论《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义Dreiser’s Naturalism in Sister Carrie.docx

论嘉莉妹妹中的自然主义 摘要：美国作家西奥多德莱塞被认为美国自然主义的杰出代表，本文以其第一部小说嘉莉妹妹为例分析德莱塞自然主义的一些特征。论文从德莱塞创作嘉莉妹妹的历史文化背景出发，研究德莱塞在嘉莉妹妹中表现出来的自然主义思想。论文涉及该小说的主要三大背景：一是达尔文主义和宿命论；二是美国然主义；三是19世纪末在美国兴起的消费主义。同时分析自然主义的三大特点：欲望,本能和环境,最后得出结论：嘉莉妹妹一文中主人公嘉莉妹妹的最终命运与德莱塞本人的命运息息相关，赫思渥德的最终堕落也是德莱塞惧怕失败的结果。而德莱塞却把嘉莉妹妹和赫思特渥德最终得不到幸福归因于“人心盲目的追求，命中注定本该如此.” 关键词：自然主义 达尔文主义 消费主义 欲望 环境 Dreisers Naturalism in Sister Carrie Abstract：Theodore Dreiser is regarded as an outstanding representative of American naturalism. In this thesis, Dreisers first novel Sister Carrie is taken as an example to analyze the features of Dreisers naturalism. The thesis referred to three great historical and cultural background of the novel which are Darwinism，Determinism. American Naturalism and Consumerism. Meanwhile the thesis analyzes three features of naturalism. At last, we can draw the conclusion that the leading character of the novel-Carries destiny has a great connection with Dreiser himself and the decline of Hurstwood is a result of Dreisers fear of failure, but Dreiser attributes Carrie and Hurstwoods unhappiness to their insatiable desire for life or they are doomed to be unhappy etc, and from which we can see Dreisers naturalism easily. Key Words：Naturalism Darwinism Consumerism desire environment Contents INTRODUCTION11. THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND FOR SISTER CARRIE21.1 Darwinism and Determinism21.2 American naturalism22. THE TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURALISM IN SISTER CARRIE22.1 The relationship among reason, free will and instinct22.2 The influence of the environment33. DREISERS NATURALISTIC ATTITUDE OF TRUTHFUL REFLECTION OF LIFE33.1 Dreiser's “Sister”一Carrie33.2 Hurstwood's decline一Dreiser's fear of failure3CONCLUSION3NOTES4BIBLIOGRAPHY5 Dreisers Naturalism in Sister Carrie Introduction Theodore Dreiser is one of the most influential American writers of critical realism, but many of his works referred to the description of naturalism and weakened his critical spirit. His first novel Sister Carrie published in 1990 revealed the financial disparity and the moral decline of American society and thus regarded as forbidden book. But now the book becomes one of the best-sellers of American literature because of the naturalistic features in it. Then Dreiser is regarded as a pioneer of American naturalism and as a naturalist Dreiser expresses the characteristics of naturalism in most of his works. The themes of Darwinism and Determinism are the common features of Dreisers story which also characterize Sister Carrie.When most novels deal only with the smiling and beautiful aspects of life, Dreiser advocates truthful reflection of life in his fiction. It is not an exaggeration to say that Dreiser's Sister Carrie clears the way for the development of American fiction. Since 1900, American critics have never ceased their study on Dreiser. The early research was mainly based on the writer's life experience. It provided us with lots of useful information about the writer. The study witnessed a transition from the author himself to the text in 1960s. From 1980s, scholars employed new devices of Freudianism, Feminism and Post-Structuralism in their studies. These new methods help us know Dreiser and his works from different angles. However, one thing they share in common is that they lack macroscopic analysis. In china , some Chinese critics have also shown great interest in Sister Carrie. Two domestic literary magazines, Foreign Literature Study and Foreign Literature Review, have been the major publishing fields for these critics In order to find out Dreiser's naturalism, the method of text analysis is employed in this thesis. The author of this thesis reads the novel intensively so that evidences can be dug out to demonstrate Dreiser's naturalism. Another method, cultural criticism, is employed to research the complicated relation between Dreiser and the society he lived in. Dreiser is investigated in his historical and cultural background. The conclusion shows that Dreiser is not only a criticizer of capitalism, but also a builder of American cultural system. 