”是“打”这个动作的承受者，所以第二句在语法上叫做“被动语态”。与之相对应的英语译文是：1）I beat him.2) He was beaten by me.汉语里的被动语态是通过“被”字体现的，而英语中，被动语态是通过 “be+及物动词的过去分词”的这一形式体现出来的。以动词do为例，常用的被动语态的各种时态的形式如下：现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般is (am, are) donewas (were) donewill (shall) be donewould (should) be done进行is (am, are) being donewas (were) being done_完成have (has) been donehad been done_【特别提醒】1） 被动语态中，助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。2） 能够在被动语态中使用的动词必须是“及物动词”，因为只有及物动词才有宾语，才能将其宾语转换为被动语态句中的主语。3） 在被动语态句中，通常不用指出动作的执行者。如果有必要指出，则在句末用介词by代表动作执行者的名词或代词来表示。【强化练习】判断下列被动语态句的时态1) Cars are seen everywhere in cities.2) The work was finally finished.3) Mary will be invited to dinner tonight.4) The window has been broken.5) The classroom is being cleaned by the students.6) The house had been repaired before he came back.7) He said that no water would be broug