上海市2020届高考英语专题冲刺-语法新题型解题策略与练习巩固.docx

上海市2020届高考英语专题冲刺（三） 语法新题型语法新题型考点介绍出题方式词性考查考点分布备考之道设关键词形容词/副词比较级准确判断出考点，并且熟练掌握不同形容词和副词的比较级变形风格最高级动词时态了解各种时态的标志词以及特征语态判断句子主被动，掌握主动表被动的句型运用不定式掌握加to do以及加doing的固定句型，准确判断动词在充当非谓语功能时的时态和语态动名词分词不设关键词冠词定冠词，不定冠词准确判断语境是特指还是非特指介词搭配及其他熟练掌握固定搭配以及本身用法代词人称物主代词注意判断句子结构（尤其是所缺成分）以及语境的呼应不定代词反身单词情态动词动词的意义注意观察语境中暗含的情感和态度连接词定语从句熟练判断各种复合句结构，掌握连接词的特定用法名词性从句状语从句强调句连词并列句判断上下句之间的逻辑关系助动词倒装句常考助动词do/does/did注意：在掌握以上考点的同时也不能忽视对一些基本常用句型的考查，如：notuntil； not onlybut (also)； sothat； notbut； asas； eitheror； morethan； neithernor； suchthat； hardlywhen； no soonerthan等。解题步骤：1.通读全文，了解大意既然是利用语篇在语境中考语法，那么，我们在解题前就应快速浏览短文，了解全文大意。2.分析语境，试填空格读懂短文后，要结合短文所提供的特定语境及解题思路去填空。3.对照考点，解决难题在解题过程中要先易后难。在做好有把握的题后，对照各考点及题数，仔细推敲，解决难题。4. 通读全文，确保无误知识点1：时态一、常考时态现在:一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时过去:一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时时间、条件、等状语从句中动词的时态(主将从现) (if/unless/as soon as/after/before/when等)二、答题策略(1) 括号内给出动词的原形，做题时首先找出句子的主干，确定主句，如果缺谓语，就要根据上下文语境和意思确定动词的数、时态和语态。(2) 注意时态标志 时态时间状语一般现在时every , sometimes, at, on Sunday等一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等一般将来时next, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in the past years, always, recently, It is the first time that等过去完成时before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten yesterday evening when, while等 (3) 时态一致性原则:宾语从句中主过从过，主现从任；根据语篇的时态确定所填词的基本时态(4) 上下文语境注意：一般时态考题中会结合语态考察，在答题时一定要遵循先语态后时态的原则，避免考虑不周全而出错。三、 例题讲解例题1: Mother Teresa is now a well-known person. Many photos taken of her, _ she travels around the world to open new schools and hospitals in poor countries. 【答案】have been taken【解析】根据句子成分分析可知，本局中的两个take，前一个是非谓语动词做定语，后一个take是本句的谓语动词。本句的时态也是比较难确定，要抓住前句的信息Mother Teresa is now a well-known person, 强调过去的动作对现在的影响，确定用现在完成时；本题还有一个易错点就是语态，很多学生解题时会遗忘掉。例题2: Did you foresee that so many investors _ (lose) all their money in the stock market? 【答案】would lose【解析】考查时态语态，foresee “预见”应该是将来的事，又因整个句子的时态是过去的时态，固需要填过去将来时：would lose。例题3: -I dont think our coach knows the real reason for our losing the match.-Well, surprisingly, he does. Our team leader has been called in and       (question) now. 【答案】is been question【解析】本题此处缺谓语，考察点为动词的时态语态。学生比较容易出错，此处有and连接两句，惯性思维是前后时态一致，将此处时态判断为现在完成时。殊不知后半句有时间状语now表示动作正在发生，而且是被动语态，故填现在完成时的被动语态is being questioned。知识点2：非谓语考点解题技巧讲解 （一）非谓语动词的解题步骤：（谓非谓，找主语，析语态，定时态）1. 辨别谓语和非谓语分析句子结构，区别谓语动词与非谓语动词例题1：We all hope to enjoy harmonious relationships with our parents. In real life, however, this is not always possible. The poem “Those Winter Sundays” by Robert Hayden expresses the speakers regret over the way the speaker, when he was young, _33_ (treat) his father. 解析：此题的正确答案为treated。但较让学生迷惑的是此处到底考查的是谓语动词，还是非谓语动词呢？需分析句子成分。主语：The poem “Those Winter Sundays” by Robert Hayden；谓语动词expresses；宾语the speakers regret；the way作over后的介词宾语，但the way后跟了一个定语从句，省略了关系词that，从句中的主语为the speaker，显然此处需填谓语动词形式，又由when he was young，知需过去形式。