上海市2020届高考英语专题冲刺-阅读理解讲解与训练.docx

上海市2020届高考英语专题冲刺（六） 阅读理解一、上海高考阅读理解的命题特点体裁：每年试题都包含在应用文、叙述文、说明文和议论文这四种体裁之中。 题材：涉及自然科学、社会科学和人文科学。包括日常生活、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、环保和经济等等。 材料：改革后新高考阅读理解材料基本上是3篇文章，篇幅一般在400词左右；在语言文化上，以美国英语和文化为主，多为以母语为英语的人写的原汁原味的反映外国生活内容的文章，很少涉及国内题材，符合中学生学习英语的目的和实践。题材的文章选择多源自欧美英语社会主流媒体；体现了"贴近时代、贴近生活、贴近学生"的原则。 阅读时间和速度：三篇阅读参考的阅读时间是20分钟，要求的阅读速度是每分钟55词左右。二、考试大纲对于阅读理解能力的基本要求及考查方式 掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；既理解具体的事实，也理解抽象的概念；既理解字面的意思，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；既理解某句、某段的含义，也理解全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断；既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生应有的常识去理解。对考纲的要求，高考阅读理解分别以细节事实题、词汇题、句子理解题、指代题、推理题、作者态度题、判断题、主旨题等题型进行考查。三、阅读理解痛点单题分值大结构复杂、长难句多，生词太多看不懂官方解析不知所云，解决的仅仅是浅表问题习惯性讲解仅仅是翻译文章、题干、题支四、对阅读理解对认知不是考察精读，而是泛读，不过不是泛泛而读，而是信息提取我们走的最长的路是出题人的套路所以尊重题干信息 + 出题人的“千年老坑”五、阅读理解三要素A. 题干信息的识别 确定是细节题、主旨题B. 回原文定位划定 定位信息一定是来自于题干，而非文章。常常在长难句处出题，需要对其分割、信息提取C. 正确答案的平行 去常识(不可臆想)、无推理(高考无推理题，只有平行，所以不要自行推测)可以读完文章第一段文字，接下来只读每段话段首第一句话 因为文章都是一种解释与被解释概念之下，提出主题之后，剩下内容都是对他的解释。所以请以最快速度把文章梳理一遍，最关键的是理解、把握题干信息六、建立一种思想：平行解题&关注题干如：Why类型题目解题思路：找线索：(1) because(2) to do(3) 非谓语之分词作各种状语如：原因状语(4) 独立主格结构 来源于状语从句例：(有定位且有设问型)Some people will do just about anything to save money. And I am one of them. Take my familys last vacation. It was my six-year-old sons winter break from school, and we were heading home from Fort Lauderdale after a weeklong trip. The flight was overbooked, and Delta, the airline, offered us $400 per person in credits to give up our seats and leave the next day. I had meetings in New York，So I had to get back. But that didn't mean my husband and my son couldn't stay. I took my nine-month-old and took off for home.1. Why did Delta give the author's family credits?AThey took a later flight.BThey had early bookings.CTheir flight had been delayed.DTheir flight had been cancelled.例：(有定位但无设问型)In an effort to prevent language loss，scholars from a number of organizationsUNESCO and National Geographic among themhave for many years been documenting dying languages and the cultures they reflect1. Many scholars are making efforts to _Apromote global languagesBrescue disappearing languagesCsearch for language communitiesDset up language research organizations启示：分割长难句是解题的一大救赎之路。找出主干 谁做什么(是什么)七、各种题型解题思路详解 1细节事实题标志：题干中明确提到时间、地点、人物等细节信息；针对文章中的一句或几句发问；题干和选项之间是因果关系。 例1：Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature.58When did Paul Zindel win the ALAN Prize? AIn 2002. BIn 2003.CBetween 1967 and 1992. DBetween 2002 and 2003. 【解析】细节事实题正确选项特点是：一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思题干 + 正确选项的信息等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值。做题的关键在于返回原文，返回原文的方式有： 根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文； 根据出题顺序返回原文（60的准度）；根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词，70的准度）； 在本题中，迷惑人的手段在于用题干中的 win 来代替文中的 was presented with，考生可以根据题干中的重点词 Zindel 和 ALAN Prize 返回原文，在原文中，可以看出在 2002 年 Zindel被授予 Margaret A 奖项，紧接着又说，在同一年，他被授予了 ALAN Prize 奖项，由此推理，正确答案是 A. In 2002。即，Zindel 获得 ALAN Prize 奖项的时间是在 2002 年。 2词汇题 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思。例 2：Charlotte's tale was inspired by the girls' coin collection. "We've collected foreign coins for years since our families went on holiday to Tenerife." she explains. "That was before the Euro, so we put pesetas in." Lauren continues: "I find a coin in the road, go to get it and get run over. I'm in hospital and then I die." Charlotte adds: "Or she might not die. I haven't decided yet." 60. The underlined word "pesetas" in Paragraph 2 is a kind of _. A. story B. collectionC. inspiration D. foreign coin 【解析】做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下，如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义。要找到正确的词义，关键在于在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组。如在本题中，根据句式我们可以判断pesetas是一个名词，在pesetas的上下文附近出现了的名词有coin, Euro (欧元)，road等，根据 I find a coin in the road（我在路上发现埋着一枚硬币），可以知道埋在地下的是 pesetas 是硬币之类的东西，所以正确答案是 D.foreign coin. 3句子理解题标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的一句话，要求理解其意思。例 3：（2018 崇明区二模第 58 题）In the world of higher education in the United States, competition seems more common than schools working together. Every college and university competes for students, as well as the best teachers and money for research programs.But one thing almost every school has in common is the difficulty they face in serving low-income students.The National Center for Education Statistics reports that low-income college students are less likely to complete their study programs than other students.It was only natural that the leaders of Michigan State University and ten other universities discussed this issue when they met in 2014. The 11 schools are spread across the United States and serve different populations and needs. But their leaders all saw improving