1. The historical and cultural background for Sister CarrieTheodore Dreiser's Sister Carrie reflects the profound transformations in American life in the late nineteenth century. Among the most sweeping changes registered in the novel are the economy's shifting from an agricultural base to an 1.1 Darwinism and DeterminismSister Carrie was written at the time when Darwinism was prevalent. Many of Sister Carries themes-struggle, survival and desire-derive directly from the evolutionary views. The concept of evolution was put forward in the mid-19th century by Charles Darwin 1.2 American naturalismSister Carrie was written and published also at the rise of American naturalism, which means a particular genre of fiction that developed in the late 19th century America, and associated principally with writers such as Jack London ，Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser 2. The typical characteristics of naturalism in Sister Carrie In Sister Carrie I find out that some of its themes differ from those of other naturalistic works 2.1 The relationship among reason, free will and instinctIn Sister Carrie Dreiser details the relationship among reason, free will and instinct: When humans' instinct and reason are at war, the former prevails over the latter in most instances; humans' free will is mostly an illusion and submits to humans' instinct 2.2 The influence of the environmentEnvironment is a tremendous thing and often leads human to a wrong direction. We know that Drouet tells Carrie that Chicago is a wonder, and that she will find lots to see there. Even her meager sister Minnie tells her, “You'll want to see the city.” 1 3. Dreisers naturalistic attitude of truthful reflection of lifeA phrase often applied to Dreiser by others is standing alone or marching alone. In his Nobel Prize address, Sinclair Lewis tells the Swedish Academy that Dreiser “more than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howell Sian timidity and gentility in American fiction to honesty and boldness and passion of life.2” 3.1 Dreiser's “Sister”一CarrieEmma Dreiser, the prettiest of the five Dreiser sisters, was eight years older than Theodore Dreiser. As a young girl in the small town of Sullivan, Indiana, she and her other sisters were deeply interested in boys . 3.2 Hurstwood's decline一Dreiser's fear of failure For Hopkins Dreiser substitutes the prosperous and respected upper-middle-class manager who keeps a well-appointed house on the North Side, the best section of Chicago ConclusionThis short thesis can not cover Dreiser's meaningful naturalism. His greatness is in his insight, his sympathy, and his tragic view of lifeNotes 1Bantam. Sister Carrie M. New York: Bantam Classics , 1992. p.61.2 Ibid., p.51. 篇一：英语名言警句学习(带中文翻译)英语名言警句a bad conscience is a snake in ones heart.做贼心虚。a bad workman quarrels with his tools.拙匠常怨工具差。a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。a bird is known by its note, and a man by his talk.闻其歌知其鸟，听其言知其人。a blind man who leans against a wall imagines that its the boundary of the world.坐井观天。absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it.相聚爱益切，离别情更深。a burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。accidents will happen.天有不测风云。a clean hand wants no washing.身正不怕影子斜。a clear conscience is a soft pillow.问心无愧，高枕无忧。a clear conscience is a sure card.光明磊落，胜券在握。a clear conscience laughs at false accusations.白日不做亏心事，夜半敲门心不惊。a clear fast is better than a dirty breakfast.宁为清贫，不为浊富。a close mouth catches no flies.病从口入，祸从口出。a cock is valiant on his own dunghill.夜郎自大。同仇敌忾。a contented mind is perpetual feast.知足常乐。actions speak louder than words.事实胜於雄辩。admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.在私底下要忠告你的朋友，在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。a fair face may hide a foul heart.人不可貌相。a faithful friend is hard to find.益友难得。a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。否极泰来。after black clouds, clear weather.否极泰来。after death, the doctor.放马后炮。a good appetite is a good sauce.饥不择食。a good example is the best sermon.身教胜似言教。好的相貌就是一封推荐的介绍信。a good fame is better than a good face.好的名望胜於好的相貌。a good friend is my nearest relation.良友如近亲。a good marksman may miss.智者千虑，必有一失。a good maxim is never out of season.至理名言不会过时。a good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口，忠言逆耳。a good winter brings a good summer.瑞雪兆丰年。a happy heart makes a blooming visage.心花怒放，笑逐颜开。a hero is known in the time of misfortune.时势造英雄。a lazy youth, a lousy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。ale will make a cat speak.酒后吐真言。a little is better than none.聊胜於无。a little leak will sink a great ship.千丈之堤溃於蚁穴。a little neglect may breed great mischief.小不忍则乱大谋。a little spark kindles a great fire.星星之火，可以燎原。a little wind kindles, much puts out the fire.适可而止，过犹不及。all covet, all lose.贪多必失。all is fair in war.兵不厌诈。all is not gold that glitters.闪光的东西并不都是黄金。all roads lead to rome.条条道路通罗马。all shall be well, jack shall have jill.有情人终成眷属。all the treasures of the earth would not bring back one lost moment.机会失去不再来，千贯万贯难赎回。all things are easy that are done willingly.做事乐意，诸事容易。all things are obedient to money.有钱能使鬼推磨。a maiden with many wooers often chooses the worst.少女有了许多求婚者往往选中了最差的一个。a man apt to promise is apt to forget.轻诺者易忘。a man can not spin and reel at the same time.一心不能二用。a man cannot whistle and drink at he same time.一心不能二用。a man has two ears and one mouth that he may hear much and speak little.人有两只耳朵一张嘴，就是为了多听少说话。路遥知马力，日久见人心。