例题2：Beware first-class travelers! Passengers sitting in the rear of a plane have the best chance of survival in an event of a crash, an extraordinary and costly aviation（航空，飞行）experiment ever (33) _ (conduct) has revealed.解析：此题的正确答案为conducted。分析句子成分知主语为an extraordinary and costly aviation experiment；谓语动词为has revealed，又无并列连词，不是并列谓语，所以需填非谓语形式，分析知其逻辑主语为experiment，与之为被动关系，所以需过去分词形式做定语。2. 寻找逻辑主语找到非谓语动词的修饰对象或逻辑主语3. 分析语态非谓语动词和逻辑主语之间是主谓关系还是动宾关系根据现在分词表“主动，进行”；过去分词表“被动，完成”；动词不定式一般表目的或意料之外的结果，作定语时往往表“将来的动作”进行进一步的分析。例题1：The man sticks out his hand, (30)_ (say), “Hi, Im Paul.” 解析：此题的正确答案为saying。分析句子成分知主语为The man；谓语动词为sticks out，又动作与逻辑主语之间为主动关系，所以需doing的形式做伴随状语。例题2：Today, roller skating is easy and funBut a long time ago, it wasnt easy at all. Before 1750, the idea of skating didnt exist. That changed because of a man_33_(name)Joseph Merlin. 解析：此题的正确答案为named。分析知动作的逻辑主语为a man，被叫做Joseph Merlin，所以需动词的过去分词做定语，表被动。例题3：The thing I had fallen over felt like a bundle of clothes, and I picked it up _28_ (protect) my face from the smoke and heat. 解析：此题的正确答案为to protect。理解句子含义知“我捡起那包衣服，目的是为了用来防止我的脸受烟和热的侵害”，表目的，所以需要to do形式做目的状语。4. 分析时态即分析非谓语动词的动作和主句谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序。在表主动的时候，非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用having done，同时发生用doing；在表被动的时候，非谓语动词的动作先于主句动作发生，用having been done，同时发生用being done。例题1：They both worked very hard for years. _25_ (earn) enough money, they finally could move from their two-bedroom home to a seven-bedroom home in a rich neighborhood. 解析：此题的正确答案为Having earned。分析句子含义之“赚了很多钱之后，他们最终搬到了一个有7个卧室的房子里”，所需非谓语动词动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，所以需having done的形式。（二）非谓语动词的解题技巧：技巧1：做主语时，通常用doing/being done形式表示习惯或一般性动作。to do形式也可作主语，有将来的含义，考查较少；做宾语时，通常用doing/being done表习惯性或一般情况，用to do/to be done表将来或具体情况，用having done/having been done表已经发生。当然也要多去积累一些常考的接doing 和to do形式做宾语的固定搭配。例1：I like to see the smiles on their faces, so (32) (say) “thank you” every day is the way I make the world a better place.解析：此题的正确答案为saying。分析句子句子成分可知so后的从句中缺少主语，所以需doing的形式表一般性的动作。例2：I imagined (26) (sign) by some famous model companies解析：此题的正确答案为being signed。由imagine用法可知，后需doing的形式，又理解句子含义，想象被一些著名的模特公司签订，所以需being done的形式。例3：I hated dinner parties. But I decided (25)_ (give) them another try because Im in London. 解析：此题的正确答案为to give。由decide用法可知，后需to do的形式做宾语。技巧2：作目的状语或者在形容词后的作状语，一般用不定式。例1：And now comes evidence showing that 11-year-old children are three times more likely to be hurt or seriously injured on the way to and from school than 10-year-olds, since 11 is the average age at which children receive their first mobile phone, six times more likely (30) _ (send) a text when it happens. 解析：此题的正确答案为to be sending。