graduation rates for all students as the biggest problem facing American higher education.So the group created an organization called the University Innovation Alliance or UIA for sharing information related to this problem. Its main goal is to get 68,000 more students at the member schools to graduate by 2025, with at least half of those students being low-income. The 11 schools now say their number of graduates has increased by over 7,200 in just three years. This includes an almost 25 percent increase in the number of low-income graduates.How were they able to make this （理清代词的指代之处）happen? It began with each university looking at its own situation and finding out what it had been doing right and what it had been doing wrong.For example, before joining the UIA, academic advising at Michigan State mostly involved reacting to problems students faced after the problems had already arisen. Then school officials heard about a computer program that fellow UIA member Georgia State University was using. This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious. 【Michigan State began using the computer program】 and 【 it 】 has meant a world of difference. Michigan State has not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own.Bridget Burns, the executive director for the UIA, says efforts like this have never been as successful. “There are rankings that measure all kinds of things,” Burns said. “But how well you do for low-income students has not historically been highlighted.” 58. By “it has meant a world of difference” in paragraph 6, the author means Michigan State _.A. has found the computer program quite different from theirsB. has discovered the computer program is very difficult to useC. has helped students successfully with the computer programD. has involved more academic advisors in the computer program 【解析】做题的关键在于：返回原文对出题的句子进行上下文分析，要精确理解其涵义； 正确答案与原句之间是一种同义关系，可以通过推理得出正确答案。在本题中，在句子 it has meant a world of difference 的上文中说：This computer program follows decisions students make about their classes and the progress they are making in their studies. It then sends academic advisors messages whenever a student shows signs that they are making mistakes or facing difficulties. That way the advisors can try to help students before the problems become too serious.说的是 computer program 的好处，继而 Michigan State began using the computer program，产生的积极的结果是 not only received useful information from its partners. It has also shared helpful information of its own. 注意到设问的主语Michigan State，故而正确的答案只能是has helped students successfully with the computer program。4指代题 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词，要求辨别其指代关系。常考的指代词有：it，that ，this，one，these，those 等。 例4There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get from ,say ,travel agents ,shoe repairers ,hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for. 64The underlined word “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “_”. Athe services Bthe workers Cthe goods Dthe rules 【解析】首先返回原文定位该指代词，并且 90向上、10向下搜索其指代的词、词组或句子。然后在四个选项中找出与所找到的词、词组或句子意思接近的一个作为答案。在本题中，我们可以看到原文中 these 之前的名词有rules, services, travel agents, shoe repairers, hairdressers, builders等名词，根据 These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for.(这些使你明白你所得到的付费服务应该达到怎样的水平)的意思，可以知道正确的答案是 D. the rules(制度) 。因为只有制度才能约束服务行为，使服务行为得到保障。 5推理题 标志：推理题一般含有关键词 infer，imply 等。 例5Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism, the three students have received two thousand dollars with which they will do a study to find out whether Torontos immigrant businessmen would support an open-air market. They hope the merchants will support the plan strongly. “A study done earlier this year showed that 90 percent of shoppers would be in favor of it,” Salvatori said. “At first it would be an experiment. But we think it will prove to be good business for the merchants, as well as tourist attraction.”64It can be inferred from the text that the Canadian government supports _.A. the protection of different culturesB. the plan of an open-air marketC. the request of merchantsD. the attitude of shoppers 【解析】推理题干扰项的特点为只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理；或者看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒手段变目的等，【这是命题人惯用的伎俩！】本题中的B. the plan of an open-air market C. the request of merchants D. the attitude of shoppers 就是根据这些原理设计出来的。做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系。 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思接近、所用推理少的选项即是正确答案。本题中找出正确答案的关键是读懂Under a Canadian government program for multiculturalism，the three students have received two thousand dollars（从加拿大政府一个多元文化项目中，三个学生获取了 2000 美圆的基金）,这个句子，试想想，如果加拿大政府不支持对不同文化的保护，能设多元文化保护项目吗？能拨出 2000 美金给学生们从事多元文化的研究吗？所以，答案 A. the protection of different cultures（对多元文化的保护）自然就是正确答案了。 6态度题 标志：考查态度题中的题干一般都含有according to the writer，attitude，believe ，consider，regard 等词和短语。 