a man may dig his grave with his teeth.祸从口出。a man may lead a horse to the water, but he cannot make him drink.牵马到河易，强马饮水难。a man may love his house well without riding on the ridge.有宝何必人前夸。a match will set fire to a large building.星星之火，可以燎原。ambition never dies until there is no way out.不到黄河心不死a miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里。among the blind the one-eyed man is king.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。a near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.远亲不如近邻。an enemys mouth seldom speaks well.狗嘴里吐不出象牙。祸不单行。a new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火。an hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在於晨。an old physician, and a young lawyer.医生年老的好，律师年轻的俏。an optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity; a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity. 乐观的人在灾难中看到希望；悲观的人在希望中看到灾难。an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.预防胜於治疗。answer a fool according to his folly.以其人之道，还治其人之身。a penny saved is a penny earned.省钱就是赚钱。apparel makes the man.马靠鞍装，人靠衣装。appearances are deceitful.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。a road of a thousand miles begins with one step.千里之行始於足下。a rolling stone gathers no moss.滚石不生苔，转业不聚财。as a man sows, so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a secret between more than two is no secret.两人以上知道的秘密就不算秘密。a servant is known by his masters absence.主人不在可以看出仆人的品行来。a silent tongue and true heart are the most admirable things on earth.缄默的嘴，真诚的心，是世界上最令人赞美的东西。a single spark can start a prairie fire.星星之火，可以燎原。a smart coat is a good letter of introduction.人要衣装，佛要金装。a smooth sea never made a skillful mariner.平静的海洋练不出熟练的水手。a sow, when washed; returns to the muck.江山易改，本性难移。as the old cock crows, so doth the young.有其父必有其子。as the touchstone tries gold, so gold tries man.试金石可以试金，正如黄金可以试人。as the tree falls, so shall it lie.自作自受。as they sow, so let them reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a still tongue makes a wise head.智者寡言。a stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦。a straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.身正不怕影子斜。a straw shows which way the wind blows.一叶便知秋。a stumble may prevent a fall.小惩大诫。as you make your bed so you must lie on it.自食其果。as you sow you shall mow.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。a tall tree catches the wind.树大招风。a tree is known by its fruit.观其行而知其人。a true friend is known in the day of adversity.疾风知劲草，患难知友情。avarice blinds our eyes.财迷心窍。avarice increases with wealth.越富越贪。a wanderer who is determined to reach his destination does not fear the rain. 决心赶到目的地，浪汉何惧雨来淋。a watched pot is long in boiling.心急水不沸。a wilful man will have his way.有志者是竟成。a word spoken is an arrow let fly.一言既出，驷马难追。a word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追。bad workmen often blame their tools.拙匠常怪工具差。beauty is but skin-deep.红颜易变。beauty is in the eye of the gazer.情人眼里出西施。beauty lies in lovers eyes.情人眼里出西施。bees that have honey in their mouths have stings in their tails.口蜜腹剑。before gold, even kings take off their hats.有钱能使鬼推磨。beggars cannot be choosers.饥不择食。beggars must be no choosers.饥不择食。塞翁失马，焉知非福。be honest rather clever.诚实比聪明更要紧。being on sea, sail; being on land, settle.随遇而安。be just to all, but trust not all.要公正对待所有的人，但不要轻信所有的人。believe not all that you see nor half what you hear.眼见的不能全信，耳闻的也不能半信。be slow to promise and quick to perform.不轻诺，诺必果。be swift to hear, slow to speak.多听少说。better an empty purse than an empty head.宁可钱袋瘪，不要脑袋空。better an open enemy than a false friend.明枪易躲，暗箭难防。better good neighbours near than relations far away. 远亲不如近邻。between the cup and the lip a morsel may slip.功亏一篑。between two stools one falls to the ground.脚踏两头要落空。beware beginnings.慎始为上。big mouthfuls ofter choke.贪多嚼不烂。bind the sack before it be full.做事应适可而止。birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分。birth is much, but breeding is more.出身固然重要，教养更且重要。bite off more than one can chew.贪多咽不下。bite the hand that feeds one.恩将仇报。bitter pills may have wholesome effects.良药苦口利於病。blind men can judge no colours.不宜问道於盲。blood is thicker than water.血浓於水。bread is the staff of life.民以食为天。brevity is the soul of wit.言以简洁为贵。bring up a raven and hell pick out your eyes.养虎贻患。burn not your house to rid it of the mouse.投鼠忌器。burnt child dreads the fire.一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳。business before pleasure.事业在先，享乐在后。business is business.公事公办。by doing we learn.经一事，长一智。by falling we learn to go safely.吃一堑，长一智。by others faults, wise men correct their own.他山之石，可以攻玉。by reading we eich the mind; by conversation we polish it. 读书可以使我门的思想充实，谈话使其更臻完美。篇二：英语名言名句(带翻译)1. the first step is as good ashalf over. 第一步是最关键的一步。2. you never know your luck. 命运好坏不由己。3. the wealth of the mind is theonly wealth. 精神的财富是唯一的财富。4. you cant judge a tree by itsbark. 人不可貌相。5. bad times make a