因在形容词likely后作状语，根据be likely to do用法，要用动词不定式，又由句子含义知当事故发生的时候孩子们更可能正在发信息。例2：However wealthy he was, he never forgot his humble beginnings and was always ready (39)_(help).解析：此题的正确答案为to help。根据be ready to do 可知需不定式形式。技巧3：分词做伴随状语，原因状语，条件状语等，要分析它与逻辑主语之间的主被动关系，做后置定语也要分析它与被修饰词之间的主被动关系。例1：A speech to the graduating class will have quite different language, tone and manner from information 28 (deliver) to a group of your friends. 解析：此题的正确答案为delivered。分析知此处需要分词形式做information的定语，“信息被传送”，所以需动词的过去分词形式做后置定语。例2：They played outside, (36) (build) weapons and forts (堡垒).解析：此题的正确答案为building。分析知此句的主语为they，谓语动词为played，非谓语动作与逻辑主语为主动，表伴随，所以需doing的形式。技巧4：表由于某种原因而导致的必然的结果，通常用doing的形式做结果状语。例1：Then I slid off the road, (40)_ (hit) a wooden fence post. 解析：此题的正确答案为hitting。分析句子含义“我滑出马路，导致的结果是撞在了木护栏上”，所以用doing形式表结果状语。注：不定式的形式也可以做结果状语，但通常有以下几种搭配：相当于so-that引导的结果状语从句，常见句型：否定：too-to，“太.而不能”肯定：enough to；“足够.可以”表示意料之外，事与愿违情绪：only to.（不定式要放在句子后面） 例如：He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间，没发现什么。技巧5：注意一些常考的关于非谓语的固定搭配。1.一些只能接动名词形式作宾语的固定搭配：suggest, risk, devote oneself to（建议冒险去献身）finish, imagine, bear/stand, look forward to（完成想象忍盼望）give up, delay/put off, regret, miss（放弃延期悔失去）insist on/stick to, enjoy/appreciate, feel like, practice（坚持欣赏要实践）pay attention to, excuse, escape/avoid, object to（注意原谅逃/避反对）keep, be/get used to/be accustomed to, mind（保持习惯勿介意）be worth, set about/burst out/get down to, be busy（值得开始将忙乎）2.常接动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词：allow, permit, beg, expect, forbid, force, invite, order, advise, tell, persuade注意区分：allow/ permit/ advise + sb.+ to do sth.allow/ permit/ advise+ doing sth.3.注意感官动词的用法：see, watch, notice, observe, look at（五看）；listen to，hear（两听）feel（一感）+sb. + do sth.(动作全过程或经常的) + doing sth.(正在进行的动作)4.积累几个常考句型：(1) It + is+ no good, no use, a waste of time/money, fun, useless, nice, boring, foolish +doing：(2) need, want, require, deserve+ doing = need, want, require, deserve+ to be done(3) be worth doing 值得做 be worthy to be done of being done(4) There is +no point+(in) doing(5) have trouble/difficulty(in) doing sth.知识点3：语法新题型之介词考点解题技巧讲解 （一） 判断：句子不缺主语、表语，及物动词不缺宾语时，(已有限定词的)名词，V-ing,代词或从句前面，一定是填介词。（二） 介词解题技巧讲解：技巧1：与名词相连，构成短语。例1：As a student, I get so many assignments every day. I have to stay up late in order to finish all my homework. I used to complain about all this pressure (25) school with my classmates.解析：此题的正确答案为from。分析知“来自学校的压力”，做定语成分。技巧2：与不及物动词构成动词短语例1：Then Penny sees an incredibly handsome man. She stares at him. He catches her staring. He smiles and walks (29) _ to her. 解析：此题的正确答案为up/over。根据介词与不及物动词walk构成搭配walk up/over to sb，走近某人。技巧3：多识记一些关于介词的固定搭配。例1：Roald Dahl, the famous childrens book writer, was born to Harold and Sofie Dahl on 13 September 1916. He was named (25)_ the explorer, Roald Amundsen, their national hero in Norway of that time. 