例 6When someone has deeply hurt you, it can be extremely difficult to let go of your anger. But forgiveness is possible - and it can be surprisingly helpful to your physical and mental health. Indeed, research has shown that people who forgive report more energy, better appetite (胃口) and better sleep patterns. "People who forgive show less anger and more hopefulness," says Dr. Frederic Luskin, who wrote the book Forgive for Good." So it can help save on the wear and tear on .Our system allow people to feel more energetic." 66. According to the writer, what is the right way to calm down after being hurt?A. Try to figure out why you get hurt. B. Write a letter to the person who hurt you. C. Persuade yourself to accept what others have done to you.D. Think about pleasant things and forget about the hurt. 【解析】作者态度只分为三大类：支持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观；除此之外，没有其他的作者态度。 识别作者态度有以下方法：找文中带有感情色彩的名次、动词、形容词、副词；根据作者举的例子判断等。在涉及本题的文段中，反复出现的此是 forgive和 forgiveness(宽容)，因此，不难判断，作者对于受到伤害后解脱的态度是D. Think about pleasant things and forget about the hurt.（多去想想愉快的事情，忘掉别人对你的伤害）。 7判断题 标 志 ：Which of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned? All of the following statements are ture /correct/mentioned except? 例7The sandhills still breathed heat from yesterday' s sun, though the top of the sand was cool. He ran down to the beach impatiently, but there was no one, just dry sand dancing in the early wind and seabirds marching up and down watching the waves.The light changed suddenly. The first rays of sunlight stretched (延伸) across the sea. The sun was pushing its way over the edge of the world.Over the first rocks, along to the point. Tim glanced back. The beach was still empty. The sun sailed higher in the sky.He could see the cave now, even darker in the morning light. The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it. He had to force himself to go closer. Why was it so much more mysterious (神秘的) now? But it would be silly to go back now after so much trouble. He needn't go in all the way. 46. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the story? A. The sea looked like a piece of gold. B. Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived. C. Tim was the only person on the beach. D. The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave. 【解析】做这样的题首先应判断是三错一对还是三对一错，所谓“对”是指符合原文，所谓“错”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及；接着每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断。在本题的四个答案中，A. The sea looked like a piece of gold.（大海看起来象一块金字），文中没有提及，文中涉及金子（gold）的句子是 The sand turned silver than dark gold as the water flowed away from it.（海水退去之后，沙滩的颜色变得比黑金更暗），如果不仔细阅读推敲，考生很容易凭印象误选这个答案。答案 B. Seabirds flew away when Tim arrived.（迪姆到达时，海鸟都飞走了）与原文中的 seabirds were marching up and down watching the waves.(海鸟上下飞翔，俯瞰海浪)相矛盾。答案 D. The sky got dark as Tim reached the cave.（当迪姆到达洞穴时，天色暗下来了）与 The sun sailed higher in the sky.（太阳已经高高地升上了天空）相矛盾。原文中的 but there was no one（一个人都没有）, The beach was still empty（海滩上仍然不见人踪）倒是和答案 C. Tim was the only person on the beach.互相印证，所以正确答案可以判定为 C. 8主旨题 标志：best title; main idea; main problem; conclusion; conclude等。 例 8（2018 年宝山区二模阅读 A 篇第 59 题）I believe in getting lost. Lost in the text of the novel that is particular to your thoughts and feelings that you consider special. The song that reminds you of your childhood summers, where you close your eyes and lose yourself reliving a memory; feeling the warm wind brushing against your arm, the smell of the dusty sand that you stir up as you ride your bicycle, murmuring the tune of that song. Like the unprepared Sunday Drive, with no destination. Youre free to wander, take paths that youve never noticed, discover places you havent been. Then falling off on the path to lead you back home, leaving you to test directions and alertly absorb your surroundings in order to find your way back; that kind of lost.I get lost daily; whether its in thought, or the unplanned drive I just decided to go on. Gettinglost is an adventurous learning experience that trains you how to be more aware of your surroundings. A few of my most favorite memories involve physically getting lost. That one late night trip back to Ludington from Grand Rapids I took with a few friends. We finally realized we were going the wrong way when we hit South Haven, almost three hours out of our way. There was also the time where I got lost in the DeVos Place in Grand Rapids after the Presidents Ball and then the parking garage for a solid two hours. I felt like my life was that one scene of an American television situation comedy, minus the air conditioner. At the time, these are nervous experiences that get your anxiety pumping. Youre fearful that you wont be safe, but it always works itself out in the end. Physically losing yourself prepares you for how you manage when you emotionally or mentally lose yo