解析：此题的正确答案为after。根据固定搭配 be named after，“以命名”。知识点4：语法新题型之冠词考点解题技巧讲解 判断： 名词前面，若没有限定词，很可能是填冠词,形容词性物主代词或 other, another等限定词，另外也需结合具体语境及语意分析。例1：The year before last, a new superhero landed on Earth to live among humans. When people needed help, Thor became their defender and saved (33) world. People loved Thor and the actor who played him Chris Hemsworth.解析：此题的正确答案为the。用定冠词the修饰世界上独一无二的事物。例2：This summer, the National Snow and Ice Data Center in the US announced that the sea ice coverage in (37) Arctic had reached its lowest level with less than half of the coverage it has four decades ago. 解析：此题的正确答案为the。用定冠词the修饰大洋及大洲等。例3：Daunte Reed is one of about twelve people competing in the contest. He is hoping to be a winner of the title of top laugher. “Ive been told I have (36)_ attractive laugh. It doesnt take much to make me laugh,” Reed said. 解析：此题的正确答案为an。用于可数名词前。知识点5：语法新题型之形容词考点解题技巧讲解技巧1：空格前有可修饰比较级的词even，much，far，still，a little，a bit，a lot等时，或句子中有than 时，需改为比较级形式。例题1：After a few months, we did not complain about homework anymore because we knew that our teachers worked (28) (hard) than we did. 解析：此题的正确答案为harder。有明显的提示than，所以需比较级形式。例题2：Susan, who has just completed her third summer camp on the river cleanup, sees a change in this river. “Since we started three years ago, the river is getting a lot (28)_(clean),” she says. 解析：此题的正确答案为cleaner。前有a lot进行修饰，所以需比较级形式。技巧2：空格前为定冠词the，或整个句子中有范围限定时，所给出的形容词或副词需改最高级的形式。例题1：The contest requires the chosen laughers to face off against each other as the audience determines who has (35)_(attractive) laugh. 解析：此题的正确答案为the most attractive 。分析句子含义，有范围限定“在此比赛中谁的笑容最迷人”，所以需要最高级形式。知识点6：易错考点讲解代词人称代词：I, we, you, he, she, they, him, them, her一、常考代词非谓语不定代词：all, each, every, both, neither, others, something, another, both, none, someone, either物主代词：our, your, their, her, his, its反身代词：myself, yourself, themselves, himself指示代词：it, that, those, the one二、答题策略首先找出代词所指代的名词，根据其在句中所充当的成分确定用哪个代词。如果空格后是名词，就应该考虑空格处是否用物主代词(my, your, his等)、指示代词(this, that等)、不定代词(few, little, many, much, all, each, every, both, neither, other, one, none, nothing等)、名词所有格或形容词等进行修饰。 如果空格前是动词 , 就应考虑用人称代词和反身代词。三、易错例题讲解 例题1: We all know it is quite common now that many teenagers, especially _ from one-child families, like to make net friends and spend lots of time chatting with them because they need someone to talk with and share their sorrow and happiness. 【答案】those【解析】根据句子成分分析可知，本空应该填入一名词性成分，作为同位语结构especially _ from one-child families的中心词，因此考虑填入代词，代指children(from one-child families),用those较为合适。例题2: When we feel like we dont have time to do something important, it is _ because were not making time or because our priorities are not what we actually need. 【答案】either【解析】此空提示信息点比较隐蔽，跟其他填代词的考题有些区别。但只要发现此句中有两个because就可以知道考察eitheror.结构。例题3: Instead of having to choose one or the other, we can benefit from _ of the approaches. 【答案】both【解析】题干中出现了one, the other可以推测此题应该会考察关于两者之间的一些代词：either, both等。后面又出现of和复数名词approaches，可以确定填入both表示两者都。知识点7：易错考点讲解情态动词一、 常考情态动词及用法 can, could 表示能力、可能、委婉语气 may, might 表示必须，表示推测 should, ought to 表示应该、劝告（should有表示竟然的意思） will, would 将来时的助动词、表意愿 must 表示规定、较为肯定的推测 二、答题策略如果空格后为动词原形，就应该考虑此空填情态动词根据注意上下文语境，确定填写合适的情态动词注意情态动词也有时态，如can的过去式could, may的过去式might三、 例题讲解例题1: -My e-dictionary is nowhere to be found. Who          have taken it?-I dont know. But keep looking and you will find it. 【答案】could【解析】此处考察情态动词表猜测的用法，因为此动作发生在过去，故用could。易错点：表示理论上的可能性（即从理论上分析是可能的，但实际未必会发生），可用 can（表现在）或 could（表过去）。例题2: Although Lees father knew Lee _ receive education, his father wasnt able to afford to send him to school. 【答案】must【解析】根据原文语境，作为一个适龄儿童，按照国家法律规定，必须接受教育，因此考虑情态动词must。例题3: At the same time, melting sea ice also release more ocean water, which result in increased water vapor in the atmosphere that be transferred into snow. 【答案】can【解析】语段时态为一般现在时，此空出现在定语从句that_be transferred into snow中，that 为从句主语，可很快判断出此空填情态动词，根据语境可知该空考察can的用法对客观存在情况的描述。知识点8：考点讲解连词简单地说，英语复合句所涉及的三大从句为：A. 名词性从句（包括主、宾、表、同），B. 形容词性从句（即定语从句），C. 副词性从句（即状语从句）。1. 引导名词性从句通常有三类词：一类是不充当成份的连接词 that, whether, if；另一类是充当成分的连接代词who, whom, whose(who的所有格, what, which 以及 whoever, whomever, whosever(who的所有格), whatever,whichever；还有一类是充当成分的连接副词how, when, where, why。注意：或者可以分为两大类：连接但不充当成份和连接且充当成分2. 引导形容词性从句（即定语从句）通常有两类词：一类是关系代词that, which, who, whom, as, whose等；另一类是关系副词where, when, why。注意：表示所有格关系，即“.的”，所以叫做关系词。3. 引导副词性从句（即状语从句）的叫从属连词。不同作用的状语从句通常由不同的从属连词来引导。如：(1) 引导时间状语从句的从属连词主要有when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, until, till, as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once等。(2) 引导条件状语从句的从属连词主要有if, unless, as so long as, in case 等。(3) 引导目的状语从句的从属连词主要有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear等。(4) 引导结果状语从句的从属连词主要有so that, sothat, suchthat等。(5) 引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that), considering (that) 等。(6) 引导让步状语从句的从属连词主要有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等。(7) 引导方式状语从句的从属连词主要有as, like, as if, as though, the way等。(8) 引导地点状语从句的从属连词主要有where, wherever, everywhere等。(9) 引导比较状语从句的从属连词主要有than和asas。注意：状语部分一般看作附属性非必要修饰整句的成份。下面是更为详细的状语从句从属连词汇总：一、时间状语从句常用引导词：when、whenever、as、while、as soon as、before、after、since、till、until、once特殊引导词：the moment、the second、the minute、the instant、every time、the day、immediately、directly、instantly、no soonerthan(一就)、hardlywhen(刚一就)、scarcelywhen(几乎没有的时候)二、地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever、anywhere、everywhere三、原因状语从句常用引导词：because、since、as、for特殊引导词：seeing that、now that、in that、considering that、given that四、结果状语从句常用引导词：so, sothat、suchthat, so that特殊引导词：such that、to the degree that、to the extent that、to such